Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021

Physics for IIT-JEE by Shiv R. Goel (B.Tech ., IIT-Delhi)

CLASS-XII Date: 05.10.2019

SHM & WAVES

FORMULAS
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
x = –A x=0 x = +A
t=0
1. Different Equations In SHM
F
x = –A x=0 x = +A
t=0
+A
x x  A cos t , x   A cos t
–A
3. If x  A sin t . Then, v  A cos t and
Slope = – k a   2 A sin t . Corresponding x-t, v-t and a-t
(i) F = – kx
F k graphs are shown.
(ii) a      x   2 x x
m m
k +A
(iii)    angular frequency of SHM T/2 3T/4
t
m T/4 T
2 –A
d x
(iv)   2 x T
2
dt 2 

(v) F   x or a  x is the sufficient and v

necessary condition for a periodic motion to be  A
simple harmonic.
T/2 T t
a T/4 3T/4
 A
+A
x
–A a
2
 A
2
Slope = –  T/4 T
dx t
(vi) If x = A sin t then v    A cos t T/2 3T/4
dt
 2 A
dv
and a    2 A sin t 4.
dt
Physical At mean At extreme At general
From these three equations we can see that x-t, v- quantity position position point
t and a-t all three functions oscillate simple
harmonically with same angular frequency , Here Speed A zero  A2  x2
x oscillates between +A and –A, v between +A Acceleration zero ± 2 A –2 x
and –A and a between +2A and –2A. Force zero ±kA – kx
1 2 1
Kinetic energy kA zero k (A 2  x 2 )
2 2
x = –A x=0 x = +A
t=0 1
 m2 A 2
2. 2
x = –A x=0 x = +A
t=0
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x  A sin t , x   A sin t
 Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021
(v) In case of two body oscillation,
1 1
Potential energy U0  k A 2 U0  kx 2
0
2 2
U


T  2 where,
1 2 1 2 1 2 k
Total mechanical U0  k A U0  k A U0  k A m1 m2
2 2 2
 = Reduced mass of two blocks  m  m
energy U0 or potential energy at mean position can 1 2
be zero.
5. Potential energy versus x or kinetic energy m1 m2
k
versus x graph is parabola. While total energy
versus x graph is a straight line as it remains
constant. (vi) A plank of mass m and area of cross section A
Energy
is floating in a liquid of density . When depressed,
E
it starts oscillating like a spring-block system.

P.E.

K.E. U0

x
–A +A
Effective value of k in this case is
6. Spring Block System
m
k 2 m 1 1 k k  Ag  T  2
(i)   ,T   2 ,f   Ag
m  k T 2 m
m (vii) If mass of spring m s is also given, then
k
m
(ii) m s
smooth T  2 3
k
k
(viii) Every wire is also like a spring of force constant
m YA
h given by k  .
or or oot l
sm
From here itself we conclude that force constant of

a spring is inversely proportional to its length. If
length of spring is halved its force constant will
m become two times.
In all three cases, T  2
k 7. Pendulum
(iii) Parallel combination (i) Only small oscillations of a pendulum are simple

harmonic in nature :
k1 k2
l
T  2 .
g
(ii) Second’s pendulum is one whose time period
is 2 s and length is 1 m.
k1 k2 (iii) Time period of a pendulum of length of the order
or
of radius of earth is
In both cases ke = k 1 + k 2

(iv) Series combination

1
T  2
1 1 
g  
k1 k2 l R
From here we can see that
k1 k 2 1 1 1
ke  or  
k1  k 2 k e k 1 k 2 R
T  2 or 84.6 min if l   .
g

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 Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021
Hence time period of a pendulum of infinite length A 2 sin 
= A  A cos 
R 1 2
is 2
g
or 84.6 min, Further, Important point to remember before solving the
questions.
l
T  2 if l << R or 1  1 . 1. Convert all the trignometric ratios into sine form
g l R and ensure that t term is with +ve sign.
 2. Make the sign between two term +ve.
(iv) If point of suspension has an acceleration a , 3. A1 is the amplitude of that S.H.M whose phase is
small.
then T  2 l
4. Then resultant x = Anet sin (phase of A1 + )
|g |
  e   Where Anet is the vector sum of A1 & A2 with angle
Here g e  g  a  g  (  a )
between them is the phase difference between two
For example if point of suspension has an upward S.H.M.
 
acceleration a , then (  a ) is downwards or parallel
  WAVES
to g . Hence, | g e |  g  a

or T  2 l 1. In any type of wave, oscillations of a physical

ga quantity y are produced at one place and these
 oscillations (along with energy and momentum) are
(v) If a constant force F (in addition to weight and transferred to other places also.
tension) acts on the bob then, 2. Classification of Waves
 A wave may be classified in following three ways.
l   F
T  2 Here, ge  g  First a transverse wave is one in which oscillations
| ge | m of y are perpendicular to wave velocity.
Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature.
8. Physical Pendulum Sound wave are longitudinal in nature.
Second Mechanical waves require medium for their
propagation. Sound waves are mechanical in nature.
t Non mechanical waves do not require medium for
CM I their propagation.
T  2
mg l Third Transverse string wave is one dimensional.
Transverse waves on the surface of water are two
Rigid body
dimensional. Sound wave due to a point source is
three dimensional.
3. Wave Equation
9. Combination of two S.H.M
 In any wave equation y  f ( x, t )
A2 
A Only those functions of x and t represent a wave
A 2 sin  2y 2y
equation which satisfy  (constant)
 x2  t2


 A 2 cos  1
A1 Here constant  where v is the wave speed.
v2
Suppose the two individual motions are represented
by, All functions of x and t of type, y  f (ax  bt ) then
x1 = A1 sin t and x2 = A2 sin ( t + )
coefficien t of t b
Both the simple harmonic motions have same (i) Wave speed v  
angular frequency . coefficien t of x a
Then the resultant motion is given by (ii) Wave travels along positive x-direction. If ax and
x = x1 + x2 = A1 sin t + A2 sin ( t + ) = A sin ( t bt have opposite signs and it travels along negative
+ )
x-direction if they have same signs.
Here, A  A 12  A 22  2A 1A 2 cos  and tan  4. Plane Progressive Harmonic Wave
General equation of this wave

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 Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021

is, y  A sin( t  kx  ) them,

or y  A cos(t  kx  ) y y
P  –B.
In these equations,  x and   – .  x
B = Bulk Modulus.
2 1 
T ,   2f and f   (iv) P0 = BAk and 0 =  Ak
 T 2
(v) P(x,t) and (x,t) are in same phase. But y(x,t)
(i) k is wave number, k  2 
 equation has a phase difference of with rest two
2
 equations.
(ii) Wave speed v   f
k
9. Wave Speed
5. Particle Speed (vp) And Wave Speed (v) In case (i) Speed of transverse wave on a stretched wire :
Of Harmonic Wave
T T
(i) y  f ( x, t ) where x and t are two variables. So, v 
 s
y (ii) Speed of longitudinal wave :
vp  v
t
E
(ii) In harmonic wave, particles are in SHM. v

(a) In solids, E = Y = Young's modulus of elasticity
(iii) Relation between vp and v ; v   v  y :
p
x Y
 v
6. Phase Difference () 
case I (b) In gases, According to Newton.
2 E = Br
  ( t1  t 2 ) or   . t = phase difference = Isothermal bulk modulus of elasticity = P
T
of one particle at a time interval of t. P
 v
Case II 
But results did not match with this formula.
2 Laplace made correction in it. According to him,
 = k(x1 ~ x2) = .x =phase difference at one

time between two particles at a path difference of Cp 2
x.   1 (f = degree of freedom)
Cv f
7. Energy Density (u), Power [P] And Intensity (I) E = BS
In Harmonic Wave = Adiabatic bulk modulus of elasticity =  p
1 2 2 P  RT kT
(i) Energy density u   A = energy of  v  
2  M m
oscillation per unit volume.
1 2 2 10. Effect of Temperature, Pressure And Relative
(ii) Power P   A Sv = energy transferred per Humidity in Speed of Sound In Air (On In A
2
Gas)
unit time (S = Area)
(i) With tempeature v  T
1 2 2
(iii) Intensity I   A v = energy transferred (ii) With pressure Pressure has no effect on speed
2 of sound as long as temperature remains constant.
per unit time per unit area. (iii) With relative humidity : With increase in
relative humidity in air, density decreases, Hence,
8. Longitudinal Wave speed of sound increase.
(i) There are three equations associated with any 11. Sound Level (L)
longitudinal wave y(x, t), P (x,t) and  (x,t)
(ii) y represents displacement of medium particles I
L  10 log10 (in dB)
from their mean position parallel to direction of wave I0
velocity. Here I0 = intensity of minimum audible sound
(iii) From y(x,t) equation, we can make P(x,t) or (x,t) = 10–12 watt/m2
equation by using the fundamental relation between While comparing loudness of two sounds we may

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 Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021
write, (i) Stretched wire
I2 Fundamental tone or first harmonic (n = 1)
L2 – L1 = 10 log10 I
1
2
1 I2  r1 
In case of point source, I  or,   ,
r2 I1  r2 
First overtone or second harmonic (n = 2)

1 I2  r1 
In case of line source, I or,  
r I1  r2 

 v  vm  v0  Second overtone or third harmonic (n = 3)

12. Doppler Effect In sound : f '  f  v  v  v 
 m s 

13. Beats : fb  f1  f2 ( f1  f2 )  v 
f  n   . Here, n = 1, 2, 3, ........
14. Stationary Waves  2l 
(i) Stationary waves are formed by the superposition
of two identical waves travelling in opposite
directions.
(ii) Formation of stationary waves is really the Even and odd both harmonics are obtained.
interference of two waves in which coherent (same
frequency) source are required. T T
(iii) By the word ‘identical waves’ we mean that they Here, v or
 S
must have same value of v, , and k.
Amplitudes may be different, but same amplitudes (ii) Open organ pipe
are preferred. Fundamental tone or first harmonic (n = 1)
(iv) In stationary waves all particles oscillate with same
value of  but amplitudes varying from A1 + A2 to A1
– A2. Points where amplitude is maximum (or A1 +
A2) are called antinodes (or points of constructive
interference) and points where amplitude is
minimum (or A1 – A2) are called nodes (or points of
destructive interference).
(v) If A1 = A2 = A, them amplitude at antinode is 2A and First overtone or second harmonic (n = 2)
at node is zero. In this case point at node do not
oscillate.
(vi) Points at antinodes have maximum energy of
oscillation and points at nodes have minimum
energy of oscillation (zero when A1 = A2).
(vii) Points lying between two successive nodes are in
same phase. They are out of phase with the points Second overtone or third harmonic (n = 3)
lying between two neighbouring successive nodes.
(viii) Equation of stationary wave is of type,
v
y = 2A sin kx cos  t f  n   , n = 1, 2, 3, .......
or y = A cos kx sin t etc  2l 
This equation can also be written as,
y = Ax sin t or y = Ax cos t
If x = 0 is a node then, Ax = A0 sin kx,
If x = 0 is an antinode then, Ax = A0 cos kx
Here A0 is maximum amplitude at antinode.
(ix) Energy of oscillation in a given volume can be
obtained either by adding energies due to two
individual waves travelling in opposite directions or
by integration. Because in standing wave amplitude
and therefore energy of oscillation varies point to Even and odd both harmonics are obtained.
point. Here, v = speed of sound in air.
15. Oscillation of Stretched Wire or Organ Pipes v will be either given in the question, otherwise

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 Formulas : SHM & Waves 05/10/2019 Target IIT-JEE/AIIMS 2021

 RT
calculate from v  .
M
(iii) Closed organ pipe
Fundamental tone or first harmonic (n = 1)

First overtone or third harmonic (n = 3)

Second overtone or fifth harmonic (n = 5)

 v 
f  n   n = 1, 3, 5, .................
 4l 

Note : (i) Stationary transverse wave are formed in

stretched wire and
longitudinal stationary waves are formed in organ
pipes.
(ii) Open end of pipe is displacement antinode, but
pressure and density nodes. Closed end of pipe is
displacement node, but pressure and density
antinodes.
(iii) Laplace correction e = 0.6r (in closed pipe and
2e = 1.2r (in open pipe)

Hence, f  n  v  (in open pipe) and


 2 ( l  1 . 2 r ) 

 v 
f  n  (in closed pipe)
 4 ( l  0 . 6 r ) 
(iv) If an open pipe and a closed pipe are of same
lengths then fundamental frequency of open pipe
is two times the fundamental frequency of closed
pipe.

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