REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

FLEXURE ON BEAMS

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS
CONCEPT OF BENDING AND STAGES OF LOADING
C
A. UNCRACKED STAGE
At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile stress
at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with
compression on one side and tension on the other.

B. CRACKED STAGE (WORKING STRESS DESIGN)

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to
develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the
tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking
moment, Mcr. Service Loads/Actual Loads are used.

C. COLLAPSED STAGE (ULTIMATE STRESS DESIGN)

As the load is increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than 0.50fc’, the tensile
cracks move farther upward, as does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to
change appreciably from a straight line. For this initial discussion, it is assumed that the reinforcing bars
have yielded.
 BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
GENERAL NOTES
C
eccf – extreme concrete compression fiber
b
Concrete cover (cc) – NSCP 2015 420.6.1.3
under normal condition if not exposed,
eccf • Column/beam, cc ≧ 40 mm
• Slabs/wall, cc ≧ 20 mm
• footings, cc ≧ 75 mm
d, effective depth

ds – diameter of stirrups db – diameter of rebars

Bend Diameter, Db Db = 4 ds (NSCP 2015 425.3.2)

ds = dia. of stirrups
Concrete spacing (cs) – NSCP 2015 425.2.1

Db 25,,
2ds -. * Use largest of
As "# ≥ cs'() the following
4 3
-122 (,4#5 "4,,46 . ”)
3 4
db/2
cc Effective depth, d – distance from eccf to center of rebar

cc cs db d = h – cc – ds - db/2
(concrete cover)
 BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
GENERAL NOTES
C
eccf – extreme concrete compression fiber
b
Concrete cover (cc) – NSCP 2015 420.6.1.3
under normal condition if not exposed,
eccf • Column/beam, cc ≧ 40 mm
• Slabs/wall, cc ≧ 20 mm
• footings, cc ≧ 75 mm
d, effective depth

ds – diameter of stirrups db – diameter of rebars

Bend Diameter, Db Db = 4 ds (NSCP 2015 425.3.2)

ds = dia. of stirrups
Concrete spacing (cs) – NSCP 2015 425.2.1

Db 25,,
2ds -. * Use largest of
As "# ≥ cs'() the following
4 3
-122 (,4#5 "4,,46 . ”)
3 4
db/2
cc Effective depth, d – distance from eccf to center of rebar

cc cs db d = h – cc – ds - db/2
(concrete cover)
 BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
CLEAR SPACING
C
b
; − 2"" − 6-> − -. (? − 1) (N – number of rebars)
"# =
?−1

If cs < csmin: • Bundle

• Double Layer
• Change Bar Diameter
• Change Beam Width
d

2ds
As

db/2
cc

cc cs db
(concrete cover)
 BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
DOUBLE LAYER:
C
b GENERAL: ; − 2"" − 6-> − -. (? − 1)
"# =
?−1

2nd Layer : ; − 2"" − 2-> − ?-.

"# =
#AB"C#

d2 Use Varignon’s Theorem for d: DE ?E -E + DG ?G -G

-=
d DE ?E + DG ?G

d1 Sample computation for d1 and d2:

-E = ℎ − "" − -# − -. /2
vcs ≧ 25mm -G = -E − -. − J"#

cc cs db
(concrete cover)
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT
BUNDLED BARS
; − 2"" − 6-> − -. (5 − 1)
"# =
2
Other Bundled Bars: maximum

25,,
-K = -. ? (N is number of most bundled bars)
"# ≥ cs'()
4 3
-122 (,4#5 "4,,46 . ”)
3 4
BEAM SECTION DETAIL and BAR LAYOUT

MINIMUM DEPTH, NSCP 2015 409.3.1.1

One End Both End One End

Simply Supported Continuous Continuous Continuous

One End
Continuous Cantilever Cantilever

• Simply Supported l n/ 1 6 l n is clear span

• One End Continuous l n/ 1 8 . 5
• Both End Continuous l n/ 2 1
Note that for beams reinforced with fy < 420 MPa, multiply values by (0.4 +
• Cantilever l n/ 8 (fy/700))
WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD
SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM FLEXURE EQN

ENGR. KEVIN PAOLO V. ROBLES, MSCE

Professor
WORKING STRESS DESIGN

DESIGN PRINCIPLE
The design concept of WSD is based on Elastic Theory in which the stress-strain diagram is
within the proportional limit and will obey Hooke's Law.

Actual Stress ≤ Allowable Stress

MAXIMUM ELASTIC STRESSES

f c ≤ f c allow = 0 . 4 5 f c’ (NSCP 2015 429.4.1)

Where fc = concrete compressive stress

140 MPa (if G280)

f s ≤ f s allow
170 MPa (if G420)

(NSCP 2015 429.4.2) ELASTIC FLEXURAL STRESSES

Where fs = steel tensile stress
`a only applicable for
_= homogenous sections
b
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Concrete Beam Crack Stages Cracking Moment
A. UNCRACK STAGE
• Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr
_cbd
`ac =
• No cracking occur ef
• The gross section resists bending
• The tensile stress of concrete is below rupture Where:

fc
Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross
section neglecting reinforcement

Yt = distance from centroid of gross

h/2 section to extreme tension fiber
d
M
fr = Modulus of Rupture
Neutral Axis
h

As h/2 _c = g . h i j _ a k
(from NSCP 2015)

b ft
Gross Section Concrete Stress Diagram
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Concrete Beam Crack Stages

B. Boundary between crack and uncrack stages

• Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
• Crack begins to form
• The gross section resists bending
• The tensile stress of concrete reached the rupture
point
 WORKING STRESS DESIGN mn NSCP 429.6.4
MODULAR RATIO l= (rounded off to the nearest
ma whole number)
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
- n is the number times steel is stronger than concrete
C. CONCRETE CRACK SATGE
For non-prestressed reinforcement: Es = 200,000 MPa
• Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
For Ec , refer to previous lecture
• Elastic stress stage
• Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the beam
and spreads quickly to the neutral axis Modular ratio is needed because reinforced concrete is a
• The tensile stress of concrete is higher than the non-homogeneous section. By converting the steel bar to
concrete (theoretically), a homogenous section is formed
rupture strength and f = Mc/I can be used
fc

C
x
d N.A.

h
d-x
As As
nAs
T
fs/n
b
Cracked Section Transformed Section Stress and Internal Couple
Gross Section
Diagram
 fc
WORKING STRESS DESIGN C
x
eccf
Concrete Crack Stage d
N.A.

h
b d-x
As
nAs
T
fs/n
b
Transformed Section Stress and Internal Couple
Gross Section
Diagram
d, effective depth

Location of the neutral axis from extreme compression fiber

o i
pq = lrn (s − q)
i
Cracked section moment of inertia (INA = Icr)

o u i
btr = pq + lrn s − q
As ds = dia. of stirrups u
Actual Stresses

cc `q l`(s − q)
_a = _n =
btr btr
cc
(concrete cover) db = dia. of long. bars
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Example:
A simply supported beam, 5 meters long is designed to support
250mm
a uniformly distributed dead load of 10 kN/m and uniformly
distributed live load of 15 kN/m. The cross section is given with
fc’ – 21 MPa and fy = 420 MPa. Calculate the maximum stresses
in concrete and steel under the given service loads. Is the
450 mm

design adequate?

ds = 10 mm

db =16 mm
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Seatwork:

The following are the dimensions of a concrete T-beam section:

Width of flange, bf = 600 mm

Thickness of flange, tf = 80 mm
Width of web, bw = 300 mm
Effective depth, d = 500 mm

The beam is reinforced with 3-32 mm diameter bars in tension and is carrying a moment of 100
kNm. Find the total compressive force in the concrete. Use n = 9
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Alternate Method for Rectangular Beams
By Static Equilibrium :
fc
v=x
C o
x =kd v= _ wsp x = rn _n
i a
d N.A.
` = vys = xys
jd
h
d-kd o
`= _a wypsi ` = rn _n ys
As i
T i
w= ilz + lz − lz
fs/n
b o
Stress and Internal Couple y=o− w
Gross Section u
Diagram
rn mn
z= l=
ps ma

*use store value of k and z in solving

WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Example:
Given the following properties of a SRRB, find fc and fs.
b = 250 mm
H = 450 mm
As = 4 – ϕ 16 mm
ds = 10 mm
fc’ = 21 MPa
fy = 420 Mpa
d = 392 mm
n =9
WORKING STRESS DESIGN By ratio and proportion: o
wp =
_n
o+
Balanced Condition: l_a

Section where concrete and steel will reach their Determining the size of the beam :
allowable stresses simultaneously.
o
1. Set M max = ` { = _awypsi
i
(maxi. Moment due to service loads)
C
kbd 2. Set proportion conditions : b = __ d
d N.A.
o p i
≤ ≤
i s u
jd
h 3. Solve for d.
d-kbd
4. Solve for gross depth, h.
As
T
fs/n 5. Adjust to commercial sizes, usually increment of 25 mm.

b Amount of Rebars:
Stress and Internal Couple
Gross Section
Diagram
_a wp rn
zp = rn = zp ps l=
i_n rp
WORKING STRESS DESIGN
Example:

1. Design a rectangular beam by WSD Method for 10-m span, simply sipported and must
sustain 20 kN/m dead load (not including self weight) and live load of 30 kN/m. Use
balanced condition with fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa and |c = 23.5 kN/m3. Also use ds = 12
mm, db = 32 mm