Math Rules

Factorisation:
For factorising a Quadratic Equation by Formula:
−(b) ± √ (b)2−4 ( a ) (c )
X=
2(a)

Trignometry:
Pythagoras Theorem:
A2=B2 +C 2 B2= A2 −C2C 2=A 2−B2

B A

C
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Trignometry of a right angled Triangle:

Opposite
SOH :Sinθ=
Hypotenuse

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 Adjacent
CAH :Cosθ=
Hypotenuse

Opposite
TOA :Tanθ=
Adjacent

The Sine rule:

A,B & C are on
Examples angles
Sine rule:
A,b
1) &Find
c areX:sides
5 X
=
sin(28) sin(100)
The Sine Rule is used when:
X = 5 × sin(100)
You are given ONE SIDE and TWO ANGLES, to find
sin(28)
the missing side
X =10.5 cmYou are given TWO SIDES and ONE ANGLE which is
not between the two sides, to find the missing angle.
2) Find θ:
a12.5 b 10.5 c
== =
SinA
Sinθ Sinb SinC
sin(32)

sin ( 32 ) ×12.5
Sinθ=
10.5
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θ=Si n−1 ( sin ( 3210.5) × 12.5 )

θ=39.1°

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 The Cosine Rule:
3

A,B & C are angles

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A,b & c are sides

The Cosine Rule is used when:

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  You are given TWO SIDES and ONE ANGLE which is
between the two sides, to get the side opposite to the
angle.
 You are given THREE SIDES, to find any angle.

a 2=b2 +c 2−2 ( b ) ( c ) (Cosθ)

b=a2 +c 2−2 ( a )( c ) (Cosθ)

Examples on the Cosine Rule:
2 2 2
c 1)
=b Find
+ a −2 X:
( b ) ( a )(Cosθ)
X 2 =82 +122−2 ( 8 ) ( 12 )(cos 100)

X =240.25

X =15.5 cm

2) Find θ:

172 =102+ 122−2 ( 10 )( 12 ) (cos θ)

289=244−240 ( Cosθ )
289+240 ( Cosθ )=244
240 ( Cosθ )=244−289
240 ( Cosθ )=−45
−45
4

Cosθ=
240
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−45
θ=cos−1
240( )
θ=100.8°

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 Sine Rule of the Area of a triangle:
5

A,B & C are angles

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A,b & c are sides

This Rule is used when:

 You are given TWO SIDES and ONE ANGLE which is
between the two sides.

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 1
Area= ×b × c × SinA
2
1
Area= ×b × a× SinC
2
1
Area= ×a × c × SinB
2

Examples on the Sine Rule of Area:

Find the area of this shape:

Area= ( 12 ×120 × 40 ×sin (120))+( 12 × 20 ×80 ×sin (100))

Area=2866.31m2

Sine CurveonRule:
Example Sine Curve rule:
Sinθ=sin(180−θ)
Calculate angle θ given that it is obtuse.
Examples:
sin 100=sin 80
12 10
sin 74=sin
= 106
Sinθ sin 40
And so on…
12 ×sin 40
6

Sinθ=
10
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θ=sin−1 ( 12×10sin 40 )
which is obtuse. We have to find the other angle which has
θ=50.47 … °

the same sine.

180−50.47 …=129.5

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 Back Bearing:
If the bearing of B from A is θ, then the bearing of A from
B {Back Bearing} is:
θ+180 ° (if θis less than 180 )
θ−180° (if θis more than 180)

Co-ordinate Geometry and straight lines:

To calculate the distance between two given points:
2 2
Distance= √( X −X ) +(Y −Y )
2 1 2 1

To calculate the Co-ordinates of the mid-point between

two given points:
X 1 + X 2 Y 1 +Y 2
( 2
,
2 )
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To calculate the gradient of a straight line:

we must have two points on the line (X1,Y1) and (X2,Y2)
the gradient (m) is:
Y 2−Y 1
m=
X 2− X 1

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 Matrices:
Multiplication of two Matrices |M|:
( CA DB )(13 24)=(CA 1+1+DB 33 A 2+ B 4
C 2+ D 4 )

Determinant of a Matrix:
M= (CA DB ) →|M|= AD−BC

Multiplicative Inverse of a Matrix (M-1):

1
M = A B →|M |= AD−BC → M −1=
( ) × D −B ( )
C D |M | −C A

NOTE: M x M-1 = Identity Martix

Any matrix multiplied by its multiplicative inverse will give you
1 0
the identity matrix which is:(0 1 )

Variations:
Direct proportion equation:
Y =K (X )
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Y and X are the two variables and K is the constant of

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variation which you will be given information to find.

Indirect proportion equation:

K
Y=
X

Polygons:
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 To calculate the sum of interior angles of a regular
polygon:
(n−2)×180

Where n is the number of sides in the polygon.

To calculate one interior angle of a regular polygon:

( n−2 ) 180
n

To calculate the one exterior angle of a regular polygon:

360
n

Note: the sum of exterior angles of any polygon is always

360.
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