DIGITAL

IMAGE
PROCESSING

BY

M.NIKITA SONAM MODANI

rd
3 year 3rd year
CSE IT
JBIET JBIET
Email: Email:
nikita_motkur@yahoo.com sonam_modani@yahoo.com
Phone no: Phone no:
9298406222 9885594307

1
INDEX Abstract:
Topic Page no
By using Digital Image
Processing we enhance the digital images
Abstract
and extracting information and features
1. Introduction 1 from the image. Digital Image Processing
2. History 1 has become the most common form of
3. Categories 3 image processing, and it is generally used
4. Image Viewing & types 4 because it is not only the most versatile
5. Digital Image Editing 6 method,but also the cheapest. This is one
6. Editing Programs & type of image processing and it used for
Digital DataCompression 7 editing the digital images which are taken
7. Image Editor Features 8 from the digital cameras. This technology
8.Advantages 10 is more useful in the investigation in Crime
9. Disadvantages 11 Branch. Digital Image Processing has the
10.Conclusion 11 advantages as a wider range of algorithm
11.Referrences 11 to be applied to the input data and can
avoid the problems such as build-up of
noice and signal distortion during
processing. For this the NASA and US
military have developed advanced
computer software. By using this software
improve the clarity of and amount of detail
visible in still and video images.
The main feature of this technology
is Digital Image Editing. Image Editors are
provide the means for altering and
improving images in an all most endless
number of time. They accepts images in
large variety of image formats. The other
features of this technology is Image Size
Alteration, Cropping on Image, Removal

2
of Noice and unwanted elements, merging Typically, the pixels are stored in computer
of images and finally color adjustments. memory as a or a two-dimensional array
And in this paper we present of small integers. These values are often
categories of digital image processing, transmitted or stored in a form.
Image Compression, Image viewing and
image types, and digital image editing, Digital images can be by a variety
and finally advantages and of input devices and techniques, such as,
disadvantgages of digital image
scanners, coordinate-measuring
processing.
machines, seismographic profiling,
airborne radar, and more.
IMAGE PROCESSING:

Image processing is enhancing It is an image that was acquired

image or extracting information or features through scanners or captured from digital

from an image. Any activity that cameras. The most common kind of digital

transforms an input image into an output image processing is digital image editing.

image. The manipulation and alteration of

HISTORY:
images using computer software.
Because of the computational load
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING : of dealing with images containing

Digital image processing is the use millions of pixels, digital image

of computer to perform on. Digital image processing was largely of academic

processing has the same advantages (over interest until the 1970s, when

analog image processing) as has (over dedicated hardware became available

analog signal processing) -- it allows a that could process images in real

much wider range of algorithms to be time, for some dedicated problems

applied to the input data, and can avoid such as television standards

problems such as the build-up of noise and conversion. As general-purpose

signal distortion during processing. computers became faster, they

started to take over the role of
DIGITAL IMAGE : dedicated hardware for all but the

A digital image is a representation most specialized and compute-

of a two-dimensionalas a finite set of intensive operations.

values, called picture elements or.

3
 With the fast computers and signal
processors available in the 2000s, digital
image processing has become the most
common form of image processing, and is
generally used because it is not only the
most versatile method, but also the
cheapest.
DIGITAL PROCESSING OF
CAMERA IMAGES :
Images taken by popular digital
cameras often need processing to improve
their quality, a distinct advantage digital
cameras have over film cameras. The
digital image processing is done by special
software programs that manipulate the
images is many ways. This process is
performed in a "digital darkroom", which
is not really a darkroom as it is
accomplished via a computer and
keyboard.
REASONS FOR INTRODUING
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
Few types of evidence are more
incriminating than a photograph or
videotape that places a suspect at a crime
scene, whether or not it actually depicts the
suspect committing a criminal act. Ideally,
the image will be clear, with all persons,
settings, and objects reliably identifiable.
Unfortunately, though, that is not always
the case, and the photograph or video
image may be grainy, blurry, of poor
contrast, or even damaged in some way.
In such cases, investigators may
rely on computerized technology that
enables digital processing and
enhancement of an image. The U.S.
government, and in particular, the military,
the FBI, and the National Aeronautics
and Space Agency (NASA), and more
recently, private technology firms, have
developed advanced computer software
that can dramatically improve the clarity of
and amount of detail visible in still and
video images. NASA, for example, used
digital processing to analyze the video of
the Challenger incident.
HOW CAN WE PROCESS AN IMAGE
?
The first step in digital image
processing is to transfer an image to a
computer, digitizing the image and turning
4
it into a computer image file that can be to make the image pleasing to the
stored in a computer's memory or on a human eye.
storage medium such as a hard disk or CD-
Enhancement Image enhancement
ROM. Digitization involves translating the
techniques can be used to modify the
image into a numerical code that can be
brightness and contrast of an image, to
understood by a computer. It can be
remove blurriness, and to filter out
accomplished using a scanner or a video
some of the noise. Using mathematical
camera linked to a frame grabber board in
equations called algorithms, the
the computer.
computer applies each change to either
The computer breaks down the the whole image or targets a particular
image in to thousands of pixels. Pixels are portion of the image.
the smallest component of an image. They
For example, global contrast
are the small dots in the horizontal lines
enhancement would affect the entire
across a television screen. Each pixel is
image, whereas local contrast
converted into a number that represents the
enhancement would improve the
brightness of the dot. For a black-and-
contrast of small details, such as a face
white image, the pixel represents different
or a license plate on a vehicle. Some
shades between total black and full white.
algorithms can remove background
The computer can then adjust the pixels to
noise without disturbing the key
enhance image quality.
components of the image.
CATEGORIES OF DIGITAL IMAGE
Measurement Extraction is used to
PROCESSING:
gather useful information from an
The Three main categories of digital enhanced image.
image processing are:
IMAGE VIEWING:
Image Compression is a mathematical
The user can utilize different
technique used to reduce the amount
program to see the image. The GIF, JPEG
of computer memory needed to
and PNG images can be seen simply using
store a digital image. The computer
a web browser because they are the
discards (rejects) some information,
standard internet image formats. The SVG
while retaining sufficient information
5
format is more and more used in the web
and is a standard W3C format.
IMAGE TYPES :
Digital images can be classified
according to the number and nature of
those samples:The term digital image is
also applied to data associated to points
scattered over a three-dimensional region,
such as produced by tomographic
equipment. In that case, each datum is
called a voxel.
TYPES OF IMAGES :
1. Binary Image :
• A binary image is a digital image
that has only two possible values
for each pixel.
• Binary images are also called bi-
level or two-level.
• A binary image is usually stored in
memory as a bitmap, a packed
array of bits.
• A binary image is also a compiled
version of source code in Linux and
Unixes
2. Gray Scale: In computing, a grayscale
or greyscale digital image is an image
in which the value of each pixel is a
single sample.Grayscale images are
distinct from black-and-white
images, which in the context of
computer imaging are images with
only two colors, black and white;
grayscale images have many shades of
gray in between. In most contexts
other than digital imaging, however,
the term "black and white" is used in
place of "grayscale";
For example, photography in
shades of gray is typically called "black-
and-whitephotography". The term
monochromatic in some digital imaging
contexts is synonymous with grayscale,
and in some contexts synonymous with
black-and-white.
3. Color Image: A (digital) color image is
a digital image that includes color
information for each pixel.For visually
acceptable results, it is necessary (and
almost sufficient) to provide three samples
(color channels) for each pixel, which are
interpreted as coordinates in some color
space. The RGB color space is commonly
used in computer displays, but other spaces
such as YUV, HSV, and are often used in
other contexts. Color Image
Representation : A color image is usually
stored in memory as a raster map, a two-
dimensional array of small integer triplets;
6
 or (rarely) as three separate raster maps.
The same picture in three different color
modes. The picture on the left is the
original photograph, in full color. The
picture in the center is in grayscale. The
picture on the right is in black and white,
or monochrome.
4. False Color : For military operations
under a false flag, see false colors.
A "false color" image showing the
Chesapeake Bay and the city of Baltimore.
This "true color" image shows the
same region as the "false color" image
above, but uses true colors, e.g., the plants
are shown in green.A false-color image is
an image that depicts a subject in colors
that differ from human perception of the
same subject. Also known as a pseudo-
color image, it is derived from a greyscale
image by mapping each pixel value to a
color according to a table or function..
Although false-coloring does not
increase the information contents of the
original image, it can make some details
more visible, by increasing the distance in
color space between successive gray
levels.
For example, a photographic
negative could be called a false-color
image, since it shows the complementary
colors of its subject. However, the term
"false-color" is typically used to describe
images whose colors represent measured
intensities outside the visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum .False-color
images are frequently used for viewing
7
satellite images, such as from weather which a user may manipulate, enhance,
satellites. and transform images. These editors are
capable of editing images in many diverse
5. Multi Spectral Image: Multi-spectral
ways.
images are images of the same object,
taken in different bands of visible or BASICS OF DIGITAL IMAGE
infrared region of electromagnetic EDITING:
continum. This is the main type of images
Bitmap images are stored in a
acquired by Remote sensing (RS)
computer in the form of a grid of picture
radiometers. Multi-spectral is the opposite
elements called pixels. These pixels
of panchromatic. Usually satelites have 3
contain the image's color and brightness
to 7 or more radiometers. Each one
information. Image editors can change the
acquires one digiral image in a small band
pixels to enhance the image in many ways.
of visible spectra.
The pixels can be changed as a group, or
6. Thematic Image : Thematic images are individually, by the sophisticated
usually image products of algorithms within the image editors.
classification processing of
IMAGE EDITING PROGRAMS:
multispectral images of the earth
surface. The classification process
Because of the popularity of digital
differentiates types of surface such as
cameras, image editing programs are
land, water, forest, lake, structure etc.
readily available. Minimal programs, that
do such operations as rotating and
DIGITAL IMAGE EDITING:
cropping (image)s are often provided
within the digital camera itself, others are
Digital image editing is the
returned to the user on a compact disc
process of altering digital images,
(CD) when images are processed at a
whether they be digital photographs or
discount store.
other types of digitally represented images.

DIGITAL DATA COMPRESSION:

Specialised software programs
called vector graphics editors or bitmap
Many image file formats use data
graphics editors are the primary tools with
compression to reduce file size and save

8
storage spce. Digital compression of
images may take place in the camera, or
can be done in the computer with the
image editor. When images are stored in
JPEG format, compression has already
taken place. Both cameras and computer
programs allow the user to set the level of
compression.
Some compression algorithms are
lossless, such as PNG, which means no
image quality is lost when the file is saved.
The JPEG compression algorithm uses a
lossy format. The greater the compression,
the lesser the quality. The JPEG algorithm
utilizes the way the brain and eyes
perceive colour to make loss of detail less
noticeable.
IMAGE EDITOR FEATURES:
Listed below are some of the most
used capabilities of the better graphic
manipulation programs. The list is by no
means all inclusive. There are a myriad of
choices associated with the application of
most of these features.
 Image Size Alteration: Image
editors can resize an image,
making it larger, or smaller. High
image resolution cameras can
produce large images which are
often reduced in size for Internet
use. Image editor programs use a
mathematical process called re-
sampling to calculate new pixel
values whose spacing is larger or
smaller than the original pixel
values..
Cropping An Image: Digital editors are
used to crop images. Cropping
creates a new image by removing a
desired rectangular portion from the
image being cropped. The unwanted
part of the image is discarded. Image
cropping does not reduce the
resolution of the area cropped.
 Noise Removal: Image editors may
feature a number of algorithms
which can add or remove noise in
an image. JPEG artifacts can be
removed; dust & scratches can be
removed and an image can be
despeckled. Noise tends to invade
images when pictures are taken in
low light settings.
9
  Removal Of Unwanted Elements: color of specific items in an image.
Most image editors can be used to
remove unwanted branches, etc,
using a "clone" tool.

An example of selective
color change, the original is on
the right.

Original Merging Of Images: Many graphics

applications are capable of merging one
or more individual images into a single
picture. The orientation and placement
of each image can be controlled. The
two images shown here were once
individual studio portraits.

Removal of branch at the top of image

Selective Color Change: Image editors

have the ability to selectively change the

10
 An example of some special effects
that can be added to a picture.

 Change Color Depth: It is

possible, using software, to change
the color depth of images. Common
color depths are 2, 16, 256, and 16
million colors. The JPEG and PNG
image formats are capable of
storing 16.7 million colors (equal to
256 luminance values per color
channel). In addition, grayscale
images of 8 bits or less can be
created, usually via conversion and
John and Bertha downsampling from a full color
Phillips - 1910 image.

Special Effects: Image editors usually have

a list of special effects that can create
unusual results. Images may be
skewed and distorted in various
ways. Scores of special effects can
be applied to an image which include
various forms of distortion, artistic
effects, geometric and texture
effects, and combinations thereof. An example of converting
an image from color to grayscale.

11
Lens Correction: Photo manipulation
packages have functions to correct 1. One of the biggest advantages of
images for various lens distortions digital imaging is the ability of the
inclduing pincushion, fisheye and operator to manipulate the pixel
barrel distortions. The corrections are shades to correct image density and
subtle, but can improve the contrast, is called Post-Processing.
appearance of some photographs. And perform other processing
Contrast Change And Brightening: functions that could result in
Image editors have provisions to change
improved diagnosis and fewer
the contrast of images and brighten or
repeated examinations.
darken the image. Many an
underexposed image can be improved by
2. Digital imaging allows the
using this feature. only pixels below a electronic transmission of images
particular luminosity threshold are to third-party providers, referring
brightened, thereby brightening dentists, consultants, and insurance
underexposed shadows without affecting carriers via a modem.
the rest of the image.
3. Digital imaging is also
Sharpening And Softening Images:
environmentally friendly since it
Graphics programs can be used to
does not require chemical
both sharpen and blur images in a
processing. It is well known that
number of ways. Edge
used film processing chemicals
enhancement is an extremely
contaminate the water supply
common technique used to make
system with harmful metals such as
images appear sharper, although
the silver found in used fixer
many purists frown on the end result
as less natural-looking. solution.

Color Adjustments: The color of images 4. Radiation dose reduction is also a

can be altered in a variety of ways. benefit derived from the use of

The color balance can be improved, digital systems. Some

colors and be faded in and out, and manufacturers have claimed a 90%
tones can be changed. Special decrease in radiation exposure, but
effects, like sepia and grayscale can the real savings depend on
be added to an image. comparisons.

ADVANTAGES:
12

DISADVANTAGES:
There are also disadvantages
associated with the use of digital systems.
1. The initial cost can be high
depending on the system used, the
number of detectors purchased, etc.
2. Competency using the software can
any number of image formats, at almost
any size, and in varying degrees of
compression. Most serious digital camera
users will find the facilities of an image
editor indispensable.
REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/classified_in
formation.

take time to master depending on www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july200

the level of computer literacy of 1/swigt.htm.
team members. Finally, since http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/digitalimag
digital imaging in dentistry is not eprocessing.
standardized, professionals are
unable to exchange information
without going through an
intermediary process.

CONCLUSION:

Image editors provide the means

for altering and improving images in an
almost endless number of ways. They
accept images in a large variety of image
formats, and after changes are made they
allow the changed image to be saved in
13