J2SE Session 11

Java Packages
Objectives
• In this lesson, you will learn about:
• Packages in Java
• User-defined packages
• Exploring the java.lang package
• Exploring the java.util package
©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 1 of 30

Java Packages
Packages in Java
• A package is a set of classes that are stored in a directory, which has the same
name as the package name.
• Packages enable you to organize the class files provided by Java.
• Java packages are classified into two categories:
• Java API packages
• Java user-defined packages

Java Packages
Packages in Java (Contd.)

• The following table lists a few built-in Java packages:
Java Package Description

Name
java.lang Provides various classes, such as Object,

System, and Class.
java.util Provides various classes that support

collection or groups of objects, such as hash
tables, String parsing, and system properties.
java.io Defines two streams, InputStream and

OutputStream that determine the flow of
bytes from a source to destination.

Java Packages

• The various built-in packages of Java are: (Contd.)
Java Package Description

Name
java.awt Provides classes to implement graphical user

interface, such as creating buttons, check boxes,
text boxes, menus, and list boxes.
java.net Provides classes that support network

programming, such as Socket, ServerSocket, and
DatagramSocket.
java.applet Provides the Applet class that provides methods to

display images, play audio files, and obtain
information about the applet environment. Some of
these methods are play(), getImage(),
getAppletInfo(), and getAudioClip().

Java Packages

• The hierarchy of the Java API packages:

Java Packages
User–Defined Packages
• When you write a Java program, you create many classes. You can organize
these classes by creating your own packages.
• The packages that you create are called user-defined packages.
• A user-defined package contains one or more classes that can be imported in a
Java program.
• Creating a user-defined package
• The following syntax shows how to create a user-defined package:
package <package_name>
// Class definition
public class <classname1>
{
// Body of the class.
}
public class <classname2>
{
// Body of the class.}
Java Packages
User–Defined Packages (Contd.)

• To create a user-defined package, perform the following steps:
• Create a source file containing the package definition
• Create a folder having the same name as package name and save
the source file within the folder.
• Compile the source file.
• Importing a user-defined package
• You can include a user-defined package using the import statement.
• The following syntax shows how to implement the user-defined
package, empDetails from the app directory in a program:
import app.empDetails.Employee;
public class Director extends Employee
{
// Body of the class.
}

Java Packages
User-Defined Packages (Contd.)

• The CLASSPATH variable points to the directories in which the
classes that are available to import are present.
• CLASSPATH enables you to put the class files in various directories
and notifies the JDK tools of the region of these classes.

Java Packages
Exploring java.lang Package

• The java.lang package provides various classes and interfaces that are
fundamental to Java programming.
• The java.lang package contains various classes that represent primitive data
types, such as int, char, long, and double.
• Classes provided by the java.lang package:
Class Description
Object All the classes in the java.lang package are

subclasses of the Object class and inherit its
methods. The toString() method creates a
String representation of the value of an object of
the Object class. This method is automatically
called when you display an Object using the
println() method.

Java Packages
Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Class Description
Class Supports runtime processing of the class

information of an object. The Class class also
supports the toString() method.
System Provides a standard interface to input, output, and

error devices, such as keyboard and Visual Display
Unit (VDU). The System class has the variables, in,
out, and err represent input, output, and error
respectively.
Wrapper Represents the primitive data types, such as int,
char, and double, as objects. In addition, the
Wrapper class provides methods to convert strings
to various data types.

Java Packages

Class Description
Integer Provides methods for converting an int object to a

String object.
Math Provides various numeric constants and methods

for statistics, logarithms, exponents, and
trigonometry.
String Supports operations on Strings and characters.

Java Packages

• The Math Class
• The java.lang.Math class provides various methods for performing
numeric operations, such as calculating the square root of a number,
absolute value of a number, maximum and minimum values, random,
and trigonometric functions such as sin(), cos(), and tan().

Java Packages
Method Description Syntax
abs() Accepts a parameter of data type, such as public static double

int, long, float, or double and returns the abs(double x)
absolute value of that parameter. public static float
abs(float x)
public static int
abs(int x)
ceil() Returns the smallest double value of the
public static double
next higher integer. ceil(double x)

floor() Returns the largest double value of the public static double
next smaller integer. floor(double x)

Java Packages
max() Accepts two arguments and returns the public static float
larger of the two values of the arguments. max(float x, float y)
The two arguments should be of same data public static double
type such as float, double, int, or long. max(double x, double y)
public static int
max(int x, int y)
min() Accepts two parameters and returns the public static float
smaller of the two values of the min(float x, float y)
arguments. The two parameters should be public static double
of same data type such as float, double, min(double x, double y)
int, or long. public static int
min(int x, int y)

Java Packages

random() Accepts no argument and returns a public static double

positive, double, value randomly random()
generated, greater than or equal to 0.0
and less than 1.0.
round() Accepts one parameter of the double or public static long

float data type and returns the integer
value closest to the parameter. round(double
x)
sin() Accepts an angle in radian as parameter public static

public static double
int
and returns the trigonometric sine of the round(float x)
sin(double x)
angle.

Java Packages
cos() Accepts an angle in radian as public static

parameter and returns the double cos(double
trigonometric cosine of the angle. x)
tan() Accepts an angle in radian as public static

parameter and returns the double tan(double
trigonometric tangent of the angle. x)
sqrt() Accepts one parameter of data type public static

double and returns the positive double sqrt(double
square root of that parameter. x)

Java Packages

• The String Class
• Methods of the String class:
length() Returns the length of a public int length()

String object.
charAt() Returns the character at the public char charAt(int

specified index, which index)
ranges from 0 to the second
last element.
getChars() Copies characters from a public void getChars(int
source String object into the srcBegin, int srcEnd,
destination character array. char[] dstn, int dstnBegin)

Java Packages

equals() Accepts one argument and public Boolean equals(Object

compares the current String obj)
object with an object of the
Object class. The result is true if
the argument is not null.
CompareTo() Compares the current String public int compareTo(String
object with another String. If the String2)
strings are same, the return
value is 0 else the return value
is non-zero.
startsWith( Tests whether a String object public Boolean
) starts with the specified prefix startsWith(String prefix, int
beginning at the specified index offset)
or not. public Boolean
startsWith(String prefix)
Java Packages

subString( Returns a substring of a string. The public String subString(int

) substring begins with the character beginIndex)
at the specified index and extends
to the end of the main string.
concat() Concatenates the specified String public String concat(String

to the end of the String object. str)
toUpperCas Converts all the characters in the public String toUpperCase()

e() String object to upper case by
using the default locale.
toLowerCas Converts all the characters in the public String toLowerCase()
e() calling String object to lower case
by using the default locale.
Java Packages

• The Wrapper Class
Wrapper Class Objects Description Syntax
doubleValue() Returns the value of an public double

object as the primitive data doubleValue()
type double.
floatValue() Returns the value of an public float
object as the primitive data floatValue()
type float.
intValue() Returns the value of an public int
object as the primitive data intValue()
type int.

Java Packages
Exploring java.lang Package

(Contd.)
Wrapper Class Description Syntax
toString() Returns a String •public String

representation of an object toString()
of the data types byte, int, •public static
long, float, double, or String
short. toString(byte
val)

toHexString() Creates a String public static
representation of the String
specified argument as an toHexString(int
unsigned integer in val)
hexadecimal form.

Java Packages
Exploring java.util Package

• The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces that
support date/calendar operations, String manipulation, parsing, and basic
event processing.
•Various classes of the java.util package:
Class Description
BitSet Creates a set of bits that grows as required.
Date Encapsulates date and time information.
Hashtable Implements a hash table, which maps keys to values.
Random Generates a stream of random numbers.

Java Packages
Exploring java.util Package (Contd.)
Class Description
StringToken Provides method to break strings into tokens.

izer
Arrays Provides various methods to perform various operations on arrays,

such as searching and sorting.
Calendar Provides support for date conversion and can be extended to provide
conversion for specific calendar systems.
GregorianC Provides the standard calendar used worldwide. It is a subclass of the

alendar Calendar class.

Java Packages

• Few interfaces of the java.util package:
Interface Description
Map Provides an object that maps keys to values.
Enumeration Generates a series of elements.
List An ordered list of elements, which may contain

duplicate objects.
Set A group of objects with no duplication.

Java Packages

• The Collection Interface
• A collection is an object that contains a group of objects within it.
• These objects are called the elements of the collection. The elements
of a collection descend from a common parent type.
• Collections have an advantage over arrays that collections can grow to
any size unlike arrays.
• The following constructors are used for the collection interface:
• CollectionName(): Creates an empty collection. A void
constructor does not accept any argument.
• CollectionName(Collection coll): Creates a new collection
that accepts a collection as an argument and returns the
collection containing the same elements as the collection
argument.

Java Packages

The following figure shows the hierarchy of the collection interface:

Java Packages

• The various sub interfaces of the Collection interface are :
•List
•Set
•SortedSet
• Legacy Classes and Interfaces
• The classes of the java.util package were updated to support the concept
of collection framework.
• These classes are referred to as the legacy classes.
• The various legacy classes defined by the java.util package are:
• Vector
• Stack
• Hashtable
• Properties
• The interface defined by the java.util package is Enumeration interface.

Java Packages
Summary
In this lesson, you learned:
• Packages enable you to organize the class files provide by Java.

• The various built-in packages of the Java programming language are:
• java.lang
• java.util
• java.io
• java.applet
• java.awt
• java.net
• The packages created by users are called user-defined packages.
• The import statement with the package name enables you to inform the
compiler about the region of classes.
• The java.lang package provides a number of classes and interfaces that are
fundamental to Java programming.

Java Packages
Summary (Contd.)
• Some of the classes defined in the java.lang package are :
• The various built-in packages of the Java programming language are:
• Object
• Class
• System
• Wrapper
• Character
• Integer
• Math
• String
• The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces that
support date/calendar operations, String manipulation, parsing, and basic
event processing

Java Packages
Summary (Contd.)
• Some of the classes defined in the java.util package are :
• BitSet
• Date
• Calendar
• GregorianCalendar
• Random
• StringTokenizer
• Arrays
• The various interfaces defined in the java.util package are:
• Collection
• List
• Set
• SortedSet

J2SE Session 11

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

J2SE Session 11

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Java Packages

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 1 of 30

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 2 of 30

Packages in Java (Contd.)

Java Package Description

java.lang Provides various classes, such as Object,

java.util Provides various classes that support

java.io Defines two streams, InputStream and

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 3 of 30

Packages in Java (Contd.)

Java Package Description

java.awt Provides classes to implement graphical user

java.net Provides classes that support network

java.applet Provides the Applet class that provides methods to

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 4 of 30

Packages in Java (Contd.)

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 5 of 30

User–Defined Packages (Contd.)

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 7 of 30

User-Defined Packages (Contd.)

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 8 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package

Object All the classes in the java.lang package are

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 9 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Class Supports runtime processing of the class

System Provides a standard interface to input, output, and

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 10 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Integer Provides methods for converting an int object to a

Math Provides various numeric constants and methods

String Supports operations on Strings and characters.

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 11 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 12 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Method Description Syntax

abs() Accepts a parameter of data type, such as public static double

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 13 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Method Description Syntax

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

random() Accepts no argument and returns a public static double

round() Accepts one parameter of the double or public static long

sin() Accepts an angle in radian as parameter public static

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 15 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Method Description Syntax

cos() Accepts an angle in radian as public static

tan() Accepts an angle in radian as public static

sqrt() Accepts one parameter of data type public static

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 16 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

Method Description Syntax

length() Returns the length of a public int length()

charAt() Returns the character at the public char charAt(int

©NIIT Packages and Streams Lesson 1A / Slide 17 of 30

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

equals() Accepts one argument and public Boolean equals(Object

Exploring java.lang Package (Contd.)

subString( Returns a substring of a string. The public String subString(int

concat() Concatenates the specified String public String concat(String

toUpperCas Converts all the characters in the public String toUpperCase()