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4-letter verb ( ‫ ) رُباعي‬Chapter 1

‫ﺍﻣﹰﺎ‬‫ ﺇ ﹾﻛﺮ‬،‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ ﹺﺮﻡ‬ ،‫ﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ‬ :‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺯﻭ‬‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ ﺇﻓﹾﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ‬،‫ﻌﻞﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ ،‫ﻌﻞﹶ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
Common example
‫ماضي‬
for this chapter ‫مُضارع‬
‫َمصْ دَ ر‬

How is this chapter known?

1. It is known by the extra letter ‫ﺃ‬ (not the ‫ ﺃ‬of ‫ﺃﻧﻴﺖ‬ in the beginning of the ‫ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬1 st
person)

Illustration: ‫ ﺇﻓﹾﻌﺎﻻ‬،‫ﻌﻞﹸ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

4-letter verb ‫ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬ distinguishing mark
3-letter verb ‫ﺛﹸﻼﺛﻲ‬

‫ﺝ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ‬ ‫ﺝ‬
 ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺧ‬
‫ﺙ‬
‫ﺭ ﹶ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ‬

‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ‬

‫ﹶﺃ‬ ‫ﺙ‬
‫ﻭ ﹺﺭ ﹶ‬

‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﹶﻛ‬

Remember!
The ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬of a 4-letter verb
‫ ماضي‬is on the scale of ‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬
My Notes in Sarf 2 – Bintu Jose as-Salafiyyah # 2
 2. It is also known by the ‫ ﺿﻤﺔ‬in the first letter of the ‫ﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬‫ﻣ‬
This ‫ ي‬is from ‫ﺃﻧﻴﺖ‬

‫ ﺇﻓﹾﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ‬، ‫ﻌ ﹸﻞ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻔ‬ ،‫ﻌﻞﹶ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻓ‬

This is the only place where we put a ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﺿﻤ‬on the ‫ ي‬of ‫ﺃﻧﻴﺖ‬
My observation: ‫ ضمة‬is used to avoid repetition with the ‫ مضارع‬of 3-letter verb’s chapter 5, as there would
be no change in meaning if ‫ فتحة‬was also used.

Compare:

3-letter verb chapter 5

4-letter verb ‫ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺭ‬

‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺴ‬
ِ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ﺐ – ﻳ‬
 ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺴ‬
ِ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ – ‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺴ‬
ِ ‫ﺣ‬

When do we give ‫ ي‬a ‫?فتحة‬

• In a 3-letter verb, 5-letter verb and 6-letter verb.

Changing ‫ ماضي‬to ‫مضارع‬:

The principle in changing ‫ ماضي‬to ‫ مضارع‬is to add the appropriate letter from
‫ أنيت‬and nothing is dropped from any of the letter. Looking at the example
below, we notice that the ‫ أ‬of the ‫ ماضي‬was dropped in the ‫مضارع‬.

‫ﺍﻣﹰﺎ‬‫ ﺇ ﹾﻛﺮ‬،‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ ﹺﺮ‬ ،‫ﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹶﻛ‬

My Notes in Sarf 2 – Bintu Jose as-Salafiyyah # 2
This is how it is supposed to be

3rd person: add ‫ي‬

‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﹶﺄ ﹾﻛ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻱ‬

1st person: add ‫أ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ‬
‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﹸﺃﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫أ‬

However, ‫ ھمزة‬in a row is heavy on the tongue and based on the major
principle of seeking lightness in speech, the scholars dropped the 2nd ‫ ھمزة‬in
this form and in all possible forms so as to make a unified ruling . Hence we
come up with the following:

‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﹸﺃﹶﺃ ﹾﻛ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﹸﺃ ﹾﻛ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ ﹺﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﹶﺄ ﹾﻛ ﹺﺮ‬
Benefit:

A poet was heard saying: He is worthy of being generous to…

‫ﻣﺎ‬‫ﺆ ﹾﻛﺮ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ﻞ ﻷﻥ ﻳ‬‫ﻪ ﹶﺃﻫ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻓﺈ‬

This is how it was known that the original word carried a ‫ ھمزة‬which was
kept in the poem, but is no longer in use.

My Notes in Sarf 2 – Bintu Jose as-Salafiyyah # 2