T13tim22 PDF

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ntspf;nfhzu;eJ; nkU$l;L tjw;F ,J JizahFk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;gLfpd;wJ.
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vi
2.0 ghlj; j pd; Fwpf; N fhs; f s;
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ehlfj;jpw;fhd fUg;nghUs;fshfpd;wd. ,tw;iw cs;thq;fpg; gilg;Gfis
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vii
3.0 ghlj;jpl;lk; - juk; 13
Nju;r;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfs;
1.0 1.1
e h l f K k ; m u q ; f p a Y k ; cyfpd; ntt; N tWgl; l ehlf • ,aw;gz;G thjk; 12
rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/ Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu • ajhu;j;j thjk;
nfhs; i ffis (Theories) ahLtu;. • kNdhujpa thjk;
tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
• Nkhbikg; ghzp
2.0 2.1
fiy vd;gij Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; njhlu; • newpahs;if 15
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; ghd mbr; n rhw; g jq; f Sf; F k; > • muq;f/Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;
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viii
gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil xg;gpLtu;. thndhyp ehlfk; 04

ahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf; 2.3
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ghu;. fye;JiuahLtu;. • Neubahd Jyq;fYk; fpilg;gjpy;iy. 04
3.0 3.1
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Nfhl; g hLfs; / nfhs; i f Nahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg; • NtlTil
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gilg;ghf;fq;fis tpUj;jp • Nkil ,izg;ghf;fKk;> eld mirTfSk;
nra;thu;. (Choreography)
ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;
Ntisfs;
4.0 4.1
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa kdNk ehlfk; njhlf;fk; 21Mk; • rpq;fs ehlff;fiy 05
Yld; njhlu;Gila cs; E}w;whz;L tiuapy; cs;ehl;L - kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
ehl; L (RNjr)> ntsp ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;rr
; pg;Nghf;if
ehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk; Muha;tu;.
r%fg; gpd; d zpiaj;
Njbg; ghu;gg
; hu;. (Explore) 4.2
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;iwAk; ehlf • ,yq;ifapd; kuGuPjpahd jkpo; ehlff;fiy 36
njhlu; g hd mbr; n rhw; tbtq;fisAk; Njbawptu;. • jkpo; kf;fspd; Ra> gz;ghl;L/fyhrhu tho;f;
gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil (,yq;if> jkpofk;) ifAld; njhlu;Gila ehlff;fiy
ahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf; • ehlf tyaq;fs; - aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G>
Fk; nghUs; tpsf;fkspg; td;dp> kd;dhu;> kiyehL> rpyhgk;> Gj;jsk;
ix
ghu;. • ehl;Lf;$j;J kuG - tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> kfpb>

fhj;jtuhad; $j;J> tpyhrk;> fhkd; $j;J>
tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F> Nfhtyu; $j;J> ehl;il
• Nguhrpau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;
• Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU
• ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy
• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fKk; etPd
ehlff;fiyAk;
• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs;
• jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypqf
; k;> Riù; fkPj; Kjy;
mk;gp> k`hftp> KUifad;> rpthde;jd; tiu
• fyhepjp. Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;
• ,. ghNye;jpuh
• f. rpjk;guehjd;
Ntisfs;
• ehlf epWtdq;fs;
• ebfu; xd;wpak;
• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up
• mitf;fhw;W fiyf;fofk;
• jpUkiwf; fyh kd;wk;
• njUntsp ehlfq;fs; kw;Wk; Gjpa ehlfg;
Nghf;Ffs;
jkpof ehlf tuyhW

• jkpof rlq;F muq;F Kjy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tiu (fp.gp. 600 f;F Kd;)
• fp.gp. 600 - 1300 tiu
x
• fp.gp. 1300 - 1700 tiu

• fp.gp. 1700 Kjy; INuhg;gpau; tUif tiu
• rkfhy ehlfg; Nghf;Ffs;
• ehlf tbtq;fs;
• gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> njUf;$j;J>
fPu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p> etPd ehlfq;fs;
4.3
,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiy • ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; RUf;f 06
apd; gpd;dzpiaAk;> tsu;r;rpia tuyhW
Ak; Muha;tu;. • gpurpj;jp ngw;w Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs;
• lg;spA.vk;. N[hrg;
• vr;.rp.vd;. ydNuhy;
• YTd; j nrha;rh
• Vu;d];l; kf;fpd;lau;
Ntisfs;
• nu[p rpwptu;j;jd
• &b nfhud;];
• ,e;J ju;kNrd
• n[uk; b rpy;th
• Ute;jp B. rpNfuh
4.4
,yq;ifapy; ehlfKk; muq;fpa • ,yq;ifapy; jahupff
; g;gl;l ntspehl;L ehlfq;fs;
08
Yk; fiyapd; Kd; N dw; w j; j py; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbawpthu;.
gq; f spg; G r; nra; j ntspehl; L • ,yq;ifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l gpugy;akhd %d;W
ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd tpku;rdk;
Njbahuha;tu;. • ntz;fl;b tl;lk;
• fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;
xi
• Afju;kk;
4.5
fpNuf; f ehlfq; f s; njhlu; g hf • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; %yfq;fSk;> ehlf
12
Muha;tu;. tiffSk;
• jpwn[b (Tragedy)
• nfhkb (Comedy)
• rw;wau; (Satyre)
• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp
• <];fpy];
• NrhNghf;fpsp];
• A+upg;gpb];
• mup];NuhNgd;];
• fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; ehlf/muq;fg;ghzp
Ntisfs;
4.6
rk]; f pUj ehlfq; f s; gw; w pf; • rk];fpUj ehlfhrpupau;fs; 08
fye;JiuahLtu;. • ghrd;> fhspjhrd;> #j;ufu;> =ù;rd;
• rk];fpUj ehlf muq;fg;ghzp
• ~~ur|| - Nfhl;ghLfs;
4.7
kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; • kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; 06
njhlu;ghfj; Njb mwptu;. • kiwnghUs; ehlfk; (Mystery)
• mw;Gj ehlfk; (Miracle)
• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfk; (Morality plays)
4.8
vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; • vyprngj; fhy ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp 08
xii
fye;JiuahLtu;. (tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpau;)
4.9
10
ag;ghdpa ehlf kuGfisf; fye;J • ag;ghdpa ehlfq;fs; - Neh> fGf;fp> Gd;wF>
iuahLtu;. Nfhth`> fpNah[d;
Ntisfs;
4.10
08
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; • 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa ehlfhrpupau;fs;
Kidg;ghfj; njupAk; ehlfhrpupau; • n`d;wpf; ,g;rd;
fs; gw;wpj; Njbawptu;. • md;ud; nrf;Nfht;
• ];udp];nt];fp
• Nkau; N`hy;l;
4.11
08
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlfg; Nghf;F • Nghl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;
fisAk; guPl;rhu;j;jj;jpy; <Lgl;l • rhKNty; ngf;fl;
fiyQu;fs; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiu • FNwhl;Nlht;];fp
ahLtu;. • md;NuhdpNah Mu;e;Njh (Artaud)
• mf;];jh Nghy;
xiii
• gPw;wu; GW}f;
• wpr;rl; nrf;du;
Ntisfs;
5.0 5.1
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa ehlf ghlj;ij eag;gu;. • ehlf ghlj;ij Muha;thu;. 61
ypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;Gf; 5.2. • tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rPru; my;yJ
fis eaj;jypd; %yKk; ehlf ghlkhdJ ehlfkhf xj;njy;Nyh
jpwdha; j ypd; %yKk; khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid • n`d;wpr; ,g;rdpd; xU ghitapd; tPL 20
tho;fi; f mDgtq;fisg; EZfp Muha;tu;. • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp
ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;. 5.3 (jpup$lY}u; uhrg;gf; ftpuhau;)
ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fis myrpg; • myq;fhu&gd; (gjpg;G. R. tpj;jpahde;jd;)
fu;ehlf ,irapd; mbg;
Gjpa tho;fi; ff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij • 5.1 - 5.3 tiuapyhd Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis mil
gil mk;rq;fis ntspg;
cUthf;fpf;nfhs;tu;.
gLj;Jthu;. tjw;fhf ,ad;w msTf;F ehlf ghlq;fis
myrp Muha;e;J jpwdha;jYk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhfr;
rpe;jidapd; ghw;gLjYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
xiv
20
Ntisfs;
6.0
ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpa 6.1
ypd; Nfhl;ghLfis/vz; FW ehlfk; xd;Wf;fhf/rpWtu; • FW ehlfk; - tiutpyf;fzk; 15
zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ehlf ghlk; • FW ehlf ghlk; - vOJjy;
%yk; ifahz;L ghu;g; xd;iw vOJtu;. • rpWtu; ehlfk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
gjd; %yk; gilg;ghf;fr; • rpWtu; ehlf ghlk; vOJjy;
rpe; j idia tsu; j ; J f; 6.2
nfhs;thu;. ehlf ghlk; xd;wpid vOJk; • ehlf ghlk; xd;iw vOJk;NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fg; 10
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir> NghJ vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpur;rp gLk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;
Nkiyj;Nja ,irapd; idfisf; fye;JiuahLthu;.
7.0
ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; 7.1
xv
ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila njhopy; / thz;ikj; Jiwfis • vOjpa rpWtu; ehlf ghlj;Jf;F/FWehlf ghlj; 10
fiyfisf; fw;gjD}lhf ehLtjw; f hd gupr; r aj; i jg; Jf;F mika ,ize;j fiyfisg; gad;gLj;J
thz; i k/njhopy; r hu; e ; j ngWtu;. tjw;fhd gupr;raj;ijg; ngWjy;
jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
`pe;J];jhdp ,ir>
Nkiyj; N ja ,irapd;
mbg; g il mk; r q; f is
tpsf;Fthu;.
vOj; j hf; f Kiw topapy; . ..
MNyhrid : fyhepjp vk;. Nrju

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Nkw; g hu; i t: jpU. Rjj; rkurpq;` - gzpg;ghsu;

mofpaw;fy;tpj;Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,izg; g hf; f k; : jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:

jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp>
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;Tngw;wtu;)
jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau; Nthy;lu; khurpq;`

= [atu;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nguhrpupau; Nuhyd;l; mNgghy

nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;Tngw;wtu;)
vOj;jhsu; FO
cs; t hup : jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;
nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. nf.[P. m[pj; &gNrd

- nraw;wpl;lf; FOj; jiytu; (ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk;)
nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
mofpaw;fy;tpj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
ntspthup : fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

tpupTiuahsu;> aho;. gy;fiyf;fofk; (Xa;T ngw;wtu;)
jpUkjp. n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];

tpupTiuahsu;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
xvi
jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
tpupTiuahsu; - fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}up
jpU. v];. ujpjud;

tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
jpUkjp. nr.v. itNjfp

Mrpupa Nrit - fpsp/ mf;fuh[d; k.tp
jpU. Nah. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;

Mrpupa Nrit - ah/ jpUf;FLk;gf; fd;dpau; klk;
jpU. f. =fe;jNts;
Mrpupa Nrit - t/tpGyhde;jhf; fy;Y}up> tTdpah
jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j;

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;T ngw;w)
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. [P. Nghy; md;udp

gpujpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu; (xa;T ngw;w)
,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk;
jpU. fpist; rhu;e;j

Mrpupau; Nrit - rhe;j mdh tpj;jpahyak;> FUdhfy;
jpU. ghypj nyhFNghjhfk

Mrpupau; Nrit - tpf;ukrpth k.k.tp.> fpupcy;y
jpU. uzrpq;` mjpfhup

Mrpupau; Nrit - fh.rTj;yd; ngz;fs; tpj;jpahyak;> fhyp
jpUkjp. yypjh [auj;d

Mrpupau; Nrit - ml;lfsk;gd;d tp[a k.tp> khjk;Ng
jpUkjp Rtu;zyjh
Mrpupau; Nrit - rhe;j mdh tpj;jpahyak;> FUzhfy;
jpUkjp. rkd; f];J}u;uj;d

Mrpupau; Nrit - = Rde;j k.tp. ghnjdpa
jpUkjp. [P. fUzhtjp

Mrpupau; Nrit - Njrpa ghypfh k.tp. nfhOk;G 08
ml;ilg;glk; : jpU. utPe;j;u NjDtu

cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
mofpaw; fy;tpj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : jpUkjp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;

njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
xvii
cs;Siw
gf;fk;
KfTiu ii
Kd;Diu iii
fy;tp ntspaPlL
; Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv
mwpKfk; v
ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vii
ghlj;jpll
; k; viii
vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy; xvi
cs;Siw xviii
nraw;ghLfspd; njhlu; 1
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlL

; f; fUtpfs; 246
xviii
ehlfKk; muq; f f; fiyfSk;
Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/

nfhs;iffis ((Theories)) tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : cyfpd; ntt;NtWgl;l ehlff; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; Fwpgg ; pLjy;.

• ~vkpyp Nrhyh| ,dJ ehlff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sy;.
• ,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhopwg
; l;l tpjk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• ,aw;gz;Gthjk; gpd;dile;jikf;Ff; fhuzq;fisf;
fz;lwpjy;.
• cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW ehlf ghzpfs; gw;wpa
tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa Kw;gLjy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : ~~,aw;gz;Gthjj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||
ghlNtis : 03
jutpUj;jp cs;sPL : • ~vkpyp Nrhyh| ,dJ xspg;glk;

• ehlfg; gpuNtrk; - E}y;
• muq;fpay; - rp. nksdFU
mwpKfk; : ,aw;gz;Gthj ehlf NkhbahdJ> fw;gpj/kNdhujpa>

ajhu;j;j NkhbfspYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;lJ. tho;f;if
iaj; jj;&gkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;LtNj ,jd; Kjd;ikahd
Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J gw;wpf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

: • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;
tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;

: • ,e;j ehlf Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhb gpuhd;R ehl;ilr;
Nru;e;j vkpyp Nrhyh (1840 - 1902) Mthu;. mtu;
,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L Mf;fk; gilj;jtuhthu;. Therese Raquin
vDk; ehlfk; ,e;jg; Nkhbiaj; jOtpg; gilf;fg;gl;l
xU ehlfkhFk;. ,e;jg; Nkhbapy; cUthfpa NkYk;
gy ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; cs;sd.
• md;Nuh md;nuhapd; (Andre Antoine) ,d; Xuq;f ehlf

khfpa> The Butchers (1888). ,e;j ehlj;jpy; ep[khd
vkpyp Nrhyh khl;biwr;rp Nkilapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;bUe;jjhff;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ.
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b - juk; 13 1

• n`d;up ngf; (Henri Becque) (1837 - 1899) ,dJ j

ty;ru;]; (The Vulctures)> yh guPrpad; (La parisienne)
vd;gdTk; mt;thwhditNa.
• ,e;jg; Nkhbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;gG

; > ebfd; Nkilapd;
kPJ ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;dpiyapy; ebg;gJ md;W. khwhf
tho;tNjahFk;. jkJ fUg;nghUs; njhlu;ghf ehlff;
fhuu; tplaQ;rhu;e;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lkhifahy;>
cz;ikia miltjw;fhf tpisjpwDilaJ vdf;
fUJk; ve;jnthd;iwg; gw;wpAk; vOJtjw;F mtUf;F
cupik cz;L.
n`d; u p ngf; • eilKiwapy; ,aw; g z; G thjkhdJ jho; j ; j g; g l; l

kf;fspd; epiyiaf; fhl;lNt Kide;jJ. ,it
~cz;ik|> ~tplaq;fs;| vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz; N l Nkilf; F f; nfhzug; g l; l d. vdNt
ngUk;ghyhd ,aw;gz;Gthj ehlfq;fs; kdpjDf;F
Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fisg; gw;wpg; NgRtdthf cs;sd.
NkYk; mit ~mUtUg;ghd| nghUs;fisAk; ghj;jpuq;
fisAk; rpj;jpupg;gjw;F vjpuhf cUthfpapUe;j jil
fisf; fz;bj;Js;sd.
• ebfupd; nrhy;yhly;fs;> nka;ee ; piyfs; Nghd;wd ep[

tho;f;ifapw; Nghd;Nw Kd;itf;fg;gLk;. ,lj;jpd;
cz;ikahd epiyik fhl;lg;gLk; tifapNyNa
Nkilaikg;Gr; nra;ag;gLk;. Nkilg;glk; ,aw;ifahd
jhf mikaj;jf;f tifapNyNa muq;fg;nghUs;fs; -
fhz;gpaq;fs; ,lg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,q;F kJghdg; (itd;)
Nghj;jy;> ePu;> jsghlq;fs;> khkprk; Nghd;w ,aw;ifg;
nghUs;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• 1900 Mz;lstpy; ,aw;gz;Gthjk; ngUksTf;Fr;

nraypoe;jJ NghdJ.
• Nkilapy; ,aw;ifia cs;sJ cs;sthNw kPs;

gilg;Gr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vd;Dk;> nfhs;;ifia
epiwNtw;w Kbahj epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ajhu;jj
; thjj;jpd;
vOr;rpNahL> ,aw;gz;Gthjk; gpd;dile;jJ.
fzpg; g P L : • ,aw;gz;Gthj Nkhbapd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj;

njhFj;Jj; jUf.
• ,aw;gz;Gthj Nkhb njhopw;gl;l tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU



fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) thj ehlf Nkhb vd;gJ

ahJ vdf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbapd; ,ay;Gfis
mtjhdpj;jy;.
• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbia mDrupj;j
ehlffhuu;fisAk; me;ehlffhuu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fis
Ak; ,dq;fhZjy;.
• fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) Nkhbapyike;j gilg;Gf;
fisf; fpufpf;f Kidjy;.
• gy;NtW ehlf Nkhbfis ,dq;fhz;gjpy; tpUg;Gf;
fhl;Ljy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.2 : kNdhujpa/fw;gpj (Romantic) ehlf Nkhbia ,dq;

fhz;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; rpy
mwpKfk; : fw;gpj/kNdhujpa ehlfNkhb kw;Wk; ehlfg; gilg;Gf;

fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

: • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif

: • fw;gpj/kNdhujpa (Romantic) vd;w gjk; moF> fhjy;>
,yl;rpakhd vDk; fUj;Jf;fisj; jUfpd;wJ.
• INuhg;ghtpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j mwptpay;thjj;Jf;F

vjpuhf 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; N[u;kd;>
gpuhd;R> ,q;fpyhe;J Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehLfspy;
Njhd;wpanjhU vz;zf;fUthFk;.
• fiyQdpd; gFj; j wptpYk; ghu; f ; f f; fw; g idf; F

Kf; f paj; J tk; toq; f g; g Lfpd; w fhuz - fhupa
njhlu;Gf;F Kjd;ikaplk; toq;fg;glhj xU ghzpNa
,JthFk;.

• ,aw;ifapd; moF> fhjypd; rpwg;G> kdpjj;jd;ikapd;

ngUik Nghd;wtw;iw kdpjDs; fpsur; nra;tNj
,g;ghzpapd; jd;ikahFk;.
• ,J ey;yJ - nfl;lJ> tPuk; - Jl;lk;> fWg;G -

nts;is Nghd;w ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;l>
mwpthw;wypYk; ghu;f;f ~~czu;r;rpf;F|| Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
toq;Ffpd;w xU kughFk;.
• gz; i la fijfspy; ,g; g z; G fisf; fhzyhk; .

ngUk;ghYk; gpuGj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;j fhjYld;
(Romence) njhlu;Gila tifapy; fijf;fU cUthf;
fg;gLk;.
• Gjpa Classics ,ype;J tpLgl;L> kpf ,sf;fhukhd

ehlfj; jd;ik mDrupf;;fg;gl;lJ.
• N[u;kd; ehl;bd; fNj ,dJ Faust ,y; Muk;gpj;jJ.
• mnyf;rhd;lu; ^kh ,dJ The count of Mantechristo>

kw;Wk; Three Musketeers> \pyu; ,dJ Two Robbers
mnyf; r hd; l u; ^kh kw;Wk; Don carlos.
• naq;fpd; \;yhu;l]
; ; ,dJ Dragon Nghd;w ehlfq;fs;
,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.
fzpg; g P L : • kNdhujpathj ehlf Nkhb njhlu;ghf tptupf;Ff.

• kNdhujpathj ehlf Nkhbia mDrupj;j
ehlffhuu; f isAk; mtu; f sJ Mf; f q; f isAk;
cs;slf;fp Xu; mwpf;if jahupf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU



fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • n`d;wpf; ,g;rdpd; ajhu;jj

; thj ehlf Nkhb njhlu;ghd
tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ajhu;j;jthj ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisj;
Njbawpjy;.
• ajhu; j ; j Nkhbia mDrupj; j ehlffhuu; f isf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ajhu; j ; j Nkhbapd; rpwg; g pay; G fisf; fz; l wpa
Kidjy;.
• gy;NtW ehlf Nkhbfs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa
Kidjy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.3 : ~~ajhu;j;jthj ehlf Nkhbia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL :• n`d;wpf; ,g;rd; - xspg;glk;

• ehlf mZFKiwfs; - E}y;
• n`d;wpf; ,g;rd; gw;wpa fl;Liufs;
• ehlftof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;
• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk; - E}y;
mwpKfk; : ajhu;jj
; thj ehlf Nkhb gw;wpa tplaq;fisf; fw;gNj
,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

: • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif

: • INuhg;ghtpy; ,lk;ngw;w r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;
Njhw;wg;ghLfspd; tpisthfj; Njhd;wpaJ. Fwpg;ghf
tpQQ; hdg+u;tr; rpej
; id> ifj;njhopwG
; ul;rp> Gjpa mwpT
rhu; tpUj;jp Mfpa tplaq;fs; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
• Vw;nfdNt GidT ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,g;ghzp tpUj;jpa

ile; J gbg; g bahff; fw; g pjk; > kpif czu; r ; r p
(Melodrama) vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhd xU Nghf;fhf mJ
ehlftpayhsuplj;Nj CLUtpaJ.

• ajhu;j;jthjk; vd;gJ r%f mikg;Gj; njhlu;ghff;

fl;GydhFk; ajhu;j;jj;ijad;wpg; ngsjpfr; #oypd;
kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l kdpjdpd; jd;ik njhlu;ghd
ajhu;j;jj;ijAk; rpf;fyhd khDlj; jd;ikiaAk;
rpj;jpupf;Fk; tifapy; ghj;jpuq;fisAk; fijg;GidTf
isAk; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.
• mjw;fika Vw;nfdNt Nkilf;Ff; nfhzug;gl;l

kuGuP j pahd fUg; n ghUs; f s; kw; W k; ghj; j puq; f s;
(Romantic, Melodrama) fw; g pjk; > kpif czu; r ; r p
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; iftplL ; > rkfhy kdpj tho;fi ; fapd;
cz;ikahd tpguq;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; NkYk; jj;&g
khf Nkilapy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld.
• ajhu;jj
; thj ehlfnkhd;wpd; ghj;jpuq;fs;> epfo;Tfspd;
tpUj;jp fhuzQ;rhu;e;jJ. ghj;jpuq;fs; Flat Mdit
md;W. fijapd; fhyj;ijAk; ntspiaAk; jUf;fuPjpapy;
,irTgLj;jpg; nghUj;jpaikj;Jj; jj;&gkhd xU
kUl;iff;F cl;gLj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.
n`d; u pf; ,g; r d; • nghJ tho;f;ifapy; kdpjd; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;jpy;

nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. $lNt ftpijg;
gz;Gk; fhzg;gLk;. ,k;Nkhbapd;NghJ jd;id Kidg;
GWj;Jjy;> tplaq;fis tpupthf tpsf;Fjy;> tplaj;
jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdtw;iwg; NgRjy; Nghd;w cj;jpfs;
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.
• ajhu; j ; j thj ehlf Nkhbapd; Kd; N dhbahff;

fUjg;gLgtu; Nehu;Nt ehl;L ehlff; fiyQd; n`d;upf;
,g;rd; Mthu;. ~r%fj;jpd; J}z;fs;| vDk; ehlfj;jpd;
Clhf ,k;Nkhb mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. md;ud;
nrf;Nfht;> ngu;dhl;N\h> kf;]pk; Nfhu;ff
; p Nghd;NwhUk;
ajhu;jj
; thj Nkhb ehlffhuu;fshff; fUjg;gLfpdw ; du;.
fzpg; g P L : • n`d;upf; ,g;rd; mwpKfQ; nra;j ajhu;j;jthj ehlf

Nkhb njhlu;ghf kPsha;T nra;f.
crhj; J iz : • ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• xU ghitapd; tPL - nkhopahf;fk;
Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;
• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU



fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • etPd muq;fg; Nghf;fpy; Nkhbikg;ghzpf;fhd ,lk;

vj;jifaJ vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• Nkhbikg; g hzp Kiwik muq; f tsu; r ; r papy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 1.1.4 : ~~Nkhbikg;ghzp vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ gw;wp tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • Nfhl; g hl; L tpsf; f q; f is mwpTWj; J k; E}y; f s; >

rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs;.
• Nkhbikg;ghzp njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;Ngiofisg;
ghu;itaply;.
• Nkhbikg;ghzp njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : INuhg;ghtpd; etPd muq;F ajhu;jj

; k;> Nkhbik vDk;
,U Nkhbfs; md;Nwy; Nkhbfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L tsu;r;rp ngWfpd;wJ / ngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; muq;ff;
nfhs;if> khw;wk; fhz;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy;
Nkhbikg;ghzpapd; mwpKfg; gpd;dzpia mwpe;J
nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • fye;Jiuahly;> E}y; crhTif> nra;Kiw

: • ajhu;j;j muq;Ffs; ghu;g;Nghiu ehd;fhtJ Rtuhff;
nfhz;L muq;f kUl;iff;Fs; ,Wfpg; Ngha;tpl itj;j
epiyikapy; njhlu;r;rpahd cyf kfhAj;j epfo;T
fshy; ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; VNjh xd;iw muq;fplk;
vjpu;ghu;j;J epd;wdu;.
• ,e;epiyikapy; Nkhbikg;ghzp ehlfq;fs; ghu;g;

NghUf;F ntWk; Nghjidfisg; Gfl;Ltij tpLj;J>
mtu;fisr; rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Ltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfspy;
,wq;fpd.
• ghu;g;NghNu gpur;rpidfSf;fhd KbTfisj; jkJ

iffspy; Ve;jp ep[tho;tpy; jkf;fhd gpuNahfq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s Nkhbikg;ghzp muq;Ffs; toprikj;jd.

• muq;F ep[tho;tpid kPsg; gpujpgypg;gij tpLj;J

khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba rk;gtq;fs;> Fzq;fs; gw;wpa jkJ
fUj;J epiyfisr; nra;Jfhl;baJ. md;Nwy; epfo;jj; pf;
fhl;baJ.
• epfo;jj
; pf; fhl;lypdN; ghJ Fwpjj ; rk;gtj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fs;
vt;thW ele;J nfhz;ld vd;gJ gw;wpg; ngsjpf
uPjpahfr; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;Ltjd; %yk; mfuPjpahd
czu; r ; r pf; F s; nry; f pd; w du; . czu; r ; r p $Lk;
fl;lq;fspy; ghu;gN ; ghiu czu;rr ; ptrg;gLjypy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;f vLj;Jiug;G> ghly;fs;> Mly;fs; Nghd;w
cj;jpfs;; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j Kiwikapid
ehk; Nkau;N`hy;l; njhlq;fp gpnw/f;l;> gPw;wu; GW}f;
vd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L muq;ftpayhsu;fs; gyupYk;
fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
• Nkhbikg;ghzpapYk; cz;ikj;jd;ik jhd; cz;L.

cz;ikahd Fwpj;j epiyik jk;ikg; ghjpj;j
tpjj;jpidr; rw;W Nkhbikg;gLj;jp tpfhug;gLj;jpg;
ngupJgLj;jpf; fhl;LjNy epfo;fpd;wJ.
• Vnddpy;> ghu;g;Nghiu mJ gw;wp Mokhfr; rpe;jpf;fj;

J}z;LtNj MFk;.
• fP i oj; N ja muq; F fs; ahTk; Nkhbikg; g hzp

nfhz;litNa. clNy mtw;wpd; gpujhd %yfk;.
fPioj;Njaj;jpdUf;F mJNt ajhu;j;jKk; MFk;.
• ehl;barh];jpuk; $Wk; ~ehlf tof;F| cs;sijr;

rw;W nkUFgLj;jpf; fw;gidg;gLj;jpf; $Wtjhf
cs;sJ.
• Nkhbikg;ghzp xUtpjg; gbkf; FwpaPlL ; j; jd;ikAld;

$bajhfg; ghu; g ; N ghiug; gytpj mu; j ; j q; f Sld;
rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;f;fj; J}z;Lfpd;wJ.
• eld ehlfq;fs; Nkhbikg;ghzpiaNa nfhz;ldthf

,Uf;Fk;.
fzpg; g P L : • Fwpj;j xU #oiktpid Nkhbikg;ghzpapy; epfo;j;jp

mJ gw;wp MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; fye;Jiuahly;
fis Nkw;nfhs;f.
• ajhu;j;j> Nkhbikg;ghzp nfhz;l VjhtJ ehlf

vOj;JUtpypUe;J Fwpj;j xU rk;gtj;jpid> fhl;rpap
idj; njupTnra;J FOf;fshf Mw;Wif nra;f.
Mw; W if gw; w pa ,U NkhbfsJk; xg; g P L fisj;
njhFf;Ff.

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : fiy vd;gjid Muha;e;J ehlfKk; muq;fpa

Yk; vDk; fiyia Vida fiyfSld;
xg; g pLthu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; njhlu; g hd mbr; n rhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;
nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~newpahs;if| vDk; gzpia tptupj;jy;.

• gy;NtW ehlf newpahsu;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• ehlfnkhd;wpd; Kf;fpakhdtu; newpahsu; Mthu;
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• newpahsupd; ,ay;Gfis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjhy;
tho;f;ifg; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf Mw;Wjy;.
• rkepiyahd MSikiaf; nfhz;Nlhupd; tho;fi ; fr;
rupjq;fis kjpj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 2.1.1 : ~~newpahs;if gw;wpg; gapYNthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
mwpKfk; : newpahsu;fs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ehlfg; gpujpnahd;wpid

ehlfkhf khw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpl;lj;ijj;
jahupj;J Mf;fg+u;tkhd gzpia newpg;gLj;Jgtuhtu;.
ehlf vOj;JUtpwF ; g; nghUs; tpsf;fkspjj
; y;> mjid
capNuhl;lkhd ehlfkhf khw;Wjy; Mfpadtw;Wf;Fk;
nghWg; g hd Kf; f pakhdtUk; mtuhthu; . ehlf
MrpupauJ ehlf vOj; J Uit ebfu; f s; Vida
Jizf; f iyQu; f s; MfpNahUld; ,izj; J
Nkilf;Ff; nfhzUjy; mtuJ gzpahFk;.

: • nra;J fhl;ly;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;

: • ehlf vOj; J Uit capNuhl; l khd tifapy;
Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L tUk; gzpia newpg;gLj;Jgtu;
newpahsuhthu;.
• ehlf newpahs;if vd;gJ> xU rthyhd> ghuJ}ukhd>

$l;lhd gzpahFk;.
• ey; y ehlf newpahsu; gpd; t Uk; ,ay; G fisf;

nfhz;bUg;ghu;.
• ehlff; f iy njhlu; g hd rpwe; j nrad; K iw>
Nfhl;ghl;L tuyhw;W mwpitf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

• ,yf;fpak;> eldk;> ,ir> rpj;jpuk; Nghd;w fiyfs;

njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j mwpitg; ngw;wpUj;jy;.
• Jizf; f iyfs; njhlu; g hd rpwe; j mwpitg;
ngw;wpUj;jy;.
• ey;y jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;Fk; Mw;wiyf;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• xOq;fikf;Fk; jpwidAk; Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwidAk;
nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• Ez;kjp> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;> fw;gidahw;wy;>
ijupak;> ce;Jif> typik> rkNahrpjk; Nghd;w
,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• nghWik> Neu;ik> gupT> ,uf;fk;> el;Gld; nraw;gLk;
jd;ik Nghd;w ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
• ehlff;FOtpd; xOf;fj;ijg; Ngzy; - ,jw;fhf
mtu; nkd;ikahd ru;thjpfhupahfr; nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
• cyf ehlf tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ> etPd ehlf

newpahsupd; tfpghfkhdJ 19Mk; E}w; w hz; b d;
eLg;gFjpfspy; ehlff;fiyapDs; ,lk;gpbj;Js;sjhfj;
njupfpd;wJ.
gz;ila fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehlfq;fSk;> Nrf;] ; g; paupd;
ehlfq;fSk;> ftpQu;fshNyNa newpahs;if nra;ag;
gl;likahy; me;ehlf kuGfspy; newpahsupd; tfpghfk;
njspthfj; njuptjpyi
; y vd;gJld; ~~#j;jpujhup|| vDk;
njhopw;fiyQuplk; mJ xg;gilf;fg;gl;likiaAk;
kdjpypUj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fwpg;ghf mf;fhy ehlfq;fspy; mtw;wpy; ebf;Fk;

gpujhd ebfu;fSk; ehlff;FOTf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
muq;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;lhsUNk Kjd;ik ngw;wdu;.
• rpwpa N[u;kdpa munrhd;wpd; Ml;rpahsuhfpa 11Mk;

N[hu;[; mjhtJ rf;Nr nkdpd;[d; (Saxe - Meiningen)
(1826 - 1914) ,sturdpd; fhyj; j pNyNa etP d
newpahsu; Njhw; w k; ngw; w hu; . ehlfj; j pd; rfy
mk; r q; f Sk; mtuhy; fl; L g; g Lj; j g; g l; l ik Xu;
rpwg;gpay;ghf mike;jJ. ghu;g;Nghiu <u;j;J itj;J>
muq; f py; ebj; j Yld; njhlu; G ila rfy fl; G y
(fhz;gpa) mk;rq;fisAk;> ebfiuAk; ed;F jpll ; kplL
; >
mtuJ Njit epiwT ngWk; tifapy; elj;jg;gLk;.
mjw;fika ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jg; gzpfSk; mtuJ
nghWg;gpNyNa ,Ue;jd. Kd;du; xUNghJk; ,t;thwhd
epiyik fhzg;gltpy;iy. mtuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fspy;
rpj; j puq; f isr; rpj; j pupg; g jpNyNa mjpf ftdQ;
nrYj; j g; g l; l J. mtu; etP d ajhu; j ; j ehlfg;
gilg;Gf;fspy; Mu;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy. typikahd
ngWNgWfisf; nfhz;l ~~xl;Lnkhj;j Nkilg;glj;ij

Ak; (Total stage picture) Nkilg;gzpfisAk; vt;thW

xd;wpizg;gJ vd;gij mtu; vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.
• rf;Nr nkdpQ;rd; ehlff; FOtpd; jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;w

u\;a ehl;L nfhd;]l ; d;ild; ];ldp];Nyht;]f
; p (1865
- 1938) jdJ ehlfq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. Gwthupahd
Nkilf; fhl;rpr; nrad;Kiwf;F Nkyjpfkhf ebfu;fspd;
ebg;Gg; ghzpapd; Clhf ehlf vOj;JUit kpf
Mo;e;J tpahf;fpahdQ; nra;Ak; mZFKiwf;Fk;
,l;Lr; nrd;whu;.
• rf;Nr nkdpQ;rd; Gwj;Njhw;wj;Jf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;fpaNghJ ];ldp];Nyht;]f; p mjid ebg;Gg; gzp
tiuapy; tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. mjw;fika ehlfj;ij
xUtuJ KOikahd ftdj;Jf;Fk; fw;gidf;Fk;
cl; g Lk; xU nrad; K iwahf khw; w paNjhL>
newpahsiu muq;fpaypd; Kjd;ikahd fiyQuhfTk;
khwpdhu;.
fzpg; g P L : • newpahs;if vd;gijg; gFj;jha;f.
• ehlf newpahsupd; gzpfisg; gFj;jha;f.
• cyfpy; gy;NtW newpahsu;fis ,dq;fz;L mtu;fspd;

newpahs;if rhu; MSikg; gz;Gfisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;f.
crhj; J iz : • The Theatre an Introduction - Oscar G Brockett

• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;
• ehlff;fiy Ngl;Nlhy; gpnw/l;


xg; g pLthu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; njhlu; g hd mbr; n rhw;

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;
nghUs; tpsf;fkspg;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • muq;f Kfhikj;Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;g;Nghu; Nghd;w muq;Fld; njhlu;Gila
midj;J tplaq;fspdJk; vz;zf;fUitg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 2.1.2 : ~~ehlfj; jahupg;NghL njhlu;Gila Nkil Kfhikj;

Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopy; El;gk;> muq;f ntspfs;> ghu;g;
Nghu; Mfpatw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;
Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 11
ju cs;sPL : • muq;f Kfhik> muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;gN
; ghu; Nghd;wtw;wpid ntspgg
; Lj;jj;jf;f
thW ntspte;j fl;Liufs;.
• xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;
• xspg;glq;fs;> muq;fg;glq;fs;
• juk; 12> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
mwpKfk ; : Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;> muq;fj; njhopEl;gk;> muq;f

ntspfs;> ghu;gN
; ghu; Nghd;w xt;nthU tplaq;fs; gw;wpa
Jkhd vz;zf;fUtpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJk;> mit
muq;fj; jahupg;G KOikf;F vt;tifapy; gq;fspf;
fpd;wd vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw

: • fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> E}y; crhty;

: • muq;f /Nkil
Nkil Kfhikj;Jtk;
ehlfj; jahupg;gpid ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
newpahsUlDk; Vida fiyQu;fNshLk; ,ize;J
jpll
; kplL
; > xOq;FgLj;jp eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghNl
muq; f Kfhikj; J tk; vdyhk; vd; g J gw; w pf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.

• muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk;
ehlf mspf;ifiaf; fhj;jpukhd ngWNgw;Wf;Fupajhf khw;Wtjw;Fk;> muq;f
tpisTfspd; fdjpia mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; ebfdpd; ebg;ghw;wYf;Fj; Jiz
epw;fpd;wJkhd El;gq;fs; midj;ijAk; muq;fj; njhopy;El;gk; vdyhk;.
cjhuzk;: xspa+l;Lif> ,ir> xyp> fhl;rptpjhdpg;G> muq;fntspfs;.
• muq; f ntspfs;
,jid Mw;Wiff;fhd ntsp vd;gu;. ,J cau;j;jg;gl;ljhfNth> rkjiuahd
jhfNth md;Nwy; cs;sf ntsp ahfNth> jpwe;j ntspahfNth gy;NtW
tbtq;fis cilajhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,J Mw;WNthUk; ghu;gN
; ghUk; re;jpff
; pdw
;
mspf;iff;fhd mofpay; ntsp MFk;.
• ghu; g ; N ghu;
muq;fpd; gpujhd %yq;fspy; xd;W. ghu;g;Nghupd; gjpw; FwpfNs Mw;Wifia
topg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ghu;g;Nghupd; njhif> mkUk; Kiw> FO xUikg;ghl;Lg;
gyk;> mspf;if ntsp Nghd;w midj;Jk; Mw;Wifapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
ehl;ba rh];jpuk; ,tu;fis kpf neUf;fkhdtu;fshff;fz;L ~rfpu;ijau;|
vd miof;fpd;wJ. ,g;ghu;g;Nghiu
• guPl;rhu;j;jg; ghu;g;Nghu; • nghJg;ghu;g;Nghu;
• ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; vdg; gy;NtW tifahf tifg;gLj;jpg;ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk;
cs;sJ.
• Nkw;$wg;gl;ltw;wpd; vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; mit

Mw;Wifapy; tfpf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
fzpg;gPL :
• ckJ gpuNjrj;jpy; muq;f Kfhikahsuhfr; nrayhw;wpa fiyQu; xUtiu
,dq;fz;L mtiu Neu;fhzy; nra;f.
• ePu; mz;ikapy; ghu;jj
; ehlfnkhd;wpy; muq;fj;njhopy; El;gKk;> muq;fntspAk;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;f td;ikia kjpg;gPL nra;f.
• ePu; ghu;j;j ehlfnkhd;wpy; ghu;g;Nghupd; vjpu;tpidfs;> gjpw;Fwpfs;> <LghLfs;
vt;thW ehlfj;jpd; mspf;iff;F cjtpd vd;gjid tpgupj;J vOJf.
crhj; J iz:
• muq;fpd; gbKiwfs; - Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;
- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptjk;gp Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU> jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F - fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;.


xg; g pLthu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlff; f iyahdJ Vida fiyfspYk; ghu; f ; f

NtWgl;lJ vd;gij ntspapLjy;.
• xt; n thU fiyAk; mjw; F upa rpwg; g pay; G fisf;
nfhz;lJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• ehlff;fiyia Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLjy;.
• ntt;NtW fiyfis eaj;jy;.
• ntt;NtW fiyfSf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis
,dq;fhZjy;.
nraw;ghL 2.2 : ~~rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij

Nghd;w fiy mk;rq;fSld; ehlfj;ij xg;gpLNthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;w

fiy Clfq;fs; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fSk;
Mtzq;fSk;.
mwpKfk; : ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; ghlj; i jg; gapYifapy;

ehlfj;ijAk; Vida fiyfisAk; xg;gpLtjhy;>
mf; f iyfSf; F k; ehlfj; J f; F k; ,ilapyhd
NtWghLfis ,dq;fhz;gJ mtrpakhFk;. rpdpkh>
njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij Nghd;w
fiyfSf; F k; ehlff; f iyf; F k; ,ilapyhd
neUf;fkhd njhlu;G cz;lh md;Nwy; mf;fiyfspYk;
ghu;f;f ehlfk; NtWgl;ljh vd mwptNj ,e;jg;
ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

: • jpwe;j E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;

: • ehlff;fiy> rpdpkh> ehty;> rpWfij> njhiyf;fhl;rp
ehlfk; Mfpa fiyfs; gw;wpa mwpKfk;
• ehlff; fiyiaAk; Nkw;gb Vida fiyfisAk;

xg;gpLjy;.

• ehlff; f iy
ehlfk; vd;gJ ‘DRAN’ vDk; fpNuf;fg; gjj;jpd; top
te;j xU nrhw; gpuNahfkhFk;. ~~ahNjDnkhd;iwr;
nra;tJ|| vd;gNj mjd; nghUshFk;.
• xU epfo;it md;Nwy; #oikit mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ehy;tifr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs; Clhfr; rpj;jpupf;
fg;gLtNj ehlfkhFk; vd tpsf;fkspf;fyhk;.
• ehlfk;> muq;fpay; vd;gd mjd; Kjd;ikahd ,U

gFjpfshFk;.
• ehlfk; xU fl;Gyf; fiy ClfkhFk;.
• Kjypy; Xu; ,yf;fpag;gilg;ghf cUthfp> gpd; fl;Gy

nrtpg;Gy Clfkhf khw;wkilfpd;wik.
• ehlftpayhsu;> cyfj;ij ehlf Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L

tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ehlff;fiy gpd;tUk; Kjd;ikahd rpwg;Gfisf;

nfhz;lJ.
• ehlfghl ,yf;fpankhd;W ,Uj;jy;
• fijf; fl;likg;G ,Uj;jy; (Kjw;gFjp> ,ilg;
gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp - nghUj;jg;ghL)
• rpj;jpupg;ghfNt fzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• Nkhbnahd;W ,Uj;jy;.
• Kuz;ghL ,Uj;jy;. (NkhJif)
• capNuhl;lkhdJ.
• $l;lhd nraw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;lJ.
• ghu;g;Nghupd; capNuhl;lkhd gq;Fgw;Wif.
• rpdpkh
(rpdpkhf; fiyapd; Muk;gk; gw;wpa RUf;f mwpKfj;ij
Kd;itf;Ff.)
• rpdpkh vd;gJ njhopDl;g rhjdg; gad;ghl;Lld;
njhlu;Gila xU fiyahFk;.
• mJ xU fl;Gyf; fiy ClfkhFk;.
• jpiug;glkhdJ glj;njhFg;ig (Editing) Kjd;ik
ahff; nfhz;l xU gilg;ghFk;.
• jpiug;glkhdJ fsQ;rpag;gLj;jj;jf;f rpj;jpupg;Gf;
fiyahFk;.
• ghu;gN
; ghupd; Neubj; Jyq;fYld; njhlu;Gw Kbahj
xU fiyahFk;.
• ,yf;fpak;> ehlfk;> rpj;jpuk;> ,ir Nghd;w fiy
Clfq;fspd; Nru;f;if %yk;> ghu;g;Nghupd; Kd;Nd
Njhd;Wk; rpj;jpupg;Gj; njhFjpahFk;.

• rpj; j pupg; i gAk; > Jizf; f iy mk; r q; f isAk;

khw;wpathW kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gilf;fj;jf;f xU
fiyahFk;.
• rpdpkhf;fhuu;fSf;F cynfq;Fk; rQ;rupf;f tha;g;G
cz;L.
• rpdpkhtpy; gad;gLj;Jk; rpjj; pupgG
; f;fisj; njhiyT>
,ilj; j u> mz; i kr; rpj; j pupg; G f; f shfg; gad;
gLj;jyhk;.
• rpdpkhitf; fhj;jpukhd xU fy;tp ClfkhfTk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
• njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;
(njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd
mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)
• Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;
• capNuhl;lkhd Xu; fiy Clfnkhd;W.
• fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itf;fj;jf;f xU fiy ClfkhFk;.
• ghu;g;Nghupd; capNuhl;lkhd njhlu;G mw;w Xu;
ClfkhFk;.
• njhiyf;fhl;rp Clhf cynfq;Fk; nfhz;L nry;yj;
jf;f xU fiyahFk;.
• ebfupd; rpj;jpupg;G fkuh Kd;dpiyapy; Kd;itf;fg;
,uhkhahzk; gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• fkuhtpd; fhl;rpg;Gyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdtifapy;
ehlf ghlk; (gpujp) vOjg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xg;gid> Ntlq;fs; Nghd;wit ,ay;ghd tifapy;
nra;ag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• mz;ikf; fhl;rpfshff; fhl;lg;glhjNghJ njhiyf;
fhl;rp ehlf ebfupd; czu;r;rp topr; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;
,ay;ghd epiyapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
• ehty;
(ehtypd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd RUf;f
mwpKfj;ij Kd;itAq;fs;.)
• nkhopia Clfkhff; nfhz;l> thrpjJ ; ,urpff; j;jf;f
xU fiy ClfkhFk;.
• ehlfk; Nghd;W cldbj; Jyq;fYf;F cl;glhj
xU ClfkhFk;.
• gilg;ghsupd; fw;gidr; rf;jpf;F tiuaiwaw;w
tha;g;G cz;L.
• ehtyhrpupaUf; F f; fhyk; > ntsp> epfo; T fs; >
ghj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tiuaiwapd;wpg; gad;
gLj;j ,lKz;L.
• ghj;jpuq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ ehty; gilg;ghs
Df;F mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; Gwj;Njhw;wk;> elj;ij> cs;
thupahd> kNdhghtq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tpupthfTk;
Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhfTk; Kd;itf;f tha;g;G cz;L.

• ve;jnthU fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp kpfg;

gue;j gug;gpDs; RahjPdkhfr; rQ;rupf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;
ehtyhrpupaUf;F cz;L.
• rpWfij
• tiuaiwg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;ijf; nfhz;l ,yf;fpag;
gilg;ghFk;.
• thrpj;J ,urpg;gjw;Fupa xU tifg; gilg;ghFk;.
• ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; rk;gtq;fs; tiuaiwg;gl;lit
ahifahy; rpWfijahrpupaUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Rje;jpu
Kk; tiuaiwg;gl;ljhFk;.
• rpWfij vd;gJ gilg;ghspapd; jdpg;gilg;ghFk;.
• gilg;ghsp ,y;yhj epiyapYk; rpWfijia thrpjJ ;
,urpg;gjw;Fj; jlq;fy; Vw;gl khl;lhJ.
fzpg; g P L :• ehlff; fiyf;Fupa rpwg;gpay;Gfis Muha;f.

• ehlff; fiyia Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLf.
• ehlf vOj;JUitAk; ehtiyAk; xg;gpLf.;lf;fsg;G
kuGtop ehlfq;fs;
- Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU
• tl ,yq;if ehl;lhu; muq;F
- fyhepjp fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is
jpiug; g lk;
~~300 (Three Hundred)||


xg; g pLthu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : ehlfk; jtpu;e;j Vida fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Vida fiyfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ehlf;fiyNa

capNuhl;lkhd fiy vd;gjid mwpjy;.
• Neubj; Jyq;fy;fs; ,y;yhj fhuzpj;jpdhy;> Vida
fiyfs; capNuhl; l j; J ld; fhzg; g Ltjpy; i y
vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
nraw;ghL 2.3 : ~~Vida fiyfNshL xg;gL

P nra;J ehlfk; capNuhl;l
khd fiy vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> ehty;> rpWfij>

thndhyp njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;.
• xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;
• ,yf;fpa E}y;fs; (ehty;> rpWfij)
mwpKfk; : ehlfj;ijg; ghu;gN

; ghupd; Neubj; Jyq;fy;fNs mjid
capNuhl;lk; cilajhf;Ffpdw ; J vd;gjidAk;> rpdpkh>
njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfk;> thndhyp ehlfk;> ehty;>
rpWfij Nghd;wtw;wpwF ; mt;thwhd Neubj; Jyq;fy;fs;
,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhNyNa capu;j;Jtk; ,y;yhjpUf;
fpdw
; d vd;gjidAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;. Mdhy; jw;NghJ rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp>
thndhyp Nghd;wit capNuhl;lkhd Jyq;fy;fspd;
mtrpaj;ij czu;e;J etPd El;gq;fis mjw;nfdg;
gad;gLj;j KidtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

: • fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu> FOKiw

: • ehlfj; j py; fhzg; g LtJNghy ghu; g ; N ghu; fzg;
gpurd;dkhf ,Ue;J Neubj; Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;
gLj;JtJ Nghy Vida fiyfspw;Fg; gjpw;Fwpfs;
ntspgg; Lj;jg;gLtjpyi
; y vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

• rpdpkh> njhiyf; f hl; r p> thndhypj; njhlu; f s; >

,yf;fpaq;fs; (ehty;> rpWfij) vd;gd ghu;g;Nghu;
,d;wp mspfi
; f nra;ag;gLgitahfTk; mt;ntspgg ; hL
fs; mspg; N ghu; ,d; w pg; ghu; f ; f g; g LgitahfTk;
,Ug;gjdhy; ,tw;Wf;F Neu; vjpu; tpisTfs; xU
fzj;jpy; rq;fkpf;Fk; jd;ik fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• Vida fiyfspd; gilg; G f; f s; xt; n thd; W k;

gilj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J gpupjJ
; vLf;ff;$bait. Mdhy;
ehlfk; ebfu;fsplkpUe;J gpupf;ff;$ba fiy md;W
vd;gjid ciuahbj; njspjy;.
• njhiyf; f hl; r p> rpdpkh vd; g tw; w pd; gpujhdkhd

mspf;if Clfkhff; ~fkuh| vd;w njhopy;El;gNk
fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. Mdhy; ehlfj; j pd; mspf; i f
Clfkhf capUs; s kdpjdhd ebfNd fhzg;
gLfpd;whd;. ,jdhy; ehlfj;jpd; xt;nthU Nkil
Naw;wj;jpYk; ehlfk; GJg;gpwg;ngLf;fpdw ; J vd;gjidf;
fye;Jiuahbj; njspjy;.
• thndhyp ehlfk; KOf;f> KOf;ff; Nfl;lypd; %yk;

czug;gLfpd;w tbtk;> xyptbtj;jpD}lhfr; rj;j
tpisTfspD}lhff; Fuy; ntspgg ; hLfspD}lhf kl;LNk
ntspg; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w tbtk; . Mdhy; ehlfk;
Kg;gupkhzg; ~ghu;jj ; y;| gupkhzj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ vd;gjid tpsf;Fjy;.
• rpWfij> ehty; Nghd;w ,yf;fpa tbtq;fs; midj;Jk;

vOj;J/ nrhw;fspd; tbtj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;
gLgit. thrpg;gpd; %yk; Efug;gLgit. ,it KOf;f
KOf; f kdntspapy; cUthf; f g; g Lk; fw; g idg;
gbkq; f spD}lhfNt urpf; f g; g Lgit vd; g jid
tpsf;Fjy;.
fzpg; g P L : • Vida fiyfNshL xg;gpLifapy; ehlff; fiyahdJ

capNuhl; l khdJ vd; g jid tpsf; f p Nkilg;
Ngr;nrhd;wpid epfo;j;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • njhopy;El;gf;fiyfs; - Nkhr];

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpay; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mbg;

gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; /nfhs;iffis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L nra;Kiw rhu;e;j gilg;ghf;fq;
fis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd;

gad;ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk;
nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • glr; r l; l Nkilnahd; w pd; Gtpapay; jd; i kiaf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• jpiug; gad;ghl;bd; mtrpaj;ij mtjhdpj;jy;.
• Nkilnahd;wpy; ,yFthfj; jpiufisg; nghUj;Jtjw;
fhd cj;jpfisf; ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;.
• Nkilj; jpiufisr; rupahdthW ,izj;jy;.
• jpiufisg; gad;gLj;jp thoplj;ij mofhf xOq;F
gLj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : ~~Nkilapy; jpiug;gad;ghl;il ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : Nkilj; jpiufisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : ghu;g;NghiuAk; NkiliaAk; Ntwhf;Fk; gpujhd

jpiuapd; gad;ghlhdJ ,aw;gz;G ehlf kugpd; Njhw;wj;
NjhL Muk;gkhfpaJ. tho;f;ifiaj; jj;&gkhfr;
rpj;jpupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzpia Nkilapy;
cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; jpiufs; Jizahapd.

: • Njbaha;jYk; mtjhdpj;jYk;.

: • Nkilj; jpiufspd; glq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jpg;
ghlj;ij Muk;gpf;fyhk;.
• jpiufspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghfg; gpdt

; Uk; tplaq;fis
Ak; cs;slf;fpf; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
• ~jpiu| vd;gjw;F NkYk; gy ngau;fs; toq;fg;gLfpdw

; d.
vopdp> jpiu> rPd;> Ntjpfh> atdpfh
• Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jpiu tiffs; gy cs;sd.

• rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; xU Kf vopdp> nghUe;J Kf vopdp>

fue;J tuy; vopdp vd %tif vopdpfs; ,Ue;jd.
• ghu;g;Nghu; kz;lgj;ijAk; NkiliaAk; gpupg;gjw;fhf

Kd;jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• irf;Nshuhkh/thd;jpiu vdg;gLfpd;w gpd;Gwj;jpiu

gpd;dzpia mikg;gjw;fhfTk; Nkil xspa+l;lj;Jf;
fhfTk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.
• ,it jtpug; gf;fj;jpiu> FWf;Fj;jpiu> Nky; jpiu

vd;wthwhfg; gyjpiu tiffs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd.
• jpiu %yk; fhl;rp khw;wk; fhl;lg;gLk;.
• Nkilia moFgLj; J tjw; f hfTk; > Njitaw; w

fhl;rpfisg; ghu;gN
; ghu; fhzhj tifapy; kiwg;gjw;Fk;
jpiufs; cjTk;.
• ebfu;fspd; ebg;gpYk; jpiug;gad;ghL fhj;jpukhd

gq;fspg;igr; nra;Ak;.
• ehlf Nkhbf;F mikaTk; jpiufspd; gad;ghL NtW

gLk;.
• jpiu tiffspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;.
• Kd; j piu
gpujhd jpiuapd; %yNk ghu;g;NghUk; NkilAk;
Ntwhf; f g; g Lk; . ve; j nthU NkilapYk; ,j; j piu
ifahy; ,Of;Fk; KiwapNyh nghwpKiwapNyh
,UGwkhfTk; ,Of;fg;gl;Lj; jpwe;J %lg;gLk;. fhl;rp
khw;wk;> ,ilNtisia mwptpj;jy;> gpd;dzp khw;wk;>
ehlf KbT Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gjw;fhfg; gpujhd
jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• irf; f pNshuhkh
pNshuhkh/thd;thd; j piu
ntz;zpwkhd ,j;jpiu Nkilapd; Nkw;gFjpapd;
gpd;Gwj;Nj fhzg;gLk;. rpyNisfspy; tu;zj;jpiuAk;
gad; g Lj; j g; g LtJz; L . ,t; t hd; j piu Nkil
ehlfq;fspy; ghupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpwJ. Ntl
cilazpe;j ebfu;fis kiwj;J itj;jy;> gf;fk;
khw;wy;> gpd;dzpf; fhl;;rpfs; mikj;jy;> Nkil
xspa+l;lk; fhuzkhf tpNrl khw;wq;ifsr; nra;jy;
gy;tifikahd ngUq;fhl;rpia mikj;jy; Nghd;w
tw;Wf;F ,J cjTk;.

mbthdk; Nghd;w kpfj; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s

tw;iwf; fhl;Ljy;> gwitfs; gwg;gijf; fhl;Ljy;>
Kfpy;fspd; miritf; fhl;Ljy;> flypy; miyfs;
vOjy;> fhyj;ijf; (fhiy> gfy;> khiy> ,uT)
Fwpj;Jf; fhl;ly; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhfTk; ghtj;ij/
czu;r;rpia NkYk; ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf
xspiag; gpuNahfpg; g jw; f hfTk; thd; j piu gad;
gLj;jg;gLk;.
• gf; f j; j piufs;
• Nkilapy; fhl;rpg; Gyj;Jf;F mg;ghy; ,Uf;Fk;
ebfu;fs; Vida fiyQu;fs; Nghd;NwhiuAk; gad;
gLj;j Ntz;ba Nkilg;nghUs;fs;> gad;gLj;jp
Kbe;j nghUs;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; ghu;g;Nghu;
fhzhj tifapy; xspj;J itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; ,j;
jpiufs; gad;gLk;.
• gf;fj;jpiufSf;F ,ilNa ntspNa njupahj
tz;zk; tpsf;FfSk; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• gz; i lf; fhyj; j py; ,irf; F OtpdUk; ghlw;
FOtpdUk; gf;fj;jpiufSf;Fg; gpdN ; d kiwe;jpUe;J
ghbdu;> ,ir toq;fpdu;. Nkilapd; kha Moj;ijf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhfg; gf;fj;jpiufs; cjTk;.
• Nkilapd; ,UGwkhfTk; 1> 2> 3 vd; w thW
gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• gbg;gbahf thd;jpiuapd;ghw;gLk; tifapNyNa
glr;rl;l Nkilapd; kPJ gf;fj;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk;.
• FWf; F j; j piu
• ,J eLj;jpiu/ikaj;jpiu vdTk; ngau;ngWk;.
fhz;gpaq;fs; itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ntWk; ntsp
fis kiwg;gjw;fhf ,j;jpiufs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nghJthf ,it fWg;G md;Nwy; ePy epwkhdit
ahFk;.
• ,j;jpiufs; mupjhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.
• gpd; G wj; j piu

• epue;jukhd muq;Ffspy; thd;jpiuf;F Kd;Nd fPNo
gjpf;fj;jf;f tifapy; md;Nwy; ,UGwkhfTk;
,Of;fj;jf;f tifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; jpiuNa
,JthFk;.

fzpg; g P L : • glr; r l; l Nkilnahd; w pd; jpiufisr; rupahfg;

nghUj;Jq;fs;.
• fl;Gy khiaia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; jpiufisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij cjhuzq;fhl;b
tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz :• guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;

• rpyg;gjpfhuk;
• rPtfrpe;jhkzp
• <oj;J ,ir ehlf tuyhW - fhiu nr. Re;juk;gps;is
• jkpo;ehlf Nkil mDgtk;.
GNuhrPdpak; Nkilapy; jpiufs;

gpujhdjpiu (,Oj;J jpwe;J %Lk; jpiu) njhopw;gLk; tpjk;

cau;j;Jk; jpiu njhopw;gLk; tpjk;

gpd; jpiunahd;iwg; nghUj;Jk; Kiwik

rpj;jpug; gpd;Gynkhd;W NkNy cau;j;jg;gLk; Kiwik

jw;fhypf irf;Nshuhkh xd;wpid (thd;jpiunahd;wpid)

,izf;Fk; Kiwik


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL njhlu;Gila fiyfspd; gad;

ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij ,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk; nra;aj;
jiyg;gLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • muq;f %yfq;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; mjd; gpuNahfj;ij

Ak; mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; ehlfg; gilg;nghd;wpd;
xl;Lnkhj;j tpistpw;F ,it vt;tifapy; jdpj;Jk;
,ize;J gad;gLfpdw; d vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• ebfupd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;F ,t; muq;f %yfq;fs;
vt;thW Jiz epw;fpd;wd vd;gjidAk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.2 : ~~ebfdpd; fiyf;Fj; Jiz epw;fpd;w muq;ff; fiy

fis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 06
ju cs;sPL : • Mw;Wif njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;

• fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;> glq;fs;> xg;gidg; nghUs;fs;
• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;
mwpKfk; : ebfdpd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;F ,t; muq;f %yfq;fs;

vt;thW Jiz epw;fpd;wd vd;gjidr; nrad;Kiw
uPjpahf khztu;fs; mwpeJ
; nfhs;tjw;F topgg
; Lj;JtJ
,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw> fye; J iuahly; > nra; K iw> Mf; f r;
nraw;ghL

: • fhl;rp tpjhdpg;G
• ehlfj;jpd; fU> Nkhb> tif> ghj;jpuf; Fzhk;rk;>
gz;ghL> gpuNjrk;> tuyhw;Wf;fhyk; Mfpadtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhl;rp aikg;G> xspa+l;ly;>
xg;gid> Ntl cil Mfpad cUtikf;fg;gL
fpd;wd. muq;fpy; nrhy;y tUk; tplaj;jpid muq;f
tpisTfSld; $bajhf Mog;gLj;Jtjw;F ,it
mtrpakhfpd;wd.

• Mrpupau; > khztu; f Sld; fye; J iuahbj; jhk;

Kjd;ikepiy tfpj;jthW Nkw;gb Fwpj;j
tplaj; j pidf; (fhl; r ptpjhdpg; G ) fUj; j pw; n fhz; L
Fwpj; j njhU #oikT gw; w pa njspthdJk; >
tpupthdJkhd tpsf;fj;jpid toq;Fthu;.
,jdbg; g ilapy; MrpupaUila topelj; j ypy;
khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpjj ; dpahfj; jstiuglk;
(Ground plan)> gf;fj;Njhw;wk; (Elevation)> ,ay;GUf;fhl;rp
(Perspective) Mfpatw;wpid tiujy;> tu;ze;jPl;bg;
ghu;j;jy;.
(tu;zr;rf;fuk; Fwpj;j tpsf;fj;jpidAk; Mrpupau;
khztu;fSf;F toq;Fjy;)
• Mrpupau;fSk; khztu;fSk; ,ize;J Nkw;gb tiu

glj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fhl;LUf;fisr;
(Model) nra;jYk;> tu;zk; jPl;bg;ghu;j;jYk;.
• Mrpupauhy; toq; f g; g Lfpd; w #oikT xd; w pid

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L FOf;fshfNth jdpj;jdp
ahfNth fhl;rp mikg;igr; nra;Ak;gb khztu;fis
topg;gLj;jyhk;.
• rpy jl;LKl;Lf;fis toq;fp mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpf;

fhl;rpaikg;igg; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;Ak;gb J}z;lyhk;.
• xspa+l; l y;
• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;> mJrhu;e;j glq;fs;> Mw;Wif
fspd; NghJ xspa+l;lypd; gad;ghLfs; md;Nwy;
gpuNahfq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fisf;
fhz;gpjj; y;. ,aw;if xspa+l;ly;> nraw;if xspa+l;ly;
Mfpad Fwpj;j fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• fhl;rp mikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fpilf;ff;$ba tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp xspa+l;liyr; nra;J ghu;j;jy;. tu;z
nghl; n lhsp xspa+l; l iyg; gpuNahfpj; J g; ghu; g ; g jd; %yk;
fhl;rpaikg;G Ntl cil Mfpatw;Wldhd tu;zj;jpd;
nghUj;jg;ghl;il mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• xsp mikg;Gf;fhd js tiuglj;jpid tiutJld;

Ground plan sheet, Equipment list, Dimmer, Distribution
Mfpatw;wpidj; jahupj;jy;.
• xspa+l;lw; rhjdq;fs;> xspa+l;lYf;fhd jpirfs;>

Nfhzq; f s; > mjd; gad; g hLfs; > xspa+l; l ypd;
tifg;ghLfs; Mfpad gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLjYk;
tiue;J ghu;j;jYk;.
• xg; g id
• xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpdJk; ,ay;GfSf;F xg;gidia
tiujy; tu;ze;jPl;bg; ghu;j;jy;.
• fhl;rpaikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mjpw;Fwpj;j ghj;jpuq;fisf;
FwpfF; k; fhl;LUf;fSf;F xg;gidiar; nra;J ghu;jj
; y;.
• xg;gidg; nghUs;fs; FwpjJ

; k; mjd; gad;ghL md;Nwy;
gpuNahfk; Fwpj;Jk; xg;gidapd; tifghL gw;wpAk;
tpsf;fkspj;jYk; nra;J fhl;LjYk;.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;J xt;nthU tifahd

ehlfq;fSf;Fkhd xg;gidfis mf;FO epiyapy;
nra;J ghu;j;jy;.
• Ntl cil tpjhdpg;G

• Ntl cil tpjhdpg;G %yf;$Wfis mwpe;J (NfhL>
tu;zk;> ,iokhdk;> tbtk;) xt;nthU ghj;jpuq;fSf;F
khd Ntl cilfis tiujy;> tu;ze;jl P L
; jy;> xl;bg;
ghu;j;jy;.
• fhl;rpaikg;gpd;NghJ nra;J ghu;j;j fhl;LUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mjpy; Fwpj;j ghj;jpuq;fisf;
Fwpf;Fk; fhl;LUf;fSf;F Ntl cilia tpjhdpj;J ; g;
ghu;j;jy;.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J ehlf NkhbfSf;

Nfw;w tifapYk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gf;Nfw;w tifapYk;
Ntl cilia tpjhdpj;Jg; ghu;f;fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
khztu; f s; midtUk; ,ize; J tFg; g iwf;
fz;fhl;rpia elj;j Mrpupau; topgLj;JtJ vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;
ngWfpd;wJ.
• nra; J ghu; j ; j tplaq; f s; njhlu; g hf Mrpupau;

khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJk; ehlfj; jahupg;
nghd; w py; ,tw; i wg; gpuNahfpj; J g; ghu; g ; g Jk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg; ngWfpd;J.

fzpg; g P L : • ntt;NtWgl;l ehlfNkhbapd; ,ay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;

Jk; xg;gid rhu;e;j xspg;glq;fisr; Nrfupf;Ff.
• Neub xg;gid> FwpaPl;L xg;gid> Nkhbik xg;gid

njhlu;ghd ckJ tpsf;fq;fisAk; mit njhlu;ghd
tiuNfhl;LUtpidAk; (Sketch) jUf.
• Fwpjj
; xU ehlfj;jpd>; Fwpjj
; xU fhl;rpapidj; njupT
nra;J fhl;rpaikg;G> Ntl cil> xg;gid> xspaikg;G>
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd nra;Kiwg; gbtq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • muq;f Ml;lk; ,af;Fjy; Nfhl;ghL - m];tNfh\;

Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp
jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• muq;ftpay; - Kidtu; rf;jpg;ngUkhs;



jiyg;gLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlf ,ir njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.

• ,irf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;dzp xypfis
mikj;jy;.
• ehlfg; ghly;fisg; ghbathW ebj;jy;.
• ehlfg; ghly;fis ,urpj;jy;.
• ehlfj;Jf;fhf ,ir cUthf;Fjy;/mikj;jy;.
,dq;fzntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.3 : ~~ehlf ,iria ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • ehlfg; ghly; xypg;Ngio

• ehlf ,ir xypg;Ngiofs;> xspg;Ngiofs; rpy
• ,uhtNzrd;> Mu;nfhNyhrJuu; Nghd;w ahjhapDk;
ehlfnkhd;wpd; xyp> xspg;Ngio
• ,ir ehlf> $j;jpir vd;gtw;wpd; xypg;Ngiofs;
mwpKfk; : ~ehlf ,ir| vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tJld; ehlf

,ir cUthf;fj;jpd;NghJ ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fis mwpe;J gpuNahfpg;gJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • nrtpkLj; j y; > fye; J iuahly; > nrad; K iwr;
nraw;ghLfs;.

: • ehlf ,ir vd;gjd; mwpKfk;.
• ehlf ,ir cUthFk;NghJ ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;ba

tplaq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
• ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ,iriag; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;.
• ehlfg; ghlnyhd;iwg; ghbf;fhl;b md;Nwy; xypg;

Ngioia ,irj;Jf; fhl;bg; ghlj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;.

• ehlf vOj;JUit Muha;eJ; Njitnadpd; khj;jpuNk

,iriag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• nghUj;jkhd ,iria ehlf vOj;JUtpd; ClhfNt

ntspf;nfhzUjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nkhb> fU> tif> ebg;Gr; re;jk;

Mfpatw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapNyNa ,iria
cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• nrhy;yhlYf;Fj; jilahf mikahj tifapYk;>

#oikTfisf; Fwpg; g hff; fhl; L k; tifapYk;
,iria cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• Fuy;/xyp> kl;Lkd;wp nksdk;/mikjpAk; ehlfj;Jf;F

typikahd mu; j ; j j; i jf; nfhLf; F khifahy;
ebg;gpd;NghJ ,lk;ngWk; nksdKk; typikahd
,irahf mikAk;.
• Nkhbikg;ghzp ehlfq;fspy; ,ir Xu; ,d;wpaikahj

mk;rkhFk;.
• ebfu;fs; ebj;jthW ,yFthfg; ghlj;jf;f tifapyhd

];jhap tPr;irAk; (xypapd; msT)> vspikahd
,irg;ghf;fs; (Lyrics) IAk;> vspikahd ,irf;
Fwpg;Gf;fs; (notes)IAk; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ghly; FWfpajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ghlyhdJ ehlfj;Jld; gpd;dpg; gpizjy; mtrpak;.

Mgpupf; f buk;
• ruhrup epiyapYk; rw; W cau; e ; j RUjpiaf;
nfhz;bUg;gJ ey;yJ.
• nghUj;jkhd gpd;dzp ,ir ebfupd; ght/czu;r;rp

ntspg;ghl;Lf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.
• ehlfj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;jhj ,irahdJ ehlf eag;gpwF

; k;
ehlfj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.
• ehlf newpahsupd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gj;; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
• ntt;NtW xypfs; - Fuy;fisr; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhf
ehlf ,irf;FOtpd; Jiz ngwg;gLk;. mJ jtpu
NtW cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

cjhuzk;: fjT jpwf;Fk; %Lk; xyp> njhopwr

; hiyapd;
Xir> fly; miyNahir> Fjpiuf;; Fsk;Gfspd; xyp>
gwitfspd; ehjk;...)
• mupr;re;jpu kahd fhz;lj;jpy; ghly;fs; ghlg;gl;l

Kiwik fhuzkhf mJ rduQ;rfkhfpaJ.
• ~~fsdpg; ghyk|| vDk; rpq; f s ehlfk; ,ir

gad;gLj;jg;glhj NghjpYk; mjpf tuNtw;igg; ngw;w
xU ehlfkhFk;.
• E}u;j;jp ehlfk;> ,ir fhuzkhfNt rduQ;rfkhfpaJ

vdpDk; ,irapd; xNu tifj;jhd; jd;ik fhuzkhf
mJ tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
• ehlfg; ghliyg; ghbathW ebj;jyhdJ jdpNa

nrhw;nghUis ntspg;gLj;Jk; eldkhftd;wp mJ
Fwpj;j #oikTfisAk; czu;TfisAk; ntspf;
fhl;Lk; ebg;ghfNt mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• fl;Gy ftpijg; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ehlfj;jpd;

,ir ngupJk; JizahFk;.
• etP d jkpo; ehlfq; f spd; fl; G yg; ngWiff; F j;

jpU. fz;zd; mtu;fspd; gilg;ghf;f ,ir ngupJk;
cjtpaJ.
• Mu;nfhNyh rJuu; ehlfj;jpd; jhf;ftd;ikf;F jpU.

nwhNgl; mtu;fspd; ,irAk; xU fhuzkhFk;.
• ghb ebg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd rpy ntw;wpfukhd ehlfg;

ghly;fs;
,uhtNzrd; ehlfj;jpy; ,uhkd; jU

• gilfnsy;yhk; xd;wha;f; $l;LNthk; - mtd;
gj;Jj; jiyfs; ntl;b tPo;j;JNthk;
eilNghl;L ek; tPuk; fhl;LNthk; - ehis
eknjd;W eknjd;W $WNthk;
,uhftd; ehz; jU rj;jNk - ,dp
,yq;if vq;Fk; xypf;Fk; epj;jNk
thjk;gp tPuu;fhs; thUq;fs; $Lq;fs;
tUfpd;w fskjpy; thif #b tu

mupr;re;jpu kahdfhz;lk; - mayhj;;Jg; gps;isfs;

ghly;
• rpl;Lg; gay;fNs rpl;Lg; gay;fNs
rPf;fpuk; thUq;flh - ,q;F
rPuhapUf;Fk; NeuhapUf;Fk;
njw;igiag; ghUq;flh
(rpl;Lg; ...)
Mj;jpy mq;Nf mt];ij ,Uf;F
me;jg; gf;fk; NghfhNj!
Nrj;Jg; gf;fk; NghapUe;J
nrj;Jg; NghlhNj! - mq;Nf
ehf;ifAk; %f;ifAk; fhl;bf;fpl;L
eOtp tplhNj! - NghL
(rpl;Lg; gay;fNs...)
njd;Nkhbf; fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;J

• tPuu; #uu; ehikah ntw;wp kpF
tPuu; #uu; ehikah
tPuu; #uu; ehNk #Ok; Gtpapy; jhNd
MUk; vjpu;f;f te;jhy; mQ;rpg; gae;J Xb
CUk; NgUk; nrhy;yh xz;b xspj;j gpd;G
cw;w kidahNshL nfl;bj; jdq;fs; NgRk;
(tPuu;....)
fzpg; g P L : • Nkil ehlfnkhd;wpd; gy;tifj;jd;ikf;fhf> ,irapd;

%yk; ngwj;jf;f gq;fspg;ig tpgupf;Ff.
• Nkil ehlfnkhd;Wf;F ,ir toq;Fk; nghWg;G

cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhff; fUjp> mjw;fhf
ePq;fs; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
nfhupad; buk;



jiyg;gLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlf Mw;Wif xd;wpid Nkilg; glkhff; fhl;rpg;

gLj;Jtjpy; eld mirTfSk; mjd; ,izg;ghf;fKk;
eldthf;ftpay; (Choreography) Mfj; njhopw;gLk;
Kiwikapid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• #oiknthd;wpw;F Vw;g NfhwpNahfpwgp nra;jy;.
nraw;ghL 3.1.4 : eld mirTfspdJk; mjd; ,izg;ghf;fj;jpdJk;

NfhwpNahfpwgpapid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • eld %yfq;fs; njhlu;ghd rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;>

fl;Liufs;.
• Mw;Wiffs; cs;slq;fpajhd xspg;Ngiofs;.
• xspg;glq;fs;.
• eldthf;ftpayhsu;fspd; Neu;fhzy;fs;.
mwpKfk; : muq;f %yfq;fSs; xd;whd eld mirTfs; mjd;

,izg;ghf;fj; njhopw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwr; nra;Kiw
uPjpahf eldthf;fk; - NfhwpNahfpwgp - nra;J ghu;j;J
mjd; czu;T mofpay; uPjpahd ngWkhdq;fis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

: • nra;Kiw> fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiwj; njhopwg
; hLfs;.

: • Mly; - eldk;
Ml;lk; - mirtpdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w ,af;fk;> mirtpd;
Ntfj;jpw;Nfw;g Ml;l Ntfk; khWfpd;wJ.
Ml;lj;jpD}lhf clypd; KO Mw;wYk; ntspf; nfhz;L
;
tug;gLfpd;wJ.
• mirTld; yak; ,izfpd;wNghJ eldj;jpy; xUtpj

xOq;fikT te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.

• eld mirTfs; nghJthf

- ,aw;if mirTfs;
- Nkhbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l mirTfs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;
gLtJz;L.
• ehshe;jk; ,aw;ifapy; kuq;fspd; mirT> ehNahly;>

Fjpiug; g ha; r ; r y; > fly; miyfspd; mirT
vy;yhtw;wpYk; xUtpj yaKk;> xOq;F Neu;j;jpAk;
fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. fufk;> fhtb> $j;J>
gujk;> fz;ba eldk;> etPd Gj;jhf eldq;fs; Nghd;w
tw;wpy; Ml;lj;jpd; El;gkhd/Ez;zpa mk;rq;fs;
ntspg;gLk; tifapy; MLtu;. ,tw;wpD}lhf r%f>
kj tho;T epiyikfSk; ntspg;gLk;.
• Ml;lj;jpd;/eldj;jpd; El;gkhd mirTfisg; ngw;W

MLfpd;wNghJ czu;rr ; pfspD}lhfg; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs;
ntspg;ghL nfhs;sj; njhlq;Fk;.
gNy • ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs; xt;nthd;Wk; mirTfs; Clhfg;
ghj;jpu KOikiaf; Fwpj;j #o;epiyikfSf;$lhfr;
rpj; j pupf; f Kw; g Lk; . ,e; e piyikapy; rk; g tr;
rpj;jpupg;Gf;fSk; te;J Nru;e;JtpLk;.
gNy
• eld mirTfs; %ykhf ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;

rk;gtr; rpj;jpupg;gpy; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwT
vd; g Jk; czu; r ; r p NkhJiffs; > Kuz; e piyfs;
vd;gJk; Mokhf tsu;jn ; jLf;fg;gl Ntz;bait MFk;.
• eldj;jpy; cUtKk; (Form)> cs;slf;fKk; (Content)

kpf Kf;fpakhditahFk;. xU gilg;ghf;f eld
Kaw; r papy; (Creative dance) cs; s lf; f k; NgRk;
czu;rr ; pfF
; s; Mo;eJ
; Nghfpdw
; NghJ eld %yq;fshd
epiyfs;> Kj;jpiufs;> ghtq;fs;> iriffs; Nghd;w
,d;Ndhud;d El;gq;fspd; gpuNahfj;ij mwpeJ ; nfhz;l
xUtuhy; mirTfs;> tbtq;fs; vd;gtw;iw czu;rr ; p
g+u;tkhfTk; mofpay; g+u;tkhfTk; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;a
KbAk;.

• mftakhd tplaq;fSf;Fg; (subjects) Gwtakhd

tbtk; nfhLg;gNj eldnkhopahFk;.
• jiyrpwe;j eldf; fiyQu;fs; jk; vz;zk;> nrhy;>

nray; ahtw;iwAk; xUkpj;Jj; jkJ eld nkhopapd;
Clhf mz;lntspapy; vz;zw;w eldf; Nfhyq;fis
tbtikg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.
• xU eldf; fiyQUf;F mtuJ clypy; eld tpjpfs;

,Uf; F k; N ghJ tpjptiuaiwfSf; F mg; g hYk; >
gpuNtrpf;f KbAk;. mg;NghJjhd; gilg;ghf;f eldk;
gpwf;Fk;.
fz; b a eldk;
• $j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fz;ba eldk; ahTk; yaKk;>
xOq;Fk; epiwe;j xU eldf; fiyQiur; rpU\;bf;
fiyQuhf;fp tpLfpd;wJ. re;jpuNyfh> rpj;jpuNrdh
Nghd;Nwhu; mt;tifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;NfhNu (Chore-
ography)
• NfhwpNahfpwgp vd;gJ muq;fj;jpy; njhlu;r;rpahd

mirTfisAk; tbtq; f isAk; fl; G yg; gbkhf
,iaghf;fk; nra;tNj. ,jd; %yk; xU Fwpj;j
fstiuaiw eld%yfq;fs; xt;nthd;wpD}lhfTk;
ghu; g ; N ghUld; Ngr Kw; g Lfpd; w du; . ,jd; %yk;
fjf; ghu;gN; ghuplk; fjhrp];/urhDgtk;/a+apd; (yugen) vd;gd
cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd.
fzpg; g P L : • Mrpupau; Fwpj;j #oikit khztu;fSf;F toq;fp

eld ehlfkhf Mw;Wif nra;AkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;Jf; FOf;fs; tpUk;gpa

fUtpw;F eld Mw;Wifapid ntspg;gLj;j topg;
gLj;Jf. MrpupaUk; - khztUk; fye;Jiuahb mDg
tq;fisj; njhFf;Ff.
kzpg; G up

gapw; r p
tFg;giwapy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;J ghUq;fs;
Kiwrhu;e;j nraw;ghL 1 - $j;J> gujk;> fjfsp> fufk;> fhtb

(vOj;JUit mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L)
gbKiw 1 - cly; nkhopapidg; gpuNahfpf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

(epiyfs;> Kj;jpiufs;> iriffs;...)
gbKiw 2 - jd;ndOr;rpahd mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
gbKiw 3 - mirTfSld; Ml;lf;Nfhyq;fis ,izj;jy;.
gbKiw 4 - Ml;lq;fSf;$lhfg; ghj;jpu czu;r;rpfisr; rpU\;bj;jy;.
gbKiw 5 - Fwpjj
; rk;gtj;ij eld nkhopfF
; Clhf Mw;Wif nra;jy;.
gbKiw 6 - ,ir> jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> fhl;rpfs;> xsp> gbkq;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk;

NfhwpNahfpwgpapy; (Choreography) gpuNahfpj;jy;.
gbKiw 7 - Mw;Wifapd; xl;Lnkhj;j tpistpw;F eldnkhopia

,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.
Kiwrhuh nraw;ghL 2 - gilg;ghf;f eldk;
gbKiw 1 - fU/gpur;rpidiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
gbKiw 2 - fUf;fisf; fhl;rpfshf tFj;jy;.
gbKiw 3 - #oiktpid ntspf;nfhzUk; ghly;> ,irfis

cUthf;fy;. ,uhfk;> yak; Nru;j;jy;.
gbKiw 4 - yak; md;Nwy; ,iria mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mirT

fis ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.
gbKiw 5 - mirTfspy; gytpj tbtq;fis (forms) czu;T> moF

uPjpahf ,izj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.
gbKiw 6 - ghj;jpu NkhJiffs; rk;gtq;fspy; ntspg;glj; J}z;Ljy;.
gbKiw 7 - jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> fhl;rpfs;> kl;lq;fs;> clw; gbkq;fs; vd;g

tw;iwAk; gpuNahfpj;J ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;jy;.

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : ehlfk; kw; W k; muq; f paYld; njhlu; G ila

cs;ehl;L (RNjr)> ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghL kw;Wk;
r%fg; gpd;dzpiaj; Njbg;ghu;g;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd rpqf; s

ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rpg; Nghf;if Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • 1956 - 1999 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa ehlf

fhuu;fisAk; mtu;fsJ ehlfq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• mtu;fsJ ehlfq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
Muha;jy;.
• ehlfq;fspd; Clhfr; r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ehlf;fhuu;
Mw;Wk; gzpfis kjpj;jy;.
• gy;NtW gug;Gf;fspyhd ehlfq;fis eaj;jy;.
• r%fj; j pd; vjpu; g hu; g ; G f; f is Nehf; f hff; n fhz; l
ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ~~rpq;fs ehlff;fiyapd; kdNk ehlfk; njhlf;fk;

21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd RUf;fkhd tuyhw;iw
Muha;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : • ,t; t plak; njhlu; g hf ntspte; J s; s E}y; f s; >

rQ;rpiffs;
• 9Me; juk; - ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;b
• ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
• ehlffhuupd; xspg; g lq; f s; > ehlff; fhl; r pfspd;
xspg;glq;fs;
• ehlf ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD/DVD/VCD)
mwpKfk; : 1956 njhlf;fk; 1999 tiuapyhd fhyj;Js; ,yq;if

rpq;fs ehlff; fiy tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa iky;
fw;fshf mike;j ehlfq;fs;> ehlff;fhuu;fs; gw;wpa
RUf;fkhd mwpKfj;ij Kd;itg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;

: • Nguhrpupau; vjpuptPu ruj;tPu - Muha;r;rpg; ngWNgwhf
• kdNk - fhjy;> kdpjk;> jd;khdk; gw;wpa Gjpa
fz;Nzhl;lk;.
• rpq;fs ehlf;fiyapy; xU Kf;fpa iky; fy;.

• rpq;fs ~ehlfk| tpdJ ,ay;Gfisg; ngau;jn ; jLj;Jr;

rkfhyg; ghu;g;Nghu; eag;gjw;Fk; nghUj;jkhdthW
ehlf Nkhbia cUthf;fpaik.
• rhjf; fijf;Fk; Gjpa mu;j;jk; toq;fpaik.
• Nkhbik ehlfq;fshy; goq;fij $wNt KbAk;.
Gjpa mDgtq;fis toq;f KbahJ vDk; thjj;
ijj; Njhw;fbf;Fk; tifapy; 1961 ,y; ~~rpq;fghF||
ehlfk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1957 ,y; FzNrd fyg;gj;jp jahupj;j re;j fpe;JU
ehlfk; gh ehlf tbikike;jJ.
• kdNk> rpq;fghF ,ir ehlf tbtKilad.
• NkhbikAk;> ajhu;jj
; Kk; fye;j (ehl;ba ju;kp> Nyhf
vjpuptP u ruj; r e; u ju;kp) ehlfq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. (,it Fiw
Nkhbik ehlfq;fs; - uj;jud;> eupghdh Ngd;wd)
• Rfj;jghy j rpy;th - Nghbq; fhuNa (1961) jl;L

nfts; (1963) Clhf ajhu;j;j (Nyhf ju;kP) ehlf
Nkhb kPz;Lk; cUntLj;jJ.
• rkfhy r%fj; jfty;fs; - gpur;rpidfs; me;ehlfq;

fSf;Ff; fUg;nghUs;fshf mike;jd.
• gpwehl;L ehlfq;fs; nkhopngau;ff; g;gl;Lr; rpq;fsj;jpy;

jahupf; f g; g l; l d. ,J ehlff; f iy tsu; r ; r pf; F
cjtpaJ. ,jd; tpisthf Vw;gl;l gz;ghl;L Kuz;ghL
fhuzkhf ehlfj; jpwdha;Tj; JiwAk; tpUj;jp
aile;jJ.
• ehlff; fiyiaf; fpuhkj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tjw;Fr;

~Rg rf ar| (1974) fhuzkhfpaJ. ghu;g;Nghupd; ngU
tuNtw; i gg; ngw; w J. ehlfq; f spd; tsu; r ; r pf; F
FzNrd fyg; g jp cjtpaJ.
• eupah rf Nf[{> Vfhjpgjp Nghd;wd murpaiyg; Ngrpd.

Nkilapy; murpay; Ngr ,J topNfhypaJ.
• ,it ~rhkhdpadpd;| ehlfq;fs; vdg;gl;ld. rpyu;

,tw;iw ,opthfg; Ngrpdu;.
• 1983 - Nrhkyjh Rgrpq;f - jahupj;j ~tpf;Ujp| ehlfk;

khztu; gpur;rpidfis Nkilapy; NgrpaJ. ,JTk;
xU jpUg;G KidahFk;. ,jD}lhfg; gy fiyQu;fs;
Njhd;wpdu;.
Nrhkyjh Rgrpq; ` • tpfl ehlfkhf ~~nea;dNf #Jt|| jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjidj; njhlu;eJ
; rhu;[d; ey;yjk;gp jahupff
; g;gl;lJ.

• Gfo;g+j;j ntspehl;Lg; ghj;jpuq;fis Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;l Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fSk; jahupf;fg;gl;ld.
(cjhuzkhf: Nrhf;ul;B]; Nghd;wd.)
• jahde;j Fztu;jd - tptuz ehlfghzp

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. f[kd; Gtj;j> kJu [tdpf;fh
Nghd;wd.
• [ayj; kNdhuj;j - ~FUjUt| ~~Fiw tptuz

ehlfghzp|| ehlfkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
jahde; j • jw;fhy ehlff;fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs;

Fztu; j ; j d • epakkpy; ebg;G NkilNawpaik. (khz;Nlhu;
kPz;nloy; Nghd;wd)
• ,sk; ehlff;fhuu; gyu; Njhd;wpdu;.
• Nkhbik Fwpj;Jf; ifahz;L ghu;j;jy;fs; gy
elj;jg;gl;ld.
• FW ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
• tuyhw;Wf; fijfspy; CLtpAs;s ajhu;j;jj;ij
ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;
gl;lik.
• %j;j ehlffhuUf;Fk; ,se;jiyKiw ehlff;
fhuUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lik.
• gpdt
; Uk; ehlffhuu;fspd; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf
mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• vjpuptPu ruj;re;u
n`d; w p n[aNrd • FzNrd fyg;gj;jp
• jahde;j Fztu;jd
• n`d;up [anrd
• Rfj;jghy j rpy;th
• uQ;rpj; ju;kfPu;j;jp
• irkd; etfj;Njfk
• Mu;.Mu; rkuNfhd; ehlfq;fs;

• xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisg; Ngrpdhu;.
• ,iria ehlfj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhff; nfhs;s
tpyi
; y.
• murpaypd; ntspg;gilaw;w jd;ik (kiwthd
jd;ik)> mUtUg;ghd jd;ik gw;wpg; Ngrpdhu;.
• ,UnghUs; jUk; gjg;gpuNahfk;
• m`rpd; tl;LD kpdp]] ; {| ehlfk; - fsdp ghyk.
• Nf.gP. Nùj; ehlfq;fs;

• murpay; - ~RJ gutpNah| 1981
• nghUshjhuk; - ~rpupNgh jl;Lt| 1983
• xOf;fr; rPu;NfL - khahNjtp 1984

• gaq;futhjj;jpd; nfhLik - ~ehdf;f Njra| -

(1990)
• murpay; mjpfhuj;Jf;fhfg; ngz;izg; gad;
gLj;jy; - Njhd fjpupdh - 1992
• gpujhd muRf;Fk; gpuhe;jpa muRf;Fk; ,ilNa
mjpfhug; gfpu;T - njntdp kfpe;j - 1998 Mfpa
ehlfq;fisg; gilj;jhu;.
• re;jpuNrd jrehaf;f - ud;fe;j
• ju;krpup gz;lhuehaf;f (murpay; tPo;r;rp) -
Vfhjpgjp> jtdgPrz (1988)> af;rhfkia (1993)
,tu; Gfo;ngw;w ehlff;fhuu; Mthu;.
• fgpy Fkhu fhypq;f> [ae;j re;jpurpup
Nghd;NwhUk; ehlfk; gilj;Js;sdu;.
fzpg; g P L : • kdNk njhlf;fk; 21Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu ehlff;

fiy tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa iky; fw;fisj; jUf.
• vjpuptPu ruj;re;jpu> FzNrd fyg;gjp> ju;krpwp gz;lhu

ehaf;f MfpNahupd; ehlfq;fis Muha;f.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;iwAk; ehlf tbtq;fisAk;

Njbawptu;. (,yq;if> jkpofk;)
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa/ kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs;

epfo;j;jg;gLk; /epfo;j;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w gpuNjrq;fis
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs; rlq;fhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy;
ehlfkhfTk; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpdw ; gpdG
; yj;ij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
• kuGuPjpahd Mw;WiffspYk; Mw;Wiffs; epfo;jj ; g;gLk;
gbKiwapYk; r%ff; FO xUq;fpizTr; nraw;ghL
fSk; mr;nraw;ghLfspy; mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;iffSk;
vt;tpjk; Mog;gjpeJ ; s;sd vd;gij mwpeJ ; nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.1 : jkpo; kf;fspd; Ra gz;ghl;L/fyhrhu tho;f;ifAld;

njhlu;Gila ehlff; fiyia mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wif tbtq;fspd; xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;

• Neubahf Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;itaply;.
• Mw;Wiffspd; xspg;glq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : • ghuk;gupa md;Nwy; kuGuPjpahd Mw;WiffSk;> mit

epfo;j;jg;gLk; KiwikfSk; mitfs; epfo;j;jg;
gLfpd;w r%ff; FOkq;fspd; mofpayhf mt;tg;
gpuNjrq;fspy; vt;tpjk; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd vd;gNj
,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

: • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw. fhz;gpa
Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

: • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; ,d;Wtiu Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;
gl;L tUtjd; gpd;Gy Nehf;fk; gw;wp mwpjy;.
• ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;L tUfpdw

;
gpuNjrq;fisAk; mg;gpuNjrq;fspd; jdpjJ
; tq;fisAk;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• fhydpj;Jt kNdhghtq;fs; <oj;jkpoupd; muq;f

tbtj; j pidg; ghuk; g upa md; N wy; kuGuP j pahd
Mw;Wiffshf ~ehl;Lf;$j;jhf| Xuq;fl;l vLj;j
kNdhghtq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• $j;Jf;fs; kjuPjpahf
• fj;Njhypf;ff; $j;J kuG
• ,e;Jf; $j;J kuG vd tifg;gl tsu;rr
; p ngw;wik.
tl; l f; f sup • kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtopf; $j;Jf;fs; mtw;wpd; gz;ila

mk; r q; f s; ngUksTf; F r; rpijTwhj tz; z k;
,d;WtiuAk; Ngzpf;fhf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wik.
• $j;ijg; gapYjy;
• ghj;jpuj; njupT md;Nwy; rl;lq;nfhLj;jy;
• xj;jpif ghu;j;jy;
• Mw;Wif ntspfis tpjhdpj;jy;
• mspf;if nra;jy;
Nghd; w midj; J tplaq; f spYk; ,d; W tiuAk;
jdpj;Jtq;fs; Ngzg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
• $j;J tbtq;fs; fiuNahuq;fSf;$lhf efu;e;J

nrd;wNghJ kd;dhu;g; gpuNjrj;jpy; mJ fj;Njhypf;f
kjj;jhy; cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ. Nghu;j;JNfau; jkJ
kjf;fUj;Jf;fis [duQ;rfkhfg; gpurhug;gLj;jf;
$j;ij xU Clfkhfg; gpuNahfpj;jdu;.
• Ky;iyj;jt
P pYk; $j;Jf;fs; jkJ rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;f
NshL KOf;f KOf;f tpyf;fg;glhjjhf tsu;r;rp
fug; G Lg; G ngw;wd.
• aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghL mjpfk; gpw gz;ghLfshy;

jhf;fg;gl;Lg; gy khw;wq;fis mile;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
,jdhy; Guhjd $j;Jf;fs; vit vd;gij mq;F
mwpe;J nfhs;tJ fbdk;. rhjpj;Jt milahsq;fshf
Tk; mJ mope;J Nghtjw;fhd VJf;fs; epytpAs;sd.
mq;F fj;Njhypf;fk;> ,e;Jkjk; rhu;e;j $j;Jf;fs;
gapye; piyapy; cs;sd. aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; gpuNjrq;fis
Ak; jhz;bf; Fwprr
; pfSf;fpilapYk; $j;J tho;fpdw ; J.
• kiyafk; Kw; W KOjhfj; jd; gz; g hl; b Ds;

njd;dpe;jpar; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mspf;if
Kiwik> gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w muq;F> Ntlg;GidT>
,irf; f Utpfs; ahtw; w pYk; kiyafj; J f; f hd
jdpj; J tq; f s; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d. rlq; N fhL kpf
$j;jpy; xspA+l;Lif
neUf;fkhd $j;Jf;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

• rpyhgj;jpy;> clg;G vd;w gpuNjrKk; kuGuPjpahd

Mw;Wiffisg; NgZk; Kaw;rpapy; ,d;WtiuAk;
nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
fzpg; g P L : • ghuk;gupa / kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffs; ,d;W tiuAk;

gapy;epiyapy; cs;s gpuNjrq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• xt;nthU gpuNjrq;fspdJk; jdpj;Jt ,ay;Gfs;

vt;tpjk; mt;tg; gpuNjr Mw;Wiffspy; ntspg;gl;L
epw;fpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • rlq;fpypUe;J ehlfk; tiu - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;fk; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU
- fyhepjp fhiu. Re;juk;gps;is



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,yq;ifapd; kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffis mwpe;J

nfhs;Sjy;.
• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wifapd; mspf;if Kiwikia
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• kuGuPjpahd Mw;Wiffspd; cs;slf;fKk; mit
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; KiwikAk; vt;tpjk; r%f mofpa
yhf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
nraw;ghL 4.2.2 : ,yq; i fapd; ghuk; g upa $j; J kuig mwpe; J
nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffspd; xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;.

• Neubahfg; ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;itaply;.
mwpKfk; : • ghuk;gupakhf Mw;Wiffs; epfo;j;jg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs;

vt;thwhd Mw;Wif tbtq;fisg; Ngzpf;fhj;J> xU
r%f mofpayhf tbtikj;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpe;J
nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLtjhFk;.

: • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> fhz;gpa
Clfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

: • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; mspf;if nra;ag;gLfpd;w
gpuNjrq;fspd; Clhf Mw;Wifapd; r%f mofpaiy
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• kl;lf;fsg;G - tlNkhbf;$j;J> njd;Nkhbf; $j;J>
• tre;jd;$j;J> giwNksf;$j;J> kfpbf;$j;J
• kd;dhu;; - tlghq;F> njd;ghq;F> thrhg;G
• Ky;iyj;jPT - Nfhtyd; $j;J> kfpbf;$j;J>
fhj;jtuhad; - rpe;J eilf;$j;J
• aho;g;ghzk; - tlNkhbf;$j;J(tl;Lf;Nfhl;il)
fj;Njhypf;f njd;Nkhbf;$j;J> fhj;jtuhad; - rpe;J
eilf;$j;J> tre;jd; $j;J> ehl;il (tlkuhl;rpg;
gpuNjrk;)
• kiyafk; - mUr;Rdd; jgR> nghd;du; rq;fu;>
fhkd;$j;J

• tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs;

ghuj ,jpfhr cs; s lf; f q; f isf; nfhz; l it.
,uhkehlfk;> fu;zd;Nghu;> ju;kGj;jpud;> 18Mk; Nghu;
vd;gd tlNkhb $j;Jf;fSf;Fr; rpy cjhuzq;
fshFk;. myq;fhu&gd;> mDUj;jpu ehlfk; Nghd;wit
njd;Nkhb $j;Jf;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; tpWtpWg;ghd fbdk; Fiwe;j
MlYk; njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; fbdKk;> tpWtpWg;Gk;>
EZf;fKk; nfhz;l MlYk; cilait.
• vl;Lg;NghLjy;> tPrhzk;> cyh> nghbab> ehyb>
xa;ahuk;> jl;lb> mle;ij> Fe;Jepiy Nghd;w gy;NtW
Ml;l Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• tlghq;F> njd;ghq;Ff; $j;Jfs;

kd;dhupy; Mlg;gLk; ,f;$j;Jf;fspy; fl;bafhudpd;
gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlghq;fpy; mtd; ehlfk;
KOtJk; epw; f pd; w Nghf; F z; L . njd; ghq; f py;
mNefkhf mwpKfj;NjhL ntspNawpg; Nghfpd;whd;.
tlghq;fpy; flTs; tho;j;J tpUj;jg;ghtpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
njd;ghq;fpy; ,J ntz;ghtpy; mikAk;. tlghq;fpy;
flTisg; gw;wpg;ghLk; Njhlag; gFjpAs; fijr;
RUf;fKk; nrhy;yg;gLk;. njd;ghq;fpy; ,k;kuG ,y;iy.
tlghq;fpy; ghj;jpuq;fs; vj;jid Kiw muq;fpy;
Njhd;wpdhYk; xNunahU KiwNa tuTg; ghliyg;
ghLk;. njd;ghq;fpy; vj;jid Kiw Njhd;wpdhYk;
mj;jid KiwAk; tuTg; ghliyg; ghLk;. mNjNghy;
vj;jid Kiw ntspNawpDk; mj;jid KiwAk;
ntspNawYf;fhd ghliyg; ghLk;. tlghq;fpy; ghly;
nghJthf nky;Nyhir cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. njd;
ghq;fpy; ty;Nyhir cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. tlghq;Fg;
ghj;jpuq;fSf;F Mlw;jU fhzg;gLk;.njd;ghq;fpy;
Mlw;jU fpilahJ.
• thrhg; G
Gdpju;fspd; fijiaNa cs;slf;fkhff; nfhz;bUf;
Fk;. trdk; fye;j thrfg;gh xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l
,uTfs; njhlu; e ; J eilngWk; . thrfg; g htpy;
rlq; f hu; e ; j Gdpjk; Ngzg; g Lfpd; w J. fsupapDs;
ngz;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. thrhg;gpy; tUk;
fl;bafhud; murdpd; tUifia kl;LNk ciug;gt
dhf ,Uf;fpd;whd;. Kjypy; Gyre;Njhu;fs; te;J
thrhg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;Jtu;. xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,uT
fs; epfo;tjhy; Kjy;ehs; epfo;tpd; rhuhk;rk; $wg;gLk;.
• kfpbf; $ j; J
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;
$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kfpb vd;gJ> epiyahf
,Ue;j xU r%ff; FOkj;NjhL vq;fpUe;Njh te;j
,d;ndhU r%ff; FOthdJ ke;jpu je;jpuq;fisg;

gad; g Lj; j pg; Nghupl; L ntw; w pnfhz; L FbNawpa

fijapidg; gfpbahf ebj;Jf; fhl;Ljiyf; Fwpf;Fk;
vd;gu;. mjhtJ kfpb vd;gJ ke;jpu je;jpuj;jpd; ghw;gl;l
tpisahl;bidf; Fwpf;Fk;.
• %tif kfpbfs; cz;L
1. Kjyhk; tif kfpb
2. ,uz;lhk; tif kfpb
3. %d;whk; tif kfpb
• aho;g;ghzk;> Ky;iyj;jPTg; gFjpfspYk; Mlg;gl;L
te;jJ. ,jw;nfd tpNrlkhd muq;F mikf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk;.
• giwNksf; $j;J
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ghuk;gupaf;
$j;Jf;fspy; ,JTk; xd;W. kl;lf;fsg;gpy; giw mbf;Fk;
r%fj;jpduhy; Mlg;gl;LtUk; ,f;$j;Jf;nfdj; jdpahd
fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy. Nfhapy; Kd;wypy; ,Lg;gpy;
Ntl;biaf; fl;bf;nfhz;l ,Utu; jiyapy; jiyg;
ghifAk; fl;bf;nfhz;L ngUk;giw> rpWgiw Mfpa
,Utifg; giwfisj; jhq;fp epd;W giwia Kof;fp
MLtu; . giwia Kof; F k; NghJ ,uhrtuT>
ke;jpuptuT> Nfhzq;fp tuT vdg; gytifg;gl;l
jhsq;fisg; giwapNy jl;b MLtu;.
• tre;jd; $j;J
kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fspy;
,JTk; xd;W. tre;j fhyj;jpy; Mlg;gLtjhy; tre;jd;
vd;w ngau; te;jnjd;W $Wtu;. ,f;$j;J rpj;jpiu
khjj;jpy; Mlg;gLtJ.
• tre;juhrd; nfhYtpy; te;J mku;e;jpUf;f ,f;$j;J

Mlg;gLk;. ,jw;nfd njhluhd fijg;Nghf;F ,y;iy.
Ntshz;ik njhlu;ghd nray;fs; ahTk; ,q;F
mgpeap;j;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;. cOjy;> tpij tpijj;jy;>
fis gpLq;Fjy;> mUtp ntl;Ljy;> nghyp fhTjy;>
nghyp J}w;Wjy; Kjyhd njhopy;fs; mgpepapj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gLk;.
• xU mb ePskhd ,uz;L Nfhy;fisj; jhq;fpa MW>

vl;L> gd;dpuz;L egu;fs; jkJ Nfhy;fisj; jl;b
MLtu;. ,jdhy; MW fk;G tre;jd; vl;Lfk;G tre;jd;>
gd;dpuz;L fk;G tre;jd; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLtJz;L.
• njd;Nkhb MlYf;Fupa Ml;lf; Nfhyq;fis tre;jdpy;

MLthu;. Nfhapy; Kw;wk; ,jd; muq;fhf mikAk;.
ghu;g;Nghu; Rw;wptu epd;W ghu;g;gu;.

• fhj;jtuhad; $j;J
,f;$j;J aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; rpwg;ghfTk; tlgpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
nghJthfTk; Mlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
khupak;kd; topghl;NlhLk;> fhj;jtuhad; topghl;

NlhLk; njhlu;Gila rlq;F epiyg;gl;l ehlf tbtkhf
,f;$j;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhj;jtuhad; Mupag;g+khiy Nkw;fhjy; nfhz;L

mtisj; jpUkzk; nra;antd Kaw;rpf;fpd;whd;.
jhahuhfpa Kj;Jkhup ,jw;Fj; jil tpjpf;fpwhu;.
fhj;jtuhad; ,j; jilfisnay;yhk; ntd;W <w;wpy;
Mupag;g+khiyia kzk; Kbf;fpd;whu;. ,jidr; rpe;J
eilf;$j;J vd;Wk; Js;Sf;$j;J vd;Wk; miog;gu;.
,jw;nfd rpwg;ghd Js;sy; MlYk; ghly; nkl;Lf;f
Sk; cz;L.
,jd; muq;F ePs; rJu Nkiliaf; nfhz;lJ. jpwe;j

ntspapy; cau;jj
; g;gl;l Nkil gpdG
; wk; xU jpiuiaAk;
nfhz;ljhf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. %d;W gf;fq;fspYk;
,Ue;J ghu;g;Nghu; Mw;Wifia fz;L eag;gu;.
Muk;gj;jpy; ge;j xsp tpsf;Ffs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

gpd;du; ngw;Nwhkhf;]; xspAk; jw;NghJ kpd;rhu xspAk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
rptd;> ghu;tjp> fhj;jtuhad;> khupak;kd;> ty;yj;J

khq;fhsp> tutur;RUl;b> giwad;> rpd;dhd; Kjyhd
ghj;jpuq;fs; ,f;$j;jpy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd.
• fhkd; $ j; J
kiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gLtUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;
xd;W. fhkd; topghl;NlhL njhlu;GilaJ. fhkdhfpa
kd; k jd; ujp fijapidf; $WtJ. gpukNjtd;
rptdhupd; jtj;ijf; Fog;GkhW kd;kjidf; Nfl;fpwhu;.
kd;kjd; jd; fhkf; fizfis Vtpr; rptdhupd;
jtj;jpidf; Fog;Gfpd;whu;. Nfhgkile;j rptdhu;
kd;kjid vupff ; pdw
; hu;. mr;nra;jpawpej
; ujp rptdhuplk;
rhg tpNkhrdk; Nfl;fpwhu;. rptdhu; rhg tpNkhrdk;
toq;Ffpd;whu;. ,e;j Ijpff; fijia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lNj fhkd; $j;J MFk;.
,q;F Nfhapy; Kw;wk; muq;fhfg; gad;gLk;.
tpNrlkhd Mw;Wif Kiwik fhzg;gLk;.
rptDk; kd; k jDk; tpNrlkhd Ntl cil mikg; G f; f s; > xg; g id
ujpAk; Njhd; W k; Kiwikfs; > ifg; n ghUs; f s; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L
fhl; r p tUfpd;wik.
~jg;G| ,irf;fUtpahf gad;gLfpd;wJ.

• mUr;Rdd; jgR
kiyafj;jpy; Mlg;gl;L tUk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;Jf;fSs;
xd;W. kfhghujf; fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
mupr;Rdd; jtk; nra;J rptdplk; ghRgjh];jpuk;
ngw;wikiar; rpj;jpupj;Jf; fhl;LtJ.
Nfhapy; Kw;wk; muq;fhfg; gad;gLk;.

tpNrlkhd Mw;Wif Kiwik fhzg;gLk;. tpNrlkhd
Ntl cil mikg;G> xg;gid Kiwikfs;> nghUs;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
jg;G> ry;yup Kjyhd ,irf;fUtpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
• nghd;du; rq;fu;
ghuj ,jpfhrk; njhlu;ghd xU fpuhkpa tof;fhw;W
kughfg; nghd;du; rq;fiuf; nfhs;syhk;. Ke;jpa
gpwg;gpy; ju;kuhfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ nghd;duhfTk;
mUr;Rdd; Mfg; gpwe;jtu; ,g;NghJ rq;fuhfTk;
gpwe; j pUf; f pd; w du; . jpnusgij ,tu; f Sf; F r;
rNfhjupahfTk; tPkd; Fjpiur; NrtfdhfTk; cs;sdu;.
fpU\;zDf;Fg; gjpyhfg; nguparhkp tUfpwhu;. ~ke;jpu
khKdp| vDk; ghj;jpuk; fijia efu;j;jpr; nry;fpwJ.
khrpapd; gpw; g Fjp md; N wy; gq; F dp khjj; j py;

ngUk;ghYk; fjpu;fhk cw;rtj;jpw;F mz;ba fhyj;jpy;
nghd;du; rq;fu; Mlg;gLk;.
,q; F ghj; j puj; njupT tpNehjkhd Kiwapy;

,lk;ngWk;. g+rhup rpy nghUs;fisg; nghjpfshff;
fl;bitj;jpUg;ghu;. cjhuzkhf (jpUePW> g+> kQ;rs;)
mtw;iw vLg;gjd; %yNk ghj;jpuk; njupthFk;.
mjhtJ kQ;rSf;F vd;d ghj;jpuk;> jpUePwW; f;F vd;d
ghj;jpuk; vd Vw;fdNt xU KbT ,Uf;Fk;. mjd;gb
ghj;jpuq;fs; njupthfpwJ. xU nghUSk; fpilf;fhjtu;
$j;J Ml KbahJ.
,JTk; jpwe;j rkntspauq;fpNyNa epfo;fpd;wJ.

,f;$j;jpy; jg;G> jhsk; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; d.
ghj;jpuq;fs; Nflak;> tpy;> ths;> nfhl;Lf;Fr;rp Nghd;w

ifg;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
nghd;du; rq;fupd; jha; jhkiug; ngupa ehr;rp Foe;ij

Ntz;bj; jtk; nra;Ak; fhyj;jpy; mtsJ jiyapy;
fpspfs; $Lfl;b ,Ue;jdthk;. ,jdhy; ,f;$j;J
epfOk; fhyj;jpy; gps;isfs; ,y;yhg; ngz;fs; jk;
jiyapy; rpwpa fpspg; nghk;ikiar; nrUfp itg;gu;.

,t;thW nra;jhy; gps;is ,y;yhu;f;Fg; gps;is tuk;

fpilf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• Nfhtyd; $j;J
,J td; d pg; ngUepyg; gug; g py; Mlg; g l; L tUk;
$j;Jf;fSs; gpurpj;jp ngw;wnjhU $j;jhFk;. Nfhtyd;
fz;zfpAld; njhlu;Gila fijiar; rpj;jupj;Jf;
fhl;Lk; xUehlfkhFk;.
Ky; i yj; j P T tw; w hg; g isf; fz; z fp mk; k d;

topghl;NlhL njhlu;Gila nghq;fy; tpohtpy; xU
epfo; t hf ,lk; n gWk; . Mly; > ghly; jdpj; J tk;
nghUe;jpaJ. ~tpy;YLg;G| vdg;gLk; Ntl cil
mzpe;jhLk; kuG cz;L.
,e;ehlf kugpy; tQ;rpg;gj;jd; vd;Dk; nghw;nfhy;yUf;

Fupa Ml;lk; rpwg;ghdJ. Fwpg;ghff; fhy;fisf;
fpilahf vwpe; J MLk; Ml; l k; rpwg; G ilaJ.
,jDila muq; F rkjiuapy; tl; l tbtkhdJ.
tl; l f; f supNghy; jbfs; el; L NkNy nts; i s
fl;lg;gLk;. thiof;Fw;wpfs; ehl;bj; Njq;fha;g; ghjp
itj;J xspa+l;lk; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
kj;jsk;> jhsk; vd;gd gpujhd ,irf; fUtpfshFk;.
• ehl; i l
aho;g;ghzk; tlkuhl;rpf; $j;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSs;
xd;W. ehl;il vd;fpd;w ,t;tbtk; tlkuhl;rp ryitj;
njhopyhsu; f spdhy; Mlg; g Lfpd; w J. ,jidg;
~GOjpf;$j;J| vdTk; miog;gu;.
• ,jDila muq;f mikg;G tpjj ; pahrkhdJ. Kd;gf;fg;

ghu; g ; N ghiuf; nfhz; l rkjiuauq; f pd; gpd; G wk;
,ilapy; fpilahfj; jpwf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. MLfsj;jpwF ; g;
gpd;Nd epw;fpd;w gf;fg; ghlfu;> kj;jsfhuu; Nghd;Nwhu;
,e;j ,ilntspapd; CNl muq;fpidg; ghu;jJ ; epfo;tpy;
gq;Fgw;Wtu;.
• MLfsj;jpd; gpd; tyJ Gwj;jpypUf;Fk; 3 fjpiufSf;Fg;

g+ir nra;J maypy; cs;s flTisaioj;J mkur;
nra;J $j;Jj; njhlq;Fk;. ,e;epfo;T fjpiug; g+ir
vd miof;fg;gLk;.
• $j; j py; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; rpwpa jpiu ,q; N fAk;

gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; . ,j; j piuapd; gpd; d hy; ,Ue; N j
ghj;jpuq;fs; Njhd;Wfpd;wd. fl;bafhud; Kjypy; te;J
$j;;ijj; njhlf;fp itg;ghd;. gpd;G ghj;jpuq;fs; te;J

jk;ik mwpKfk; nra;J epfo;it elj;Jk;.

tlNkhbapd; Mly;fSk; njd;Nkhbapd; ghly;fSk;
njd;dpe;jpaj; njUf;$j;jpd; mk;rq;fSk; fjfsp
af;\fhdhtpd; rpy tbtq;fSk; ,jpy; njd;gLk;.
• Nriyfis vLj;J mfd;w RUf;F itj;Jg; ghthil

Nghyf; fl;bf; nfhs;thu;. NkNy nty;ntw; Jzp
cLg;Gf;fs; Nghlg;gLk;. fOj;jpy; ,Ue;J fhy; kl;Lk;
mzpag;gLk; cj;jupak; fjfspia Qhgfg;gLj;Jk;.
xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; Njhd;wpj; jd;id mwpKfk;

nra;jgpd; ghu;g;Nghu; mtUf;Fr; rd;khdk; toq;Fthu;.
mg;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l ghj;jpuj;jpw;F MLNthupd; ngau;
nrhy;yp> $lNt gzk; nfhLj;jtupd; ngaiuAk;
nrhy;yp ~~MNfhrdh|| vdf; $Wtu;.
• ,e;j tbtj;jpwF
; f; ~Nfhit| vd;fpdw
; cWg;nghd;Wz;L.
,jpy; mz;zhtpahu; Cu; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fisAk;
Nru;j;Jg; ghLtu;.
• tpyhrk;
$j;J kuig mbnahw;wpj; njd;dpe;jpahtpdpd;W 19Mk;
E}w;whz;Lg; gFjpapy; <oj;Jf;F te;J GFe;j ehlf
tbtq;fs; gyTz;L. mtw;Ws; ~tpyhrk;| vd;w tbtKk;
cz;L. tpyhrk; vd;gJ ghu;]p ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk;
kuhj;jpa ehlff; fk;gdpfshYk; jkpOf;Ff; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l xU ehlf tbtkhFk;.
• jkpo;ehl;by; tpyhrk; te;J GFe;jNghJ $j;jhf

Mlg;gl;l fijfs; tpyhrkhf Mlg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf
,uzpa ehlfk;> ts;spak;kd; ehlfk; vd;gd ,uzpad;
tpyhrk; ts;spak;kd; tpyhrk; vd khw;wg;gl;ld.
• ,J Nghd;W <oj;jpy; ,uhk ehlfk;> ,uj;jpdty;yp

Nghd;w $j;J E}y;fs; ,uhk tpyhrk;> ,uj;jpdty;yp
tpyhrk; vd khw;wg;gl;lij mwpfpNwhk;. ,t;thW
khWk;NghJ $j;Jf;fspd; rpy tplaq;fis cs;thq;fp
Ak; rpy tplaq;fis tpl;Lk; tpyhrkhf tsu;r;rp
fz; l d. ,jd; g b fu; e hlf ,irAk; > mjpfkhd
trdq;fSk; ,lk; ngw;wJld; $j;jpd; Ml;lf;Nfhyq;fs;
gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;J gjptpuij tpyhrk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
Ml;lk; KOikahf ,y;yhJ NghtijAk; fhz;
fpd;Nwhk;.
• $j;jpd; Ml;lq;fs;> ghu;]p kuhl;ba ehlf kuG>

fPu;j;jid ehlf kuG Mfpatw;wpd; ,ize;j Gjpa
tbtNk tpyhr ehlfkughFk;.

• tpyhrk; Muk;gj;jpy; tl;lf; fsupapNy Mlg;gl;lJ.

ghu;]pa> kuhl;ba ehlf kuGfspd; jhf;fj;jpdhy;
efu;gG; wq;fspy; jpwe;j ntspapy; %d;W gf;fKk; Xiy
fshy; milf;fg;gl;l nfhl;liffs; Nkilahfpd;wd.
ghu;g;Nghu; xUgf;fkhfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; Rw;wptisj;J
MLk; kuG nry;thf;fpoe;J> xU gf;fk; ghu;j;jgb
ebf;Fk; Kiw jkpo; Nkilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
• rigNahUf;Fg; gpd;gf;fk; fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;w kuG

ehlfNkilapy; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. Nkilapy; epd;Wghba
mz;zhtpahUk; gf;fg; ghl;Lf;fhuUk; Nkilapd; xU
Gwj;jpy; mku;e;J tpLfpd;wdu;. ,Lg;gpy; fl;b thrpf;fg;
gl;l kj;jsk; jiuapy; fplj;jp thrpff
; g;gLfpdw
; J. ,jd;
tsu;r;rpahfg; gpd;dhspy; Kd;jpiu> gf;fj;jpiu fl;Lk;
tof;fk; cUthfpd;wJ.
• xspa+l;l fh]; (Gas) iyl;Lfisg; gad;gLj;jTk;

njhlq;Ffpd;wdu;. $j;ijg; Nghyd;wp fu;ehlf rq;fj P k;
njupe;jtu;fNs tpyhr ehlfj;jpy; ebf;f Ntz;ba
jhfpd;wJ. ,t;thW <oj;J muq;f tsu;rr ; papy; tpyhrk;
Gjpa jpiria Nehf;fpr; nrd;wJ.
fzpg; g P L : • kl; l f; f sg; g py; gapy; epiyapy; ,Uf; F k; $j; J

tbtq;fspy; tlNkhb - njd;Nkhb Mfpatw;wpd;
cs;slf;f> Mw;Wifr; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tpsf;Ff.
• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs; gapy;epiyapy; cs;s gpuNjrq;
fisAk; mtw;wpd; Mw;Wifj; jdpj;Jtq;fisAk;
tpsf;Ff.
• Nfhtyd;$j;J> kfpbf;$j;J> tre;jd; $j;J Mw;Wif
apdJ r%f mofpaiy tpsf;Ff.
• gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;Fr; rpW Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOJf.
1. tpyhrk; 2. ehl;il
3. nghd;du; rq;fu; 4. mUr;Rdd; jgR
• ghuk;gupakhf Mw;Wiffis epfo;j;Jk; gpuNjrq;fis
Ak; rpwg;ghd Mw;Wif KiwfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;

- fyhepjp fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is
• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs;
• <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kuGtop muq;fpd; kPl;nlLg;Gg; gzpfis mwpjy;.

• ~$j; j pd; Gj; j hf; f k; | RNjr muq; f py; Vw; g Lj; j pa
ghjpg;Gf;fis mwpjy;.
• $j;jpd; Gj;jhf;fg; gzpfspy; Kd;dpd;W cioj;jtu;
fisg; gw;wp mwpjy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
nraw;ghL 4.2.3 : $j; i j kP l ; n lLg; G r; nra; N jhiuAk; > kP l ; n lLg; G r;
nraw;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • xypg;gjpT> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;
mwpKfk ; : • ghuk;gupa Mw;Wiffs; ekJ RNjrj;jpd;

milahsq;fs;. mit Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;L
nkdpy; mtw;wpd; cs;slf;f mspf;ifapYs;s gytPd
khd gFjpfis mfw;wpf; fiyj;Jtr; nrOikfis
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. me;jf; fiyj;Jtr;
nrOikfisg; ghuk;gupa $j;Jg; gilg;Gfspy; nfhz;L
te;j ngUik Nguhrpupau; R. tpjj ; pahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau;
fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU Nghd;Nwhiur;
rhUk;. vd;gJk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLfpd;wd.

: • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw

: • Nguhrpupau; R. tpj; j pahde; j d; > Nguhrpupau; .
fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU Nghd;Nwhupd;
kuGtop muq;f kPl;nlLg;Gg; gzpfs;.
• ghuk;gupaf; fiyQu;fisj; Njbf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtu;

fsplk; tha;nkhopahfg; Ngzp tug;ngw;w fiy tbtq;
fis E}y;fshfg; gjpgg ; pjj
; ik> mz;zhtpahu; nfsut
khehLfs; $baik> ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;
fspy; $j;Jg; Nghl;bfis epfo;j;jpaik vd;gd
RNjrf;fiy kPln; lLg;Gf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpaj;Jt
khFk;.

• mJtiu r%ff; Fokq;fspy; mtu;fsJ ehshe;j

kfpo;tspg;Gfs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> Njitfs; vd;gtw;NwhL
$bajhf ,uNthL ,uthf Mlg;gl;l $j;Jf;fisr;
RUf;fpg; glr;rl;l Nkilf;Fupa xd;whff; fiyj;Jtr;
nrOikNahL Gj;jhf;fk; nra;j Kaw;rpAk; Kf;fpa
khdJ.
• cs;slf;fj;ijr; RUf;fpAk; Mw;Wifapy; mspf;if

Kiwikapy; Rw;wptu cs;s ghu;g;Nghiu Nehf;fpr;
Rod;W Mba $j;ij xUGwk; Nehf;fpa ghu;gN
; ghUf;F
R. tpj;jpahde;jd; Vw; g Ntl cilfs; > xg; g idfs; ahtw; w pYk;
mofpaiyg; NgzpAk; > Mz; > ngz; ,ize; J
nraw;gLk; xd;whf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ.
• RNjrj; jkpo;f; fiy kPl;nlLg;gpYk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpYk;;

Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jDld; Nguhrpupau; fh.
rptj;jk;gpAk; ,ize;J fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfg; gy
gzpfis Mw;wpdu;.
• njhlu;eJ; Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFUtpd; gzp Fwpgg

; plj;
jf;fJ. %lg;gl;l muq;Ffspy; $j;jpd; kPl;nlLg;gpy;
gy etPd muq;f mofpay; cj;jpfisg; GFj;jpf; $j;ij
thoitf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; jlk; gjpj;jhu;.
1. rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfSf;Ff; $j;jpd; tbtj;ijg;
Rh. rptj;jk;gp gad;gLj;Jjy;. (rq;fhuk;)
2. $j;ij glr;rl;l Nkilf;Fupa mofpayhf;Fjy;.
cjhuzk;: ,uhtNzrd;> Nghu;f;fsk;
3. kl;lf;fsg;G tpGyhde;jh mofpaw; fw;iffs;
epWtfj;jpy; $j;ij njhy;rPu; fiyiag; Nghd;W
fw;gpf;Fk; tifapyhd ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tFj;jik.
4. $j;jpw;Fk; gujk;> fz;ba eldk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
kpilapyhd xj;j jd;ikfs; Fwpj;j mtuJ
Ma;Tfs;.
• rp. nksdFU> kPln

; lLf;fg;gl;l $j;J kugpd; muq;fpaw;
rhj;jpag;ghLfisAk;> me;jf; $j;J kuG njhlu;e;J
tsUk;> thOk; muq;fpd; ,d;wpaikah Kjd;ikahfp
As;sikiaAk; cUtfg;gLj;jp epw;fpd;whu;.
• $j;J kugpypUe;J te;J> mjid etPd ehlf kugpd;

,d;wpaikah mq;fk; Mf;fpaikapy; nksdFUtpd;
rp. nksdFU ,lk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

• $j;J kugpid etPd muq;Fld; ,izj;jnghOJ

mJ etPd jkpo; muq;fpid tsg;gLj;jpaik Fwpj;J
Muha Ntz;baJ Kf;fpakhdJ.
• ghlrhiy ehlfq;fspy;;.
• rpWtu; ehlfq;fspy;.
• njUntsp muq;fpy;.
• r%f> murpay; NkhJif epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G
ehlfq;fspy;.
• kuGtop muq;fpd; kPln

; lLg;gpwF
; j; jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;
gy;NtW gzpfis Mw;wp tUfpd;wJ. fUj;juq;Ff
shfTk;> $j;J ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;J NkilNaw;W
tjhfTk; $j;Jg; ghly;fis ,irj; jl;by; gjpg;gpg;
gjhfTk; mit mikfpd; w d. ,q; F N[hd; r d;
uh[;Fkhupd; ~nfhy; <Dk; nfhw;wk;| Kf;fpakhd xU
gjpT MFk;.
• Nkw;$wpa $j;J kPlG; g; gzpfs; $j;jpd; njhlu;rr

; pahd
r%ff; FOk mofpaiy mWj;njwpe;Jtpl;ljhfTk;
glr;rl;l Nkilapd; ,ay;Gfs;> muq;fpw;Ff; $j;J
jUk; mDgtj;jpw;Fg; ghu;g;Nghiu vl;lhjtu;fshf
Mf;fptpl;l jhfTk; tpku;rdq;fs; cs;sd.
fzpg; g P L : • ~~$j;jpy; kPl;nlLg;Gk; Gj;jhf;fKk;|| vd;gjhy; ePu;

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ?
• $j;ijg; Gj;jhf;fk; nra;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kaw;rpfs; ahit?
• $j;Jg; Gj;jhf;fj;jpy;; Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFUtpd;
gzpfisj; jUf.
• $j;J Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xspg;glf;fhl;rp xd;iw
Vw;ghL nra;f.
• $j;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gj;jhf;fk; RNjr muq;fpy;
Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
: • kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;

• <oj;Jj;jkpo; ehlf muq;F - rp. nksdFU
• gioaJk; GjpaJk; - rp. nksdFU



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • cyfpd; etPd ehlfg; gpd;dzpapidf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

• etPd jkpo; ehlfg; gpd;dzpapidf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy
tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy
tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
nraw;ghL 4.2.4 : ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;
fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fKk; Nguhrpupau;. f. fzgjpg;
gps;isAk; ngWk; ,lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL :• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; mtu;fsJ xspg;glk;

• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fsJ xspg;glk;.
• ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs; (fiyauR> fzgjpg;gps;is)
• <oj;jpy; ehlfKk; ehDk;
• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
• juk; 9 Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
mwpKfk; : • Nkiyj;Njaj;jpy; etPd muq;fpd; Njhw;wKk; ifj;

njhopy; Gul; r pAk; mjNdhL Vw; g l; l mwptpay;
fz; L gpbg; G f; f Sk; tho; K iwapy; khw; w q; f is
Vw;gLj;jpd.
• ,e;j tho;Kiwapd; cz;ikj; jd;ikia muq;Fk;
Vida fiyfSk; ntspg;gLj;jpd. ,yl;rpathjj;ij
kWjypj;Jf; nfhz;L ajhu;j;jthjk; mwpKfkhfpaJ.
ajhuj;jthjk; vd;gJ cs;sij cs;sthW fhl;Lt
jhFk;.
• jkpo; ehlf kugpy; etPd ehlf tUifahdJ 19Mk;

E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; INuhg;gpauJ fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpapd; Ngwhf> ,e;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehl;by; Mq;fpyk;
fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff
; j;jpdUf;$lhf Vw;gLfpdw
; J. ,q;F
gk;ky; rk;ge;jKjypahu; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;whu;.
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; etPd

jkpo; muq;F mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy; etPd
jkpo; muq; f pd; Njhw; w j; J f; F g; gk; k y; rk; g e; j j;

Kjypahupd; RFz tpyhr rigapd; Mw;Wiffs;

fhuzkhfpd; w J. gk; k ypd; ehlfq; f isg; ghu; j ; j
fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk; yq;fh RNghj tpyhr
rigapid (1913) Muk;gpj;J> ,yq;ifapy; etPd
ehlfk; tsuf; fhuzkhfpd;whu;.
Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;

fofj;jpy; ajhu;j;jg; gz;G nfhz;l ehlfq;fis
vOjpaik etP d jkpo; muq; f py; ,d; n dhU
gupkhzj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
• Nkw;Nghe;j ,UtupdhYk; ,yq;if etPd jkpo; muq;fpy;

Vw; g l; l khw; w q; f is Muha; t Nj ,g; g hlj; j pd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.


: • fiyauR f. nrhu;zypq;fk;
• jdJ 11MtJ tajpy; ehlfj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;jhu;.
70 tUlq;fs; tiu mj;Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhu;.
• gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahiu khdrPff; FUthff; nfhz;L

mtUila ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpdhu;. ,jd; %yk;
jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwapd; gpjhkfuhdhu;.
• Nkw;fpy; ehlfnkhopahdJ Ngr;Rnkhopf;Fr; nrd;w

Neuj;jpy; ,q;F ftpij/ghlypy; ,Ue;J nrk;nkhop
rhu;e;j ciueilf;F khwpaik ,tuJ ehlfq;fs;
Clhf epfo;ej; Kf;fpa khw;wk; MFk;. ,e;j tplaj;jpy;
ghtyu; Jiuag;gh gps;is mtu;fNs ehlfj;jpy;
Kjd;Kjyhf ciu eiliaf; nfhz;L te;jhu; vd;w
fUj;ijAk; ,jDld; xg;GNehf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• mtuJ ehlfq;fs; glr;rl;l Nkilapy; Mw;wg;gl;lik

fiyauR
ajhu;j;jj;ijf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ajhu;j;jj;jpd;
f. nrhu;zypq;fk; kUl;ifia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjtpaJ.
• Nkiliag; gad;gLj;Jfpw Kiwapy; khw;wj;ijf;

nfhz;L tUfpwhu;. KONkiliaAk; gad;gLj;JtJ
ghj;jpuj;jpw;Nfw;g mirTfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd ,J
mike;jJ.
• fiyaurpd; ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; tuyhw;Wg; ghj;jpuq;f

shf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;ijAk; jdp
kdpjg; ghj;jpuq;fshfg; ghu;f;Fk; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jp
dhu;.
• ghj;jpuq;fis Nkilapy; nfhz;Lte;j KiwahYk;

ghj;jpu jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; jdJ ebg;Gf;$lhf xU

Kiwikia jkpo; muq;fpw;Ff; nfhz;L tUfpd;whu;.
,tUila ebg; G KiwikahdJ njhlu; r ; r pahd

gapw;rpfSf;$lhf ajhu;j;jg; gz;Gld; gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ,jw;fhfg; gapwr
; papy; mtjhdj;Jf;F Kjd;ik nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu;. cjhuzk;: $dp ghj;jpu ebg;Gf;Ff;
fiyauR nfhLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
• ,tu; ebj;j ehlfq;fs; rpy tUkhW: mupr;re;jpuh>

rpk; f sehjd; > rhuq; f jhuh> Ntjhs cyfk; >
ghJfhgl;lhgpNrfk;> kNdhfuh> eP tpUk;gpa tpjNk>
rFe;jiy> thzpGuj;J tzpfd;.
• ajhu;jj
; ebg;Gf;fhf cil kw;Wk; xsp vd;gd vt;thW
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; jdJ jahupgG ; fspD}lhf
tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
• fhl;rpg;gLj;jypy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;bdhu;.

ajhu;j;jf;fhl;rp mikg;Gfis Nkilapy; nfhz;L
tUtjw;Ff; fhl;rpj;; jpiufs;> fhl;rpj;jl;bfs;. gNuhf;
ghzpapyhd fhl;rp Xtpaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhu;.
• ebfu; ghj;jpukhf tho;tjw;F mtdJ cly;> cs;sk;

i\nyhf; Ntlj;jpy; ,uz;Lk; cjTtJld; Ntl cil xg;gidAk; gpujhd
fiyauR gq;F tfpf;Fk; vd;W fUjpajhy; ,tuJ ehlfj;jpy;
tUk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd Ntl cilfisj; jhNd
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• ebg;gpy; kUl;ifiaf; nfhz;L tuhjpUg;gjw;Fg;

ghug;Nghupd;; gFjpf;Fs;NsAk; xsptpsf;Ffis xspur;
nra;jhu;. ,J ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F mg;ghYk; mtiuf;
nfhz;L nrd;wJ.
• ebg;gpid NkYk; nkU$l;Ltjw;F xj;jpifapy; mjpf

ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;. mj;NjhL xj;jpifapy; xOf;f
eilKiwfis Neu;j;jpahfg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;.
• ehlfk; gyuhYk; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j Neuj;jpy; kj;jpa

ju tu;f;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gbj;j> cau;e;j cj;jpNahfk;
ghu;g;Nghiu ehlfj;jpDs; ,Oj;J te;J gapy;Kiw
muq;fpy; <LgLj;jpaik xU Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhfg;
ghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

• jdpahs; muq;fpYk; <Lgl;lhu;. ~101 tpahjp| vd;gJ

,jpy; Kf;fpakhd xU gilg;ghFk;.
• gpwf
; hyj;jpy; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidiag; NgRfpdw
; Ngr;R
nkhopapyhd ehlfq;fisAk; NkilNaw;wpdhu;.
cjhuzk;: topnjupQ;RJ.
• Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is
• 1936 Mz;L Kjy; ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; Nguhjidapy;
muq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld.
• ,tuJ ehlfq;fs; ajhu;jj ; g; gz;Gld; vOjg;gl;ld.
• aho;g;ghzj;J kz;thrid jJk;Gk; ehlfq;fs;
aho;g;ghzj;Jg; Ngr;R tof;F ciuahly;fisf;
nfhz;L vOjg;gl;ld.
• <oj; J j; jkpo; kf; f s; vjpu; n fhz; l elg; g pay;
gpur;rpidfs;> mtu;fspd; mgpyhirfs;> kuGfs;>
Ngr;Rf;fs; Mfpad jkpo; ehlf Nkilapy; Kjy;
Kjyhf cyhte;jd.
• ep[g; ghj;jpuq;fshd r}jpahrhuk;> kuG> goik
NgZk; cilahu; > tpjhidahu; . kzpafhud;
MfpNahiuAk; fpuhkj;Jf; Fbahdtd; rPdpf;Fl;b>
Nguhrpupau; fpuhkj;Jf; fpotp ts;spg;gps;is> Mq;fpyk; fw;w
f. fzgjpg; g ps; i s Re; j uk; > jw; n gUik NgZk; aho; g ; g hzj; J g;
gpuf;fpuhrpkhu;> murpay; thjpfs; Nghd;wtu;fisAk;
aho;g;ghzg; Ngr;Rj; jkpiog; Ngritj;J cyt
tpl;ltu;.
• fw;gid cyfpy; tho;e;j ehlf cyif elg;gpay;
cyFf;F ,Oj;J te;j ngUik ,tUf;Fz;L.
• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fs;

• eh ehlfk;
1. cilahu; kpLf;F
2. KUfd; jpUFjhsk;
3. fz;zd; $j;J
4. ehl;ltd; efutho;;f;if
• ,Uehlfk;
1. nghUNsh nghUs;
2. jtwhd vz;zk;
3. Re;juk; vq;Nf?
4. khzpf;fkhiy
5. rq;fpyp
6. JNuhfpfs;
• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nguhrpupau;

fh. rptj;jk;gpapd; fUj;Jf;fs; Kf;fpakhdit.
• nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;j aho;g;ghzj;J cau;kl;lj;jpd
Uf;Ff; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fSf;F Clhf
aho;g;ghzj;J tho;f;ifiag; ghu;g;gJk;> Ngr;R

tof;iff; Nfl;gJk; jhq;fs; tpl;L te;j tho;f;if

apd; epidTfisf; nfhLg;gitahf mike;jd.
cjhuzk;: cilahu;kpLf;F> fz;zd; $j;J.
• fzgjpgg ; psi
; sapd; r%f NkhJif epiyr; rpjj
; pupgG
;
ehlfq;fspy; ~tpthfNk| Kf;fpa tplag; nghUshFk;.
aho;g;ghzr; r%fj;jpy; fypahzk; jhd; r%f
cau;r;rpia> nrhj;Jtuit> r%f me;j];ij
epu;zapf;fpd;w rf;jpahf tpsq;FfpwJ. tpthfg;
gpur;rpid Clhf mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa r%f
mjpfhu Kiwia> mjw;fhd cj;jpNahfq;fs;>
cilahu; kpLf; F mit gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l Kiwik ,tw; w pw; F
mDruizahf ,Ue;j r%f xOq;FKiw Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gl;ld.
cjhuzk;: nghUNsh nghUs;> Re;juk; vq;Nf?
• ,tuJ ehlfq; f Sf; F ClhfNt ~murpay;

ehlfq;fs;| vd;w tifghL cUthtijf; fhzyhk;.
,yq; i fj; jkpo; murpay; ehlf tsu; r ; r papy;
fzgjpg;gps;is Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwhu;.
cjhuzk;: jtwhd vz;zk;> JNuhfpfs;> rq;fpyp
• r%f tpku;rdq;fshf mikAk; ehlfq;fis vOjj;

njhlq;fpa fzgjpg;gps;is murpay; tpku;rd ehlf
vOj;Jld; jkJ ehlfg; gzpia epiwT nra;fpwhu;.
• ,tuJ ehlfq;fis muq;fj; jahupg;Gf;fs; vd;w

Kiwapy; Nehf; F k; N ghJ> mit ngUk; g hYk;
ajhu; j ; j epiyg; g l; l nrhy; y hly; rhu; e ; j jhf
miktijf; fhzyhk;. khzpf;fkhiy ,jw;F
tpjptpyf;F MFk;.
• Nguhrpupaupd; ehlfq;fs; 1920> 1930 fspy; Mq;fpy

muq;fpwF; g; guprr
; akhd mq;fk;> fhl;rpKiwikiaf;
nfhz; l dthf cs; s d. mtuJ Muk; g fhy
ehlfq;fs; kpfr; rpW fhl;rpfisf; nfhz;ldthf
,Ue;jd.
• Nguhrpupau; mtu;fs; <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlfj;jpd;

xU Fwpgg ; pll
; epiyg;gl;l ehlf tsu;rr
; pg; Nghf;fpid
vOj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;whu;. gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu;
toptUk; jkpo; ehlf etP d kathf; f j; i j
,yq;ifapy; fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fk; nfhz;Ltu>
fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fs; <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlfk;
ehl;bd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupj;Jr; r%f murpay;
tpku;rdj;jpy; <LgLk; muq;f Kiwikapidj;
njhlf;fp tsu;e;J epiwTwr; nra;fpwhu;.

• Ngu;dhl;\htpDila muq;fpid cs;thq;fpj; jdJ

ehlfg; gzpapidj; njhlf;fpa mtu; ~JNuhfpfs;|
vOJk;NghJ muq;if tpthj Nkilahf;Fk; gz;ig
ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;.
fzpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;

fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpid kjpg;gpLf.
• Nguhrpupau;. f. fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfq;fs; %yk;

jkpo; muq;F ngw;w tsu;r;rpg; gbfis vLj;Jiuf;Ff.
crhj; J izfs; : • <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F

- Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp
- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• <oj;jpy; ehlfKk; ehDk;
- jpU. f. nrhu;zypq;fk;
• fzgjpg;gps;isapd; ehlfj;jpul;L



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk; Kjy; rpthde;jd;

Kjyhd ehlf muq;f MSikfis ,dq;fz;L
nfhs;Sjy;.
• newpahsu; muq;F xd;W fl;b tsu;f;fg;gl;L tUtij
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• muq;F> r%f khw;wr; rf;jpahf cgNahfpf;fg;gl;L
tUtij ,dq;fz;L nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,f;fhyg; gFjpay; muq;F rhu;e;J cioj;j egu;fspd;
jdpj; J tq; f isAk; rpwg; G f; f isAk; Njb mwpa
Kw;gLjy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk;> Riù; `kPj;> mk;gp>
k`hftp> ,. KUifad;> ,. rpthde;jd;
Kjyhdtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;fisj; Njb mwpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • m. jhrPrpa];> eh. Re;juypq;fk;> Riù; `kPj;> mk;gp>

k`hftp> ,. KUifad;> ,. rpthde;jd; Kjyhdtu;
fspd; xspg;glq;fs;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Nlhupd; ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
• Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Nlhupd; ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs;
mwpKfk; : • 1970 fspy; jkpo; etPd ehlfj;ijg; gpuf;iQg+u;tkhf

tsu;j;njLj;jtu;fshfg; gpd;tUk; MSikfisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• m. jhrPrpa];
• eh. Re;juypq;fk;
• Riù; `kPj;
• mk;gp
• k`hftp
• ,. KUifad;
• ,. rpthde;jd;
• ,tu;fspy; ehlf mspf;iffisf; fhj;jpukhf Nkw;
nfhz;ltu;fs;.
• m. jhrPrpa];
• Riù; `kPj;

• ,tu;fspy; ehlf Mrpupau;fshf nraw;gl;ltu;fs;.

mk;gp> k`hftp> ,. KUifad;> ,. rpthde;jd;
• Nkw; nrhy;yg;gl;ltu;fspd; Clhf ehlf Mw;Wifapy;
Gjpa cj;jpfs;> Gjpa Nehf;Ffs; ifahsg;gl;lik
gw;wp mwpjy;.
• Nkiyj;Nja muq;fr; rpej ; idfs;> nfhs;iffs;> Nfhl;
ghLfspd; nry;thf;Ffs; gw;wp mwpjy;.
• gh ehlfq;fspd; gad;ghLfs;
Nfhil> GjpanjhU tPL> Kw;wpw;W Kjyhd gh
ehlfq;fs;/ftpij ehlfq;fs; gw;wp mwpjy;.
• mit etPd jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; Vw;gLj;jpa
jhf;fj;ij mwpjy; vd;gd ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.


: • m. jhrPrpa];
• Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kf;fpdu; auplk; gapwr ; p
ngw;wik.
• GjpanjhU tPL ehlfj;ij vOJtjw;fhd MNyhr
idia toq;fp k`hftpiaf; nfhz;L vOjp 1970
,y; ehNlhbfs; FOtpw;fhfj; jahupg;gpid Nkw;
nfhz;lik.
• ~~nghWj;jJ NghJk;|| ehlfj;ij ehlf muq;ff;
fy;Y}upapd; jahupg;gpy; newpahs;if nra;jik.
• ~$b tpisahL ghg;gh|| vd;Dk; rpWtu; ehlfj;
jahupg;gpid Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• ~Nfhil| ehlfj;ij newpahs;if nra;jik (1969)
Nfhil %ykhf ,aw;gz;G ehlfKiw jhrPrparhy;
nrk;ikahf <oj;jkpo; ehlf cyFf;F mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;lik.
• gpri
; r Ntz;lhk;> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ Kjyhd ehlfq;
fisAk; newpahs;if nra;jik.
• ehlfk; rKjha khw;Wr; rhjdkhf mika Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; kf;fSf;Fr; nra;jpfisf; $w Ntz;Lk;
vdTk; ehlfk; xU Nkilf;fiy> mJ fhl;rpgg ; Lj;jg;
gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; ehlfk; gw;wpa jpl;lkhd
nfhs;ifAilatuha; ,Ue;jik.
• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upfF ; Clhf jhrPrpa]; toq;fpa
gapw;rp ,d;wsTk; <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwia
efu;j;jpr; nry;fpd;wJ. mtuplk; gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fs;
m. jhrPrpa];
,d;Dk;; ehlfj;ijr; nra;J nfhz;Lk;> gapw;rpfis
mspj;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;.

• mtUila gapw;rp Kiwfs; jkpo; Ntupy; ,Ue;J

ngwg;gl;lit. mtu; xU ifapy; Nkw;Fyfg; gapw;rp
KiwfisAk; ,d;ndhU ifapy; jkpo; %yj;jp
ypUe;J ngw;w gapw;rp KiwfisAk; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
• jkpo; rpj;j itj;jpa kugpy; fhzg;gl;l xt;nthU
GyidAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w Ik;nghwp> Ik;Gyd;>
gQ;rg+jg; gapw;rpfisr; ~Rgrpq;f| vd;w rpq;fstuplk;
fw;W mjid ebg;Gg; gapw;rpahf khw;wpaikahdJ
jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J ebg;gpw;fhd tplaq;f
isf; fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Njliy cUthf;fpaJ.
• fpuhkk; fpuhkkhfr; nrd;W jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaf; fiy
tbtq;fisj; Njbf;fw;W mjidj; Njitawpe;J
muq;fpy; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ~fe;jd; fUiz| ehlfj; jahupg;G gw;wpa mtuJ
$w; W ehlfj; j py; jkpo; kugpd; nrOikfis
xUq;fpizg;gJ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidiaj; jkpo;
ehlf kugpy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
~~,J rhjpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd; epWj;jp> Myag;
gpuNtrk; nra;tjw;fhfg; Nghlg;gl;l ehlfk;. mJ
Nghuhl;l tbtkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpNdd;.
,isa gj;kehjd;> fhj;jtuhad; nkl;Lf;fisg;
Nghl;Lj; je;jhu;. Qhdk; yk;gu;l; kd;dhu; Ml;lj;ij
Ak; nksdFU kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ,Ue;J Mly;
ghly;fisAk; nfhz;L te;jdu;. ehd; fz;ba
eldj;Jld; NghNdd;. rpthde;jd;> KUifad;>
eh. Re;juypqf ; k;> nksdFU ehd; vy;NyhUk; Nru;eJ ;
ghly;fis vOjpNdhk;.||
• jhrPrpa]; jdJ Gyk;ngau; #oypy; cldb muq;fj;
(Instant `Theatre) jahupgg; py; <Lgl;lhu;. mjpy; ,yq;if
njhlu;ghff; fhjpy; tpOk; tpraq;fs;> tUk; fbjq;fs;
tpthjpf;fg;gl;L epfo;j;jg;gl;ld. ,q;F vLf;fg;gl;l
fUf;fs; czu;r;rp kakhdit vd;gjhy; ebfu;fs;
gq;Nfw;Fk;NghJ czu;r;rpiaf; Fiwf;fr; rpy
gapwr; pfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. Mw;WifapdN ; ghJ ebfu;fs;
czu; r ; r pf; F cs; s hfp mOJtplhjpUf; f ,J
cjtpaJ.
• Rtp];]py; jhrPrpa]; vOjpg; gapw;Wtpj;j ehlfk;
=ryhkp. ,jd; rpwg;G> mJ jkpo>; Rtp]; fiyQu;fs;
,ize;J jkpo; - nlhr; - Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfs;
nfhz;l Kk;nkhop ehlfkhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; <oj;Jj; jkpo; kf;fisg; Gupe;J
nfhs;s mJ cjtpaJ.
• jhrPrpa]; $j;JUtpy; ~~ghz;ltu;fSk; fpsT];
KdptUk; | | vd; w ehlfj; i j vOjp ebg; G g;
gapw;rpaspj;jhu;.

• kf;fd;uauplk; ngw;w Mq;fpy ehlfj; jahupg;Gg;

gapw;rp> Nrhkghy KJd;Nfhj;Nf ,lkpUe;J ngw;w
fz;ba eldk;> upr;rl; nrf;duplk; ngw;witfs;>
Iuhq;fdp Nrurpq;ftplk; ngw;w %r;Rg; gapw;rp>
fpuhkkk; fpuhkkhfr; nrd;W fw;Wf;nfhz;l $j;Jg;
gapw;rp vy;yhk; Nru;e;J jkpo; ehlfj;Jiwia
tsg;gLj;j cjtpaJ.
• gy; f iyf; f of ehlf muq; f py; gapw; r p ngw; w tu;
Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;
ebj;jtu;.
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; jahupj;j $j;Jf;fspy;
xg;gidahsuhapUe;jtu;.
• 1969 ,y; ~mgRuk;| vd;w mgj;j ehlfr; rhay; nfhz;l
GjpaKiw ehlfnkhd;iw vOjp Nkilapl;ltu;.
,e;j ehlfj;ij newpahs;if nra;jik ,tiu fzpgG ; f;
Fupa newpahsuhf;fpaJ.
• ~tpopg;G| vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjp newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ehlf newpahsuhAk;> ebfuhAk; kl;Lkd;wp ehlf
vOj;jhsuhAk; ,Ue;jtu;.
• ehlfk; rKjha khw;wr; rhjdkhf mika Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ mtuJ fUj;J.
eh. Re; j uypq; f k; • njhopyhsu; tu;f;f muq;fpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;ltu;.
• 1970 ,y; KUifadpd; fôpaj;ijf; $j;jhbfs;
FOtpd; rhu;gpy; newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ebg;G Kiwapy; ajhu;j;j ebg;G> NkhbAw;w ebg;G
,uz;ilAk; Njitawpe;J gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
• RNjrp> rptNrhjp Nghd;w ajhu;jj
; ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jjd;
fhuzkhf ajhu;j;j ehlf kuG njhlu;ghd gupr;raj;
ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. ,jD}lhfNt ];udp];y
t];fpapd; ebg;GKiw ,tUf;Fk;> mjd; topahfj;
jkpOf;Fk; te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.
• Re;juypq;fk; mtu;fshy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l kjkhw;wk;>
,U Jauq;fs; vd;git ];udp];yt];fpapd; ebg;G
Kiwiaf; nfhz;lit.
• <oj;J etPd jkpo; ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ajhu;j;j kugpy;
fhY}d;wp Nkhbg;gLj;jg;gl;l ehlfkuig cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lJjhd; Re;juypq;fj;jpw;Fupa ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ.
• ];udp];yt];fp> gpnw/f;l; MfpNahuJ ebg;GKiwapd;
mwpKfk; fhuzkhf ajhu; j ; j ebg; G KiwAk; >
NkhbAw;w ebg;G KiwAk; ,izfpd;w jd;ikapid
tpopg;G ehlfj;jpw; fhzyhk;.
tpopg; G • <oj;J jkpo;ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fyg;G/gd;dyj; jpul;lhd
ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;jhu;.

• Re;juypq;fj;jpd; kdk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfshy;> kdpjg;

gpur; r pidfshy; epiwe; j pUe; j J. mlf; F Kiwf; F
vjpuhd fyff;fhudhf> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; gzpahjtuhf
,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jg; gz;Gjhd; mtuJ ehlfq;fspy;
ntspg;gl;lJ.
• fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fg; gpe;jpa <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf
tuyhw;wpd; xU nghJg; Nghf;fhfr; r%f murpay;
tpku; r dk; > mlf; F Kiw> vjpu; g ; G vd; g d ,Ue; J
te;Js;sijg; ghu;f;fyhk;. ,J ~r%f nghUshjhu>
murpaw; #oypd; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;fg; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
1970 fspy; ,g;Nghf;ifg; ngupJk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jtu;fspy; xUtuhfr; Re;juypq;fk; tpsq;fpdhu;.
• ehlfj;jpw;F Clhfg; gpur;rpidfisr; nrhy;fpwNghJ
mjid etPdkag;gLj;jpdhu;. kz;Zf;F Vw;g khw;wpdhu;.
kz;Zf;Fupa gbkq;fisj; Njbdhu;. mgj;j ehlf
Kiwikapd; kpfr; rpwe;j jkpo; tbtkhf ~mgRuk;|
,Ug;gJ ,jw;Fr; rhd;whFk;.
• eh. Re;juypq;fj;jpdhy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; %d;W.
mit tpopg;G> mgRuk;> gk;khj;J - gk;khj;J ,d;Dk;
fpilf;fg;ngwtpy;iy.
• Riù; `kPj;
• etPd ehlf newpahsu;fSs; tpje;J Fwpg;gplf;
$batuhfTk;> Kd;NdhbahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
• Nky;ehl;L mwpQu;fs;> ehlf tpwg; d;du;fsplk; gapwr
; p
ngw;wtu;.
• 1960 fspypUe;Nj fhj;jpukhd ehlf czu;Tld;
ehlfj; jahupg;gpy; <Lgl;ltu;.
mjyghjhsk;> nghk;kyhl;lk;> mtisf; nfhd;wtd;
eP Nghd;w nkhopngau;g;G> jOty; ehlfq;fis
newpahs;if nra;jtu;.
• ehlfj;ij xU mspf;iff; fiyahff; fz;ltu;.
• xsp> xyp> ,ir> xg;gid> Xtpak;> Nkilaikg;G
vd;gtw;wpid Nkil cj;jpfshff; ifahz;lhu;.
Riù; `kPj; • Vzpg;gbfs;> rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh> ru;r;ir>
NjNuhl;b kfd;> KWty; Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk;
newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ehlfj; j pd; fUg; n ghUis tpl ehlf Nkil
cj;jpfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;.
• mk; g p
• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; ehlfhrpupau;fSs; xUtuhf
mk;gpAk; Nkw; fpsk;Gfpd;whu;.
• ~Ntjhsk; nrhd;d fij| apid mk;gp vOjpdhu;.
,J gh ehlf tifapidr; rhu;e;jJ.

• k`hftp J.cUj; j pu%u; j ; j p

• gh ehlf tifapy; ehlfq;fis vOjpa ehlfhrpupau;
fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;.
• Nfhil> GjpanjhU tPL> Kw;wpw;W Mfpa ehlfq;
fis ,tu; vOjpdhu;.
• kz; thrid jJk; g pa re; j Kiwapyhd
nkhopapidf; ifahz;L ehlfq;fis vOjpaik
,tuJ rpwg;G.
• me;epa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpdhy; RNjrf; fiyfSf;F
Vw;gl;l epiyiaf; Nfhil ehlfk; ntspgg ; Lj;jpaJ.
• kPdtu;fs; md;Wk;> ,d;Wk;> vd;Wk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk;
rthy;fisg; GjpanjhU tPL ehlfj;jpy; ntspgg; Lj;jp
apUf;fpwhu;.
k`hftp J.cUj;jpu%u;j;jp • ,t; ,uz;L ehlfq;fisAk; (Nfhil> GjpanjhU
tPL) jhrPrpa]; newpg;gLj;jpdhu; vd;gij VyNt
fz;Nlhk;.
• Ngr;Nrhirg; gz;G nghUe;jpa ftpijfspd; gpjh
kfuhf k`hftp Nghw;wg;ngWfpd;whu;. ehlfj;jpYk;
,g;gz;G njhdpg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
• ,. rpthde;jd;
• <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ehlf Kd;Ndhbfspy; ,tUk; xUtuhthu;.
• tpbit Nehf;fp> fhyk; rptf;fpwJ Kjyhd ehlfq;
fis vOjp newpg;gLj;jpatu;.
• 1960 fspy; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof ehlf muq;F
fspy; mDgtk; ngw;wtu;.
• Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp jahupj;j ehlfq;fspy;
ebj;j mDgtKs;stu;.
• ~tpbit Nehf;fp| ehlfk; ,tiuf; fzpg;Gf;Fupa
newpahsuhf ,dq;fhl;baJ.
• ~fhyk; rptf;fpwJ| ehlf NkilAzu;Tld; vOjg;gl;l
ehlfkhFk;.
,e;ehlfk; ,aw;gz;G newpAk; Nkhbik newpAk;
fye;jitahfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ehlfk; r%fg; gpur;rpidiaf;$wp mjw;Fj; jPui
; tAk;
fhl;lNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifAilatu;.
• ~~,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; ehlf muq;fk;||
vd;Dk; Ma;T E}y; xd;iwAk; ,tu; vOjpdhu;.
,jd; %yk; ,tu; xU ehlf Ma;thsuhfTk; ,dq;
fhl;lg;gLfpd;whu;.

• ,. KUifad;
• <oj;Jf; ftpQu;fSs; Kjd;ikahdtuhd ,tu; gh
ehlfq;fis vOJtjpy; ifNju;e;jtu;.
• fôpak;> NfhGuthry;> juprdk; Kjyhd ehlfq;fis
Muk;g fhyq;fspy; vOjpdhu;.
• capu;j;j kdpjupd; $j;J> ngha;f;fhy;> ehkpUf;Fk;
ehL ekJ Kjyhd ehlfq;fisAk; vOjpdhu;.
• nkhopngau; g ; G > jOty; ehlfq; f spYk; <LghL
,. KUifad; nfhz;ltu;.
• N\f;]g ; paUila 12 ehlfq;fisAk; nkhopngau;gG ; r;
nra;Js;shu;.
• ~~khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy|| vd;w njUntsp
ehlfj;ijg; glr;rl;lNkilf;nfd rpjk;guehjd;
jahupj;jNghJ mjw;fhd vOj;JUit vOjpdhu;.
fzpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; epiyg;gl;l ghehlf Mw;Wiffs;

njhlu;ghd rQ;rpif xd;wpid Mf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;F

- Nguhrpupau;. fh. rptj;jk;gp
- Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU
- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• fl;bak; ,jo; 6
• $j;juq;fk; - Nk 2005



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fyhepjp Foe;ij. k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> f. ghNye;jpuh>

f. rpjk;guehjd; Kjyhd ehlf MSikfisg;
gw;wpawpjy;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fsJ ehlfq;fs;> ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;
fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis mwpjy;.
• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fs; muq;fpy; Nkw;nfhz;l khw;wq;fs;
vd;d vd;gijj; Njbawpjy;.
• mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fs; vOe;j gpdd ; zpfis Muha;eJ ;
mwpjy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> fyhepjp f.
rpjk;guehjd;> f. ghNye;jpuh gw;wpj; NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> f. ghNye;jpuh>

f. rpjk;guehjd; Kjyhdtu;fsJ xspg;glq;fs;.
• mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fs;> jahupg;Gepiyapy; vLf;fg;gl;l
xspg;glq;fs;.
• ehlfq;fspd; gl;bay;fs;> ml;ltizfs;
mwpKfk; : • 1980 fs; Kjy; ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; muq;fpd;

tsu;rr; papy; Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypqf ; k;> f. rpjk;guehjd;.
f. ghNye;jpuh MfpNahu; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;lJld;
mjpy; khw;wq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;Js;sdu; vd;gJ.
• Foe;ij. rz;Kfypq;fk; ehlf Mrpupau;> jahupg;ghsu;>
newpahsu;> fy;tpapayhsu; vdg; gd;Kf MSik
nfhz;L tpsq;fpdhu; vd;gJ.
• f. rpjk;guehjd; jkpo; muq;fpd; Nghf;if NtW jpirf;F
vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;. muq;if xU fy;tpahf> tpopg;G+l;Lk;
rhjdkhf> fUj;jhlw; fskhf> fl;ltpo;fF ; k; fUtpahf
tpupj;Jr; nrd;whu; vd;gJ.
• f. ghNye;jpuh gpwehl;L nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fis
mwpKfk; nra;jtu; vd;gJld; Gyk;ngau; muq;fpYk;
nraw;gl;L tUgtu; vd;gJ.


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; :

• Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;
• ~~ehlfj; jiyKiw xd;wpd; jha;|| vdg; Nguhrpupau;
fh. rptj;jk;gp mtu;fshy; tu;zpf;fg;gLgtu;.
,yq;ifj; jkpo; etPd ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fle;j
%d;W jrhg;jq;fshf ehlfg;gzpahw;wp tUgtu;.
• ,q;ifapd; etPd ehlf cUthf;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa
gq;Ftfpg;gtu;.
• ,tuJ muq;fpaw;gzp gy;gupkhzKilaJ.
ebfu;> ehlfhrpupau;> newpahsu;> Ma;thsu;> ehlfg;
Nghjdhrpupau;> ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up epWTeu;>
fy;tprhu; muq;fpidg; gpuf;iQg+u;tkhf cUthf;fpa
tu;.
• Gj;jspg;G ehlf Kiwikapy; Muk;gpj;Jg; gy
ghj;jpuq;fis Vw;W ebj;jtu;.
Foe; i j k.rz; K ypq; f k; tpjhidahu; nry;tuj;jpdj;jpd; jahupg;Gf;fs; gy
tw;wpy; ebj;jik. cjhuzk;: fpotd; ghj;jpuk;
Vw;W ebj;jik.
• fiyauR nrhu;zypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fspy; ebj;jtu;.
cjhuzk;: NjNuhl;b kfd; ehlfj;jpy; mu;Rddhf
ebj;jik.
• ~mUik ez;gd;| vd;Dk; ehlfj;jpd; %ykhf ehlf
Mrpupauhf mwpKfkhfp ,d;Wtiu 150 f;Fk; Nkw;
gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
• ehlfg; gzp Mw;wpaikf;fhf ,tUf;Ff; fpof;Fg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; ~ehlf ,yf;fpa fyhepjp
vDk; gl;lk; toq;fpf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fspy; ~kz;Rke;jNkdpau;|
,tiu kpfr; rpwe;j ehlfhrpupauhfj; jkpo; ehlf
cyfpw;F mwpKfkhf;fpaJ.
• Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fis vOJtNjhL epy;yhJ
nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fisAk; jkpo; ehlfj;
Jiwf;Fj; je;jhu;. cjhuzk;: ,g;rdpd; ~xU
ve;ijAk; jhAk; ghitapd; tPL|> NrNghf;fpsprpd; ~<bg;g]; kd;dd;|
• ,tuJ ehlf Mf;fg;gbKiwapid %d;Wfhy
fl;lq;fshf tFj;Jg; ghu;f;fyhk;.
1. 1957 - 1977 tiuahd Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fs;
2. 1977 - 1990 tiuahd ,ilf;fhy ehlfq;fs;
3. 1990 ,d;Wtiuahd jw;fhy ehlfq;fs;.
• ,tUila vOj;JUf;fisg; gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gLk;
,yf;fpa tbtkhff; nfhs;shky; muq;fpd; Mw;wy;
KOtijAk; czu;e;j xUtu; muq;f mspf;iff;F
vd toq;Fk; vOj;JUthfNt nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

• cs;ehl;L (RNjr) tbtkhd $j;Jf;fisj; jskhff;

nfhz;Lk;@ vOJgJfspy; Vw;gl;l muq;fr; nropg;Gf;f
isf; nfhz; L k; @ ghuk; g upa vz; z f; f Uf; f is
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; ,tu; je;j ehlf Mf;fq;fs;
vkf;F Ntz;ba muq;F xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfF ;
tpj;jpl;lJ vd;gu;.
• rkfhyg; gpur; r pidfSk; kdpj Kuz; g hLfSk;

rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlff; fUg;nghUshapd. xUtpj
mq;fjr; Rit ,tuJ ehlfj;jpD}L ,ioNahbr;
nry;Yk;. fhl;rp mikg;Gf;fSk;> Mil mzpkzpfSk;
rpdpkhg; ghzp ebg;Gk;> Guhzf; fijfSk; khzhf;fupd;
mDgtj;Jf;Fl;glhj fijfSk; Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;j
fhyj;jpy; ghlrhiyr; rpWtu;fspd; mDgtj;Jf;Fl;gl;l
rpWtu; ehlf ,yf;fzq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;jpa> rpWtu;
ve;ijAk; jhAk;
fsJ fw;gidiaj; J}z;b mtu;fspd; MSikfis
tsu;f;ff;$ba ehlfq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.
• ,tuJ ehlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tFj;J Nehf;fyhk;.

1. mz;zhj;Jiu ghzp ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: mUik ez;gu; (1957)
2. tuyhw;W tbt ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: itaj;Js; nja;tk; (1961)
3. fijNahl;l ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: cwTfs; (1982)
4. ciuQu; Kiw ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: neLk; gazk;
5. FwpaPl;L ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: jhAkha; ehAkhdhu; (1986)
thw;Ngj;ij (1996)
6. ghj;jputhf;f ehlfk;
cjhuzk;: ve;ijAk; jhAk; (1992)
7. csr; rpfpr;ir ehlfk;
cjhuzk;: md;idapl;l jP (1991)
8. rpWtu; ehlfq;fs;
(1) rpwpNahUf;fhfg; ngupNahu; ebj;jy;
cjhuzk;: $btpisahL ghg;gh
ve;ijAk; jhAk; (2) rpwpNahUf;fhfr; rpwpNahu; ebj;jy;
cjhuzk;: Kayhu; Kay;fpwhu;.
(3) rpwpNahUf;fhf rpwpNahUk; ngupNahUk; fye;J
ebj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: ,Lf;fz; tUq;fhy; (1998)
9. nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: kd;dd; <bg;g]; (1996)
md;upf;fdp> xU ghitapd; tPL> Jwtp
10. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlfj;jf;fhd khjpup tbtk;
cjhuzk;: Nts;tpj; jP (1994)

• rz;Kfypq;fk; muq;fpd; nghJg; gz;Gfs; vd;W

Nehf;Fk;NghJ> Nkiyj;Nja ehlff; Nfhl;ghLfs;>
fpNuf;f mtyr; Ritapd; (Tragedy) Nfhu]; Kiwik>
kfpo; newpapd; (Comedy) mq;ftPr;Rf;fs;> ,g;rdpd;
rKjhar; rpj; j pupg; G Kiw> Ngl; N lhy; gpnuf; b d;
njhiyg;gLj;jy; Kiw> fPioj;Njaf; $j;Jf;fspd;
Ml;lk; vd;gtw;wpd; cs; thq;fpa tbtNk ,tuJ
muq;f Kiwikapy; Gyg;gLfpd;wd.
• jdJ ehlfq;fs; gytw;iwAk; newpahs;if nra;j

rz;Kfypq;fk; Ntw;Wnkhop ehlfq;fs; rpytw;iwAk;
newpahs;if nra;Js;shu;.
cjhuzk;: xU ghitapd; tPL
• ehlfKk; muq;fpaiyAk; fw;gpff ; pdw

; rpwe;j Mrpupauhf
Tk; tpsq;fpdhu;.
f.ngh.j (cau;juk;)> gy;fiyf;fof khztu;> ehlf
muq;ff; fy;Y}up khztu;fs;> tl ,yq;if rq;fPj
rig khztu;fs; vdg; gyjug;gl;l khztu;fsJ
fy;tpj; Njitfis epiwT nra;jtuhfTk;
rz;Kfypq;fk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
• 1978 ,y; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upia epWtp ehlfj;

jahupg; G f; f is Nkw; n fhs; s Tk; ehlfj; J iwrhu;
mwptpid tsu;njLf;fTk; ,tu; ghLgl;lhu;.
• Jiwrhu; rQ;rpif xd;iw cUthf;f topfhl;bdhu;.

cjhuzk;: muq;F
• Jiwrhu; e ; j tpku; r dq; f isr; rpwg; g hfr; nra; A k;

jpwDilatuhff; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
• Jiwrhu; Ngr;rhsuhfTk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
• fy;tprhu; muq;F xd;iw Kd;ndLg;gjw;F ce;J rf;jp

ahfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tu; vOjpa ghlrhiy ehlfq;fs;>
rpWtu; ehlfq; f s; Kjypatw; i w cjhuzkhff;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Mu; n fhNyh rJuu; ;
• ,tu; vOjpa rpWtu; ehlfq;fSs; gpuf;iQ g+u;tkhd
jpUg;gj;ij 1980 fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa ehlfk; $b
tpisahL ghg;gh vd;gjhFk;.
• eld tif ehlfkhf ~Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;| vd;gijf;

Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yyhk;.

• f. ghNye;jpuh
• 1980fspy; ,yq;ifapd; etPd jkpo; muq;fpid
tsg;gLj;jpa muf;fpayhsUs; ,tUk; xUtu;.
• ,tu; Muk;gj;jpy; nfhOk;gpYk; gpd;du;
aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; jd; ehlf gzpfisr; nra;fpwhu;.
• aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ehlfj; Jiwapid tsu;f;fntd
~mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;|| vd;w epWtdj;ij
1978 ,y; epWtpdhu;.
• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpw;fhf f. ghNye;jpuh ,e;jpuh ghu;jj
;
rhujpapd; ~kio| vd;w ehlfj;ijj; jahupj;jhu;.
• 1973Kjy; ehlfk; jahupj;J tUgtu;. mitf;fhw;Wf;
fiyf; fofj;jpw;nfd ,urpfu; mitia
mikj; j pUe; j hu; . jw; N ghJk; mitf; f hw; W f;
fiyf;fofk; yz;ldpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. jtpu
mq; F xU ehlfg; gs; s piaAk; mikj; J r;
rpWtu; f Sf; f hd ehlfq; f isg; gapw; W tpj; J
tUfpwhu;.
• ebfuhfTk;> xsptpjhdpg;ghsuhfTk;> ftpQdhfTk;
,Ug;;gtu;.
• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpy; ,ize;J> jhrPrpa]; jahupj;j
~fe; j d; fUiz|apy; ghj; j puNkw; W ebj; j tu; .
mWgjpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis newpahs;if
nra;Js;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; mit nkhopngau;g;G>
jOty; ehlfq;fNs.
• ehlfg; gl;liwfs; %yk; ebg;Gg; gapw;rpfis
toq;Ffpwhu;. xt;nthU ghj;jpuKk; vq;F epw;f
f. ghNye; j puh Ntz; L k; vijg; Ngr Ntz; L k; > ghj; j puf;
Fzhjpraq;fs; vr;#oypy; vt;thW mikAk; vd;gJ
gw;wpnay;yhk; cstpay; uPjpapy; Muha;e;J mJ
gw; w p ebfUld; fye; J iuahb mtu; f Ns mg;
ghj;jpuj;ij czu;e;J ebf;fr; nra;jhu;.
• ghNye;jpuhtpd; nkhopngau;g;G - jOty; ehlfq;fs;:
fz;zhb thu;gG ; f;fs;> Gjpa cyfk; gioa ,Utu;>
xU ghiy tPL> ,ilntsp> Afju;kk;> Kfkpy;yhj
kdpju;fs;> rk;ge;jk;> miuAk; FiwAk;> Jf;sf;>
gpuj;jpNaff;fhl;rp> Nghfpw topf;F xd;W> kuzj;Js;
tho;Nthk;.
• mtuhy; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l Vida ehlfq;fs;:
,tu;fSf;F Ntbf;if> fpufq;fs; khWfpd;wd.
J}uj;J ,bKof;fk;> kio> xU Afj;jpd; tpk;ky;>
murdpd; Gj;jhil> gbf;f xU ghlk; Nghd;w ,d;Dk;
gy.
•
fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;
• ,tu; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapy; gapw;rp ngw;W
ehlf newpahsuhfg; gupzkpj;jtu;.
• kz; Rke;j Nkdpau; ehlfj;ij newpg;gLj;jpajd;
%yk; ehlf cyfpy; gpugykhdhu;.
• ehlfj; J iwapy; KJjj; J tkhzp gl; l j; j pw; f hf
r%fkhw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F vd;w Ma;tpid Nkw;
nfhz;ltu;.
• fyhepjpg; gl;lj;Jf;fhfj; jisePf;fj;Jf;fhd muq;
fpid Ma;T nra;jtu;.
• jhrPrpa]; newpg;gLj;jpa $b tpisahL ghg;gh
rpWtu; ehlfj;jpy; ebj;jtu;.
• gy;fiyf;fof ehlfq;fspy; ebj;j mDgtq;fSk;
,tiu ehlf newpahsuhf;fpaJ. vkJ gz;ghl;b
Ys;s gpur;rpidfis> Njitfis muq;F epiwT
nra;a KbAk; vd;w rpe;jidia ntspf;nfhzUk;
tifapy; muq;fpidg; gaDs;s tifapy; gad;
gLj;jpdhu;.
• ~kz; Rke;j Nkdpau;| ehlfk; rkfhyg; gpur;rpid
fisCLghthf itj;J nea;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.
NkhbAw;w ebg;G> NrhlidfshYk; jpiur;rPiyf
shYk; kiwf;fhJ ntw;W Nkilia khj;jpuk; gad;
gLj;jp ebfu;fspd; mirTfis khj;jpuk; nfhz;l
fhl;rpfspd; njhFg;G. Ckk;> ciuQu;fs; ebfu;f
shAk; fij $Wgtu;fshfTk; khWk; cj;jp Kiw
Mfpad ,e;ehlf mspg;G Kiwfshf mike;jd.
,e; ehlfj;ijr; rpjk;guehjd; newpahs;if nra;jhu;.
• fw;gidr; rpwg;Gk;> ehlf Mf;fKk;> Nkil mwpTk;
mtuJ jahupg;Gf;fspw; Gyg;gl;ld.
• rz;Kfypq;fj;jpd; ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;j rpjk;gu
ehjd; gpw;fhyq;fspy; ehlff; FOtpdUldhd
fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhz;L Gj;jspg;Gg; ghzp
apy; ehlfq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;.
• ftpQu; ,. KUifadJ vOj;JUf;fisj; jdJ
ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fspy; ,izg;gjd; %yk; kpfTk;
juk; tha;e;j ehlf Mw;Wiffisg; gilj;jhu;.
cjhuzk;: ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ> capuj ; j
; kdpjupd;
$j;J> ngha;f;fhy;
• ~khDlk; RlUk; xU tpLjiy| vd;w njUntsp
ehlfj;jpd;> Nkil mspf;iff;fhd vOj;JUthf;fj;
jpid ,. KUifad; vOjpf; nfhLf;f rpjk;guehjd;
mjid newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• ~nul; yd;ud;| vd;Dk; rPd xNgwh ehlfj;ij aho;
gy; f iyf; f of khztu; f Sf; f hf newpahs; i f
nra;jhu;.

• ,tu; newpahs;if nra;j ehlfq;fis tupirg;gLj;jp

Nehf;fpd;.
• rpWtu; muq;F - ~$b tpisahL ghg;gh> Kayhu;
Kay;fpwhu;> Mr;rp Rl;l til> md;idAk;
gpjhTk;> maytd; ahu;> jha; nrhy;iyj; jl;lhNj
• ghlrhiy ehlfq;fs; - rj;jpa Nrhjid> GOtha;
kukhfp> jhAkha; ehAkhdu;> vq;fs; jtg;gad;>
eufj;jpy; ,lu;g;gNlhk;.
• njUntsp muq;F - khakhd;> khDlk; RlUk;
Xu; tpLjiy.
• murpay; muq;F - kz; Rke;j Nkdpau;
• r%ff; FOk muq;F - fy;tpf;fhd muq;F>
ngz;zpiy muq;Ffs;> Rfhjhu tpopg;Gzu;T
muq;F
• fsg;gapw;rpfspD}lhd muq;Ffs;
• fl;ltpo; muq;F
r%fk; rhu;ej; > murpay; rhu;ej
; > gz;ghl;Lepiy
rhu;ej; xLf;fg;gl;l czu;Tfis kdk; jpwe;J
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU rhjfkhd #oiy
muq;fpD}lhf vt;tpjk; cUthf;f KbAk;
vd;gJ gw;wpa Njly; ,tuJ fl;ltpo; muq;f
eltbf;ifahf tsu;r;rp ngw;wJ.
• nkhopngau;g;G ehlfk; - nrt;tpsf;F
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; etPd ehlff;fiy tsu;r;rpapy;
Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpa
khw;wq;;fis vLj;Jf;$Wf.
• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd; jkpo; etPd ehlfj;jpy; Vw;

gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij mtuJ ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fis
kdq;nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.
• jpU. f. ghNye;jpuhtpd; muq;fpaw; gzpfisg; gl;baw;

gLj;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • 1. <oj;Jj; jkpo; ehlf muq;F

- Nguhrpupau;. rp. nksdFU
2. muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

- f. jpyfehjd;
3. r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F

- fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;
4. nka;g;ghL
- aho;. gy;fiyf;fo ntWntsp muq;ff;FO ntspaL
P



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • 1970 Kjy; Njhd;wpa ehlf epWtdq;fisf; Fwpgg

; pLjy;.
• me;ehlf epWtdq;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F Cf;f rf;jpahf
,Ue;Njhiuf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• me;ehlf kd;wq;fspy; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ehlfq;fspy;
fhzg;ngWk; rpwg;Gf;fis Muha;jy;.
• me;ehlf epWtdq;fspd; gy;NtW muq;f Kaw;rp
fisAk; Muha;jy;.
,dq;fz;L ntspg
nraw;ghL 4.2.7 : ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;rr
; pfF
; g; gq;fspgG
; r; nra;j
ehlf epWtdq;fspd; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfisAk;
NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • ehlf epWtdq; f shy; ntspaplg; g l; l E}y; f s; >

rQ;rpiffs;
• mtw;why; jahupff
; g;gl;l ehlfq;fspd; md;Nwy; muq;fr;
nraw;ghLfspd; xspg;Ngiofs; (CD/DVD)
mwpKfk; : • 1980 fs; Kjy; jw;NghJ tiu ,yq;ifapd; jkpo;

ehlf tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa iky;f; fy;yhfTk;> jpUg;G
Kidr; rf;jpahfTk; jpfo;ej
; ehlf kd;wq;fs; mtw;wpd;
ehlf kw;Wk; muq;f Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd
mwpKfj;ij Kd;itg;gjhf ,g;ghlk; mikfpwJ.

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs; :

• 1970 ,y; mikf;fg;ngw;w ebfu; xd;wpaKk;> 1976 ,y;
mikf; f g; n gw; w mjd; ,urpfu; mitAk; gw; w pa
mwpKfk;.
• ebfu; xd;wpaj;jpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa

xU Nehf;F.
• 1978 ,y; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; cUthf;fj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;Nwhu; gw;wp mwpjy;.

• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa xU

fz;Nzhl;lk;.
• ehlf tsu;r;rpf;fhd ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd;

gzpfis Muha;jy;.
• 1978,y; cUthd mitf; fhw;Wiff; fiyf; fofj;jpd;

cUthf;fj;jpwF; j; Jiz epdN
; whu; gw;wpAk; me;epWtd
Nehf;F gw;wpAkhd xU mwpKfk;.
• mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofj;jpd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpanjhU

ghu;it.
• jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wj;jpd; ehlf Kaw;rpfis Muha;jy;.
• muq; f nraw; g hl; L f; FOtpd; gy; N tW muq; f

Kaw;rpfs; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk;.
• nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fj;jpd; ehlfg; gzpfis

mwpjy;.
• ebfu; xd;wpak;
• jkpo; kf;fSf;nfd xU Njrpa ehlf kuig cU
thf;f Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;j jPtpu ehlff; FOf;
fspd; nraw;ghLfshy; cUthf;fk; ngw;wJ.
• aho;g;ghzj;J ney;ypagb mk;gyj;jhbfs; FO>
kl;lf;fsg;G ehlfrgh> $j;jhbfs; FO> vq;fs;
FO vd;gd ,ize;Nj ebfu; xd;wpak; cUthfpaJ.
• 1974 ,y; fe;jd; fUiziaj; jhrPrparpd; newp
ahs;ifapYk; f. ghNye;jpuhtpd; newpahs;ifapy;
,e;jpuh ghu;j;j rhujpapd; kio> jUK rptuhKtpd;
el;\j;jputhrpiaAk; jahupj;jJ.
• 1976 ,y; mikf;fg;gl;l ,urpfu; mit ghu;g;Nghupd;
ehlf ,uridia tsu;j;jJ.
• kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> NkhbAw;w ehlfq;fs;> Neu;
ehlfq;fs;> mgj;jrhay; ehlfq;fs;> nkhopngau;gG;
ehlfq;fs; vdg; gy;NtW tifahd ehlfq;fis
Nkilapl;lJ.
• nfhOk;gpy; ehlfg; gapw;rpfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fis
xOq;Fnra;J elj;jpaJ.
• ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up

• Ra Mf;f ehlfq;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; Mu;tk;
fhl;baik.
• ehlfg; gapw;rp tFg;Gfs; elj;jpaik.
• ehlff; fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jg;gl;lik.
• jukhd ,urpfu; Fohk; mikf;fg;ngw;wik.
• ~muq;F| vd;w rQ;rpifia ntspapl;lik.

• rpWtu; ehlfk;> ghlrhiy ehlfk;> r%f NkhJif

epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G ehlfq;fs;> murpay; NkhJif
epiyr; rpj;jpupg;G ehlfq;fs; vdg; gy;tifg;gl;l
ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jik.
• Nfhil> cwTfs;> tpsf;Fk; tpuy;fSk; mts; Vd;
fyq;Ffpwhs;. ve;ijAk; jhAk; Nghd;w Neu; ehlfq;
fs; GjpanjhU tPL> nghWj;jJNghJk;> capu;j;j
kdpjupd; $j;J> ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ Nghd;w
NkhbAw;w ehlfq;fs; fe;jd; fUiz> rq;fhuk;
Nghd;w $j;JKiwapyike;j ehlfq;fs;> $b
tpisahL ghg;gh Nghd;w rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; khDlk;
RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy Nghd;w njUntsp ehlfq;fs;
Nghd;wit ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upapd; jahupg;Gf
shFk;.
• 2003 ,y; ~Mu;nfhNyh rJuu;| vd;w ehl;ba
ehlfj;ijj; jahupj;J NkilNaw;wpaik.
• Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;> m. jhrPrpa];> V.up.
muR> tp.vk;. Ffuh[h> gpuhd;rp]; n[dk; MfpNahu;
,ize;J ,e;epWtdj;ij cUthf;fpaik.
• ,d;Wtiu nraw;gl;L tUk; epWtdkhf tpsq;F
fpd;wik.
• mitf;fhw;Wf; fiyf;fofk;
• f. ghNye;jpuh> epu;kyh epj;jpahde;jd;>
K. epj;jpahde;jd; MfpNahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
• nkhopngau;g;G ehlfq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaik.
• Afju;kk;> fz;zhb thu;g;Gf;fs;> xU ghiy tPL>
jiytu;> ,ilntspfs; Nghd;wit jahupf;fg;
gl;lik.
• muq;f nraw;ghl;Lf;FO
• muq;if r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd rhjdkhf;fpaik.
• xLf;fg;gl;Nlhupd; tpLjiyf;fhd muq;if
cUthf;fpaik.
• ~fy;tpapy; muq;F| vd;w tbtj;ijg; gs;spfspy;
nraw;gLj;jpaik.
• ebfu;fSf;fhd gapwr ; papy>; cly;> csf; fl;ltpoj
; y;
gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;ilr; nraw;gLj;jpaik.
• r%ff; FOk muq;Nf gpujhd muq;fr; nraw;ghlhf
mike;jik.
• tlf;F fpof;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspy; gue;J gzp
ahw;wpaik.
• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjdhy; topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.

• nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;fk;

• f. Njthde;jpdhy; top elj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
• mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; mDruizAlDk;>
RakhfTk; muq;f Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpdw ; ik.
• $j;juq;fk; vd;w ehlf rQ;rpifia ntspapl;L
tUfpd;wik.
• ghlrhiyfs; NjhWk; rpWtu; ehlfq;fis muq;fplL ;
tUfpd;wik.
• mf;fpdpg; ngU%r;R> g+r;rpfs; mupfF
; k; fz; ,ikfs;
vd;gd Kf;fpakhd ehlfq;fshFk;.
• jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk;
• 1965 ,y; mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau; mbfshupdhy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpopd; ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfg;
gupkhzq;fisAk; ghuk;gupaf; $j;J tbtq;fisAk;
mLj;j jiyKiwf;F vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;fhd thfd
khfj; jpUkiwf; fyhkd;wk; tpsq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
• ,Jtiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;tif ehlfq;fisAk;

jahupj;J NkilNaw;wpAs;sJ.
• jpUg;ghLfspd; ehlfk;
• $j;J
• etPd ehlfk;
• ,ir ehlfk;
• rpWtu; ehlfk;
• njUntsp ehlfk;
• jdpahs; ehlfk;
• ehlfj; J iw tsu; r ; r pf; F cjtf; $ ba gy; N tW

Kaw;rpfspYk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ.
• fsg; gapw;rpfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs;
• $j;Jf; Nghl;bfs;
mUl; j pU. kupaNrtpau; • muq;fpay; rhu;e;j nghUs;f; fhl;rpfs;
mbfshu;
• ehlf E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaPL
• jkpo; - rpq;fs ehlff; fiyg;ghy Kaw;rpfs;
• jpUg;ghLfspd; ehlfj;ij kj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpw;F

mg;ghw;gl;L xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Fuyhf ntspg;gLj;
Jk; Kaw;rpapd; gydhff; fy;thupf; fyk;gfk; (1994)
muq;fplg;gl;lJ. mUl;jpU. kupaNrtpau; mbfshu;
,jid vOjp newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• jpU. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;> FUjp fOtpa Ftyak;

(1999)> fy; t hupahfk; (2002) vd; g tw; i w vOjp
newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• fpwp];jtu;fs;> $j;jpy; njd;Nkhbf; $j;J kuigNa

jkJ kj Kd;Ndw;wj;jpwf ; hff; ifahz;L te;Js;sdu;.
,jpy; Mly; jtpu;f;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; jpUkiwf;
fyhkd;wk; MliyAk; ,izj;Jf; $j;ij mjd; KO
mu;j;jKk; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; epfo;j;jpaJ.
• ~Njtrfhak;gps;is| (1995) goik khwhg; gz;Gld;

Nkilaplg; g l; l njhd; w hFk; . mNjNtis ~eP xU
ghiw||Gjpa Mly; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSlDk; muq;f
cj;jpfNshLk; njd;Nkhb tbtpy; Mlg;gl;l $j;jhf
,Ue;jJ.
• m. ghyjh]pd; ~,lkpy;iy| fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;Gf;

fhyj;jpy; jha; je;ijau; mehjutha; miye;J
jpupe;jik rkfhy mfjp tho;Tld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;l
Mw;Wifahf mike;jJ.
• k. N[Rjh]dpd; ~VNuhjd;| (1996) njd;Nkhbf; $j;J

kuGld; ,ir ehlfk;> rpe;J eilf;$j;J vd;gdtw;wpd;
cj;jpKiw ,izg;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.
• gioa ,ir ehlf Mw;WiffSld;> Gjpa ,ir

ehlfq; f isAk; vOjpj; jahupj; j ik Fwpg; g plj;
jFe;jNjhu; mk;rk; MFk;. Ik;ngUk; fhg;gpaq;fspy;
rpe; j hkzp> tisahgjp> Fz; l yNfrp vd; g d
k. ijupaehjdpd; cjtpAld; kupaNrtpau;
mbfshupdhy; vOjp newpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• etP d ehlfj; jahupg; G fspy; nghWj; j JNghJk; >

neQ;rf;fdfy;> khnjhU ghfk; vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit.
• kd;wj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhf ~~thu;;j;ijfsw;w ehlfk;|

mike;jJ. Gwk; (1991)> jpUr;nry;tu; fhtpak; (1992)>
mNrhfh (1992)> ju; \ dh (2001) vd; g d ,jy;
Kf;fpakhdit.
• ~mNrhfh| mNrhfdpd; tuyhw;wpy; epfo;e;j Aj;jj;jpd;

Nfhu tpisTfs;> kdkhw;wk; vd;gd etPd cj;jpfSld;
gujk;> fjfsp> $j;J vd;gtw;wpd; fyg;gpy; cUthd
jhFk;.
• 90 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;> rPuN

; fLfs;>
rkhjhdk;> csj;jis ePf;fk; vd;gd njhlu;ghd
tpopg; G zu; T Vw; g Lj; J k; njUntsp ehlfq; f s;
eppfo;j;jg;gl;ld. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhupd; ~Mj;kahfk;|>
~~$bj;Jau; nty;|> ij. fz;zdpd; ~rkhjhd Xil|
vd;gd ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

• rpWtu; ehlfq;fisAk; kd;wk; muq;fpl;Ls;sJ.
• ~Mw;Wif| vd;fpw ehlf rQ;rpif njhlu;eJ

; ntspaplg;
gl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,J gapy;epiy khztu;fSf;Fk;>
ehlf Mu; t yu; f Sf; F k; ngupJk; cjtpaha;
mike;Js;sJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; ehlf kd;wq;
fspd; Kf;fpaj;jtj;ij Muha;f.
• ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; ehlf epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupf;

fg;ngw;w ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij
Kd;itf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • 1. <oj;J jkpo; ehlf muq;fk; - rp. nksdFU

2. Mw;Wif - jpUkiwf; fyhkd;w ntspaPL
3. muq;F - ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}up ntspaPL
4. $j;juq;fk; - nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;f ntspaPL
5. fiyr;RtLfs; - jpUkiwf; fyhkd;w ntspaPL



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;l njUntsp ehlfq;fs; gw;wpj;

jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.
• njUntsp ehlfg; gz;Gfis mbg;gilahf;f nfhz;L
tsu;r;rpngw;w Gjpa ehlfg;Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisj; Njbawpjy;.
• njUntsp ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;J ,urpj;jy;.
• njUntsp ehlfq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
• r%ff; FOk muq;Fld; njhlu;Gila ehlfq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.8 : njUntsp ehlfk; > r%f FOk muq; F gw; w pj;
NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPL : • njUntsp ehlfq;fs;> r%ff; FOk muq;F vd;gd

njhlu;ghd xspg; Ngiofs; (CD/DVD)
• Nkw;gb ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;
• fl;Liufs;> tpku;rdq;fs;
mwpKfk; : • ,yq;ifapd; jkpo; ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; njUntsp

ehlfq;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; cs;sJ. njUntsp
ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;fhd r%f nghUshjhu
murpay; #oiy mwpe;J nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
,e;ehlf Kiwik Vida (glr;rl;l) ehlf Kiwik
fspy; ,Ue;J NtWgLk; tpjj;ij ,dq;fhz;gJ
mtrpak; . NkYk; njUntsp ehlfg; gz; i g
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Cu;ty muq;F> Kfhk;
muq;F> fpuhk muq;F Nghd;w r%ff; FOk muq;Ffs;
Nkw;fpsk;gpa tpjj;ij Muha;jy; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
,e;ehlfq;fs; ahTk; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij
kjpg; g P L nra; j y; Ntz; L k; . me; e hlfq; f spd;
fUg;nghUs;> ehlff; fl;likg;G gw;wpAk; Muha;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.

: • nra;Kiw> fye;Jiuahly;> crhTif


: • njUntsp ehlfk;
• njUntsp ehlfk; vd;gJ njUit Mw;Wif
ntspahff; nfhz;L Mw;wg;gLtjhFk;. vd;w
NghjpYk; kf;fs; $Lfpd;w Nfhapy;> re;ij>
FbapUg;G> tpisahl;L ikjhdk; vd;gtw;wpYk;
Mw;wg;gl;L tUtJ.
• rpWtu; Kjy; ngupatu; tiuapyhd ghu;g;Nghiuf;
nfhz;lJ.
• njUTf;Fupa NtfKk;> Neur; RUf;fKk; cilaJ
(20 - 30 epkplq;fs;).
• ghu;g;Nghiu Mw;Wifapy; gq;Nfw;f itg;gjw;fhd
ftu;rr ; pAk;> tpag;g+l;lYk;> ke;jpu typikAk; kpf;fJ.
• tz;zkakhd Ntl cil xg;gidfs;> ,yFtpy;
vLj;Jr; nry;yf;$ba fhz;gpaq;fs; vd;gd ,lk;
ngWtJ.
• rkfhy murpay; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisf; fUg;nghU

shff; nfhz;lJ.
• ghu;g;Nghiu ehbr; nrd;W Mw;wg;gLtJ.
• 80 fspy; khakhd;> jpUtpoh> frpgG
; vd;gtw;Wf;$lhfj;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,e;ehlf Kiwik njhz;Z}W
fspYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;dUk; tsu;e;j tpjk; gw;wpf;
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
• 90fspy; ehlf muq;ff; fy;Y}upahy; jahupf;fg;ngw;w
~khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy| njUntsp ehlf
Kiwikapy; xU iky;f;fy;yhFk;.
• njUntsp ehlf MSikfshf tpje;J $wj;
jf;ftu;fs;.
- fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;
khakhd;> khDlk; RlUk; Xu; tpLjiy
- tp.vk;. Ffuhrh
frpg;G

- nr. ,sq;Nfh
Gy;yha; kdpjuha;> ,Us; ,dpr; rhFk;>
nfhbNaw;wk;
- ,. ghyrpq;fk;
mtyq;fs;> rKj;jpuj;jpnyhU rupj;jpuk;
- nry;tk; (GJit md;gd;)
neUg;G ejpapy; ePe;jpa kdpju;fs;
- Njthde;
mbRLk; kzy;ntsp> nfhLtPr;R> g+jk;
• r%ff; FOk muq;F

• r%ff; FOkq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w gy;NtW
NkhJif epiyg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPug ; g
; jid Nehf;
fhff; nfhz;l muq;Nf ,JthFk;.
• fpuhkq;fs;> ,lk;ngau;e;Njhu; Kfhk;fs;> ghlrhiy
fs; Nghd;wit ,e;j muq;fhw;Wifapd; ikag;
Gs;spfs;.
• 90fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpypUe;J ,lk; ngau;e;Njhu;
Kfhk;fspy; ,e;j muq;F njhlq;fpaJ.
• Rdhkp> Aj;jk; vd;gtw;wpd; kdtLj;jhf;fj;jpypUe;J
kf;fis Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;> ngz;fs; kPjhd ghypay;
td;Kiw> rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfk;> vapl;];> Nghijg;
nghUs; tpopgG ; zu;T> Kd;gs;sp nry;Yjy;> Rfhjhug;
gof;f tof;fq;fis filg;gpbj;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfs; gw;wp ,t;tuq;F NgRfpwJ.
• njUntsp muq;fpd; gz;GfisAk; cs;thq;fpf;
nfhz;L Mw;wg;gLtjhFk;.
• vdpDk; njUntsp muq;fpw;Fupa Neur; RUf;fj;ij
cilajy;y. (1 - 2 kzpj;jpahyq;fs;)
• rpWtu;fNs ,j;jifa muq;fpd; Kd;dpiyahd ghu;g;
NghuhfTk; Mw;Wifia capuj ; J
; bg;Gld; itj;jpUg;
NghuhAk;> tsu;e;Njhiu Mw;WifAld; ,izg;
NghuhAk; tpsq;Ftu;.
• Mw;Wifahsu;fs; jhk; ,dq;fz;l xU gpur;rpid
iag; ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;Nd itg;gJk; ghu;g;Nghu; mJ
gw;wp tpthjpjJ
; Mw;WNthUk; ghu;gN ; ghUk; ,ize;J
jPu;T fhZtJNk Mw;Wifapd; mbg;gilahf
mikAk;.
• muq;f tpisahl;Lf;fs;> ghly;fs;> Mly;fs;>
fijahly;> fij nrhy;yy; vd;gtw;wpD}lhfg;
ghu;g;Nghu; Mw;WifAld; ,izfpd;wdu;.
• Mw;WNthuhy; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;w xU ~gpur;rpid|
gbkk; Fwpj;Jg; ghu;g;NghUk;> Mw;WNthUk;
tpthjpg;gu;.
• Mw;WNthu; ghu;g;Nghu; neUf;fKk; cwTNk ,t;
tuq;fpd; capu;g;ghd mk;rkhFk;.

• ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtWgl;l cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L

mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; ,t;tifahd Mw;Wif
fSf;F mDruiz toq;Ffpd;wd.
• fyhepjp f. rpjk;guehjd;> nr. ,sq;Nfh> nr. tpej ; d;
Nghd;Nwhu; ,t;tuq;fpd; tsu;rr; papy; jk;ik <LgLj;jp
As;sdu;.
• td;dpapy; KO tPr;Rld; nraw;gl;l muq;F
,JthFk;.
Rfhjhug; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> Kd;gps;isg; guhaf;
fy;tp> khw;W Mw;wYila gps;isfis tYg;
gLj;jy;> ,staJj; jpUkzk;> mdu;jj ; q;fs; gw;wpa
mwpt+l;lk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis Kd;dpWj;jp ,t;
tuq;F td;dpapy; nr. ,sq;Nfhtpdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;
gl;lJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • njUntsp ehlfq; f spd; gpujhd gz; G fis
vLj;Jiuf;Ff.
• r%f NkhJif epiyapd; jPuT ; f;F r%ff; FOk muq;f

Kaw;rpfspd; tfpghfk; vj;jifaJ vd;gij Muha;f.
crhj; J iz : • r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd muq;F

- f. rpjk;guehjd;
• Rj;juq;fk; - nray;jpwd; muq;f ,af;f ntspaPL
njUntsp ehlfk;



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l rlq;F
muq;fpd; tfpghfk; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy;.
• fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; $j;ju;
Fohj;jpdupd; ,lk; gw;wp Muha;jy;.
• fypjn ; jhifapy; tUk; ehlfk; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj;
njhFj;Jiuj;jy;.
• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlff; fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;
fhd rhd;Wfisj; jpul;Ljy;
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; Fwpg;gpLk; Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; kuGfs;
gw;wpAk; mtw;Wf;F Clhf Nkw;fpsk;Gk; ehlfq;fspd;
jd;ik Fwpj;Jk; Kd;itj;jy;.
• mbepiy kf;fspd; rlq;fhw;Wiffspy; fhzg; ngWfpdw ;
ehlfj; jd;ikfis vLj;Jiuj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.9 : fp.gp. 600 ,w; F Kw; g l; l rlq; F muq; F Kjy;

rpyg;gjpfhuk; tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf tuyhw;W
tsu;r;rpapidj; NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • gz;ilj; jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;

- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
mwpKfk; : • fp. gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tuyhw;W

tsu;rr; papid tPuAfk;> epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf; fhyk;>
tzpf Nkyhz;ikf;fhyk; vd;w fhyg; gpupTfSf;F
Clhf Muhayhk;. GwehD}W Kjy; rpyg;gjpfhuk;
tiuapyhd gy;NtW E}y;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wp Muha;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf
Kd;itf;fg;ngWk; tplak; MFk;.


tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;:

• fp.gp. 600 ,w;F Kw;gl;l tPuAf Mw;WifahdJ rlq;F
muq;F> njhopw; FOf;fspd; Mw;Wif vd
NtWgLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;.
• fypj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w

E}y;fSf;F Clhf epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhy
ehlfk; gw;wp Kd;itf;fg;ngWk; jfty;fs;.
• rpyg; g jpfhuj; j py; Fwpg; g plg; n gWfpd; w Ntj; j pay; >

nghJtpay; Mw;Wif kuGfSk;> Ntj;jpay; kuGf;Fs;
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; khjtpapd; gjpndhU Mly;
fSk; > nghJtpaYf; F s; $wg; g LtJk; mbepiy
kf; f spd; fiyahf miktJkhd Ntl; L ttup; >
Fd;wf;Fuit> Ma;rr ; pau; Fuit gw;wpaJkhd Muha;T.
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kd;itf;Fk; ehlf ,yf;fzq;fs; gw;wpa

xU Kd;itg;G.
jkpof rlq;F muq;F

• fsNts; t p> ntwpahl; L > thlhts; s p> ijeP u hly;
vd;gtw;wpw;F Clhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLk; rlq;F
muq;F ehlfj;jd;ik tha;e;jJ.
• GwehD}W> mfehD}W> gjpw; W g; g j; J > gjpndz;
fPo;f;fzf;F Nghd;w E}y;fspy; rlq;Ffs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg; ngw;Ws;sd.
njhopy;Kiwf; FOf;fspd; Mly;fs;

• $j;ju; ghzu;> nghUeu;> mfTeu;> tpwypau; Gytu;>
itupau; vd;Dk; $j;ju; Fohj;jpdu; murdpd; ehs;
kfpopUf;ifapd; NghJ kd;WfspYk;> nghJkf;fs; $Lk;
njUNthuq;fspYk; $j;ij MbAs;sdu;.
• murdJ Nghu;f;fs tPuk; gw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghbj; jk;
tWikiag; Nghf; F k; jputpak; ngWtJ $j; j u;
Fohj;jpdupd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ.
• ngUk; g hYk; Nghu; f ; f s tP u j; i jAk; > nfhilr;
rpwg;igAk; Gfo;tNj ghLnghUshf ,Ue;Js;sJ.
• aho;> KoT> NfhL> tapu;> jlhup> gjiy> fpiz>
KuR Nghd; w thj; j paq; f s; Mw; W ifapd; N ghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• KuR Nghd;w Ngnuhyp vOg;Gk; thj;jpaq;fspd; gad;ghL
Mw;WifahdJ jpwe;jntspfspy; elj;jg;gl;likia
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.
epykhdpa Nkyhz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ehlfk;

• fypj;njhif> njhy;fhg;gpak;> jpUf;Fws; Nghd;w
E}y;fspy; ,f;fhy ehlfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; fhzg;
ngWfpd;wd.
• jiytd; jiytpf;F ,ilapyhd Cliyj; jzpg;gNj

,f;fhyj;Jf; $j;ju;fspd; gzpahf ,Ue;Js;sJ.
,jdhy; ghLnghUs; ngUk;ghYk; fhkg; nghUshfNt
,Ue;Js;sJ.
• 32 tif nka;g;ghLfSk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lkhfg;
gz;iz Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
• %Nte; j Uk; > FWepy kd; d Uk; ehlf kfspupd;
MliyAk; ghliyAk; fz;ljhYk; Nfl;ljhYk; 32
tif nka;g; ghLfs; Njhd;wpajhfj; njhy;fhg;gpak;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
• ehlf tof;Fg; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ehlf tof;ifg; Gide;Jiu tif
vd;fpwhu; er;rpdhu;f;fpdpau;.
• ehlfk; Js;sy; Xir nfhz;l eldkhf ,Ue;Js;sik
fypj;njhifapy; ntspg;gLfpwJ.
• jpUf;Fws; MLfsk; gw;wpa xU Fwpg;igj; jUfpwJ.
mJ MLfsj;jpd; epiyahik gw;wpajhFk;.
rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ehlfk;
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; xU ehlf fhg;gpakhfTk;> ehlfk; gw;wpa
gy;NtW jfty;fisj; jUfpdw ; E}yhfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ.
• khjtp Nte;ju;fSf;Fk;> FWepy kd;du;fSf;Fk;
Kd;dhy; Mba 11 tifahd Mly;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpgg ; plg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• Mly; kfspupd; ,yf;fzk;> ehlf muq;F> ,ir
Mrpupad; > jz; Z ikahrpupad; vd; g d gw; w pf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
• nghJtpay; muq;F gw;wpAk; rhf;ifau; $j;J kw;Wk;
mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfq;fs; gw;wpAk; Fwpgg; plL
; s;sJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fp.gp. 600 f;F Kw;gl;l jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy;
$j;ju; Fohj;jpdupd; tfpghfj;ij kjpg;gpLf.
• jkpof ehlf tsu;r;rpapy; rlq;F muq;fpd; ,lj;ij
Muha;f.
• fypjn ; jhifapy; ehlfk; gw;wpa jfty;fs; vLj;Jiuf;fg;
gLk; tpjj;jpid Kd;itf;Ff.
• rpyg;gjpfhuj;ij xU ehlf fhg;gpakhff; nfhs;tjw;
fhd rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;Ff.
• ~~rpyg;gjpfhuk; mbepiy kf;fspd; ehlfj;ijf;$Wk;
E}yhfTk; cs;sJ|| tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • GwehD}W
• gz;ilj;jkpo;r; r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;
• rpyg;gjpfhuk; - gupNkofu; ciu (fofg;gjpg;G)
- f. jpyfehjd;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jkpof ehlf tsu;rr ; papy; fp.gp. 600f;Fg; gpw;gl;l jkpof
ehlf tuyhw;wpd; jpUg;GKidf;Fupa mk;rq;fis
,dq;fhZjy;.
• gy;yt> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Mlg;ngw;w ehlfq;fs;> mit
epfo;j;jg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs; vd;gtw;iwj; Njb
Kd;itj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.10 : fp.gp. 600 Kjy; fp.gp. 1300 tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf
tuyhw;wpd; gpujhd fl;lq;fisj; NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL : • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

• Nfhapy; muq;f kuG Mfpa E}y;fs; - xspg;glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : • fp. gp. 600 - fp.gp. 1300 tiuapyhd jkpof ehlf

tuyhw;wpd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fisAk; jpUg;GKidfisAk;
mtw;wpw;fhd gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfisAk; Njbawpe;J
fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.


: • gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,e;Jf;Nfhapy;fs; kf;fs;
tho; f ; i fapd; gz; g hl; L ikaq; f shdikAk;
mg;gz;ghl;ilf; fiyfs; NgzpaikAk;.
• ,ir> eldk;> $j;J vd;gd nja;tq;fSld; ,izf;fg;

gl;bUe;jik.
• NfhapYf; F s; N s gy ghj; j puq; f is ,izj; J

ehlfj;ij cUthf;Ffpw kuG fhzg;gl;lik.
• Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ehlfq;fs; rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jikiaf;

fy;ntl;Lr; rhd;whjhuq;fs; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wik.
• Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; Mupaf;$j;J> jkpo;f;$j;J> rhe;jpf;

$j;J> rhf;iff;$j;J Nghd;;w $j;J tiffSk;
ehlfKk; Mlg;gl;lik.

• ,j;jifa ehlfq;fis Nkilapl ehdhtpj ehlf

rhiyfs; ,Ue;jik.
• Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fspYk; tpNrl jpdq;fspYk; ,e;j

ehlfq;fs; ebf;fg;gl;lik.
• Nrhou; fhy ehlfq;fs; tlnkhop kugpy; te;jpUf;ff;

$Lk; vd;gJ.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; vOe;j ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf
kjpg;gpLf.
crhj; J iz : • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• Nfhapy; muq;f kuG - jpU. f. jpyfehjd;



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fp.gp. 1300 ,ypUe;J fp.gp. 1700 f;F ,ilg;gl;l gs;S
FwtQ;rp> nehz;b> njUf;$j;J ehlf tbtq;fspd;
Nghf;Ffis mwpjy;.
• fp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;rp muq;fpy; Vw;gl;l tbt khWjy;fs;
gw;wp mwpjy;.
• fp.gp. 1900 fspy; jkpof etPd muq;F vj;jifa
rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;jJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.11 : fp.gp. 1300 ,d; gpd; jkpo;ehlf tbtq;fspy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • Mw;Wiffisg; ghu;j;jy;

• xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs;
• E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;
mwpKfk; : • jkpof muq;f tbtq;fis khw;wpaikj;jjpy; tp[a

efu ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ehlf ,yf;fpa
tbtq;fSf;Fg; ngUk; gq;Fz;L.
• ,jw;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; muq;Ffs; Nfhapiy ika
khff; nfhz; L cs; s f muq; F fspy; vOr; r p
ngw;wpUe;jd.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; muq;F NfhapYf;F ntspNa nry;y
Ntz;ba jtpu;f;f Kbahj #oypw;F cl;gLfpd;wJ.
• muq;F jpwe;j ntspf;Fr; nry;fpd;wNghJ mjd;
mspf;ifapYk; khWjy;fs; Vw;glj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd.
,e;j khw;wq;fs; vt;tpjk; jkpo; muq;fg; Nghf;fpidAk;
khw;wj;jpw;Fs;shf;fpd vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;tNj


: • gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b Nghd;w ehlf tbtq;fs;
mbepiy kf;fSf;fhd ehlf ,yf;fpaq;fshf ntspj;
njupfpd;wd. kjk; khwpf;nfhz;bUe;j mtu;fSld;

irt> it\;zt rkurk; Ngr Ntz;ba xU #oYf;Fs;

Njhd; w pa ,t; t btq; f spy; xUtpj gpurhuj; j dk;
,ioNahbapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
• cau; ghj;jpuq;fs; cau; nrOikapYk; mbepiyg;

ghj;jpuq;fs; xUtpjf; fpz;ly;> Nfyp epiyapYk;
rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.
• cau; Fohk; jdJ gpurhuj; Njitf;F mbepiyg;

ghj;jpuq;fisf; ifahz;L ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sik
xUtpj mofpay; tul;rpf;F cl;gl;Ls;sik Nghd;Wk;
ntspj; njupfpd;wJ.
• ,f; f hy muq; F fs; ~~vLj; J iuf; F k; | | muq; f g;

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;litahf cs;sd.
• ehlfhrpupau; fijia mwpKfg;gLj;jg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

jk;ikj; jhk; glu;f;ifapYk; jd;ikapYk; mwpKfk;
nra;gitahf cs;sd.
gs; S
• gs;S ehlfj;jpy; ~gs;Nsry; md;Nwy; gs;spau; Vry;|
vd;wgFjp ehlfj;jd;ik tha;ej
; nrhy;yhlw; gFjpahf
cs;sJ.
• ehlfj;jpd; fhl;rpg;; gpd;Gyk; ghly;fs; %yk; md;Nwy;

nrhw;fs; %yk; vLj;Jzu;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ghj;jpuq;fspd; ngsjpfg; gz;Gfs;> cstpaw; gz;Gfs;

vd;git ghly;fs; %yk; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• MrpupaNu $j;jpd; rigf;ftp md;Nwy; fl;bafhuidg;

Nghd;W fij mwpKfk;> ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> fhl;rpfisj;
njhlu;GgLj;jy; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gzpfisr;
nra;gtu; Nghd;wike;Js;sJ.
FwtQ; r p
• FwtQ;rp cyh> Fwk;> FSt ehlfk; vd;w %d;W
gFjpfisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ~Fwk;| vd;fpd;w Fwj;jp
Fwp nrhy;yy; fijapd; ikag; gFjpahfTk; cyhit
Ak; FSt ehlfj;ijAk; ,izf;Fk; gFjpahfTk;
cs;sJ.
• cyhtpy; Fw; w hyehjUf; F k; tre; j ty; y pf; F k;

,ilapyhd fhjy; cau; epiyapYk;> rpqf
; d; - rpqf
; pfF
;
,ilapyhd fhjy; khDlf; fhjy; epiyapy;
,opthfTk; ghu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• gukhj;khTld; [Pthj;kh If;fpag;gLfpd;w epiyapid

cyhtpy; gilj;J> khDlf; fhjiyf; fhl;bYk;
nja;tf
P f; fhjy; NkyhdJ vd;fpd;w kjg;gpurhu thil
Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rpapy; CLght tplg;gLfpd;wJ.
• nehz; b
nehz;b> kjk; khwpajd; fhuzkhfTk; mtdJ
elj;ij fhuzkhfTk; jdJ fhiy ,oe;J nfhz;l
jdJ mtyj;ijj; jhNd Mz;ltd; Kd;dpiyapy;
$wpg; gr;rhjhgg;gLtjhf; fij gpd;dg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gs;S> FwtQ;rp> nehz;b Nghd;w ehlf tbtq;fs;

~vLj;Jiuf;Fk; muq;F| md;Nwy; ~fij$Wk;| muq;fg;
gz;ghf tsu;e;j epiyapy; $j;Jf;Fupa gy mspf;if
mk;rq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;ld.
njUf; $ j; J
• njUf;$j;Jf;fs; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fUf;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;litahfTk; KOr; #oYNk muq;f
ntspahfTk; xNu Neuj;jpy; rlq;fhfTk; mNj Neuk;
muq;fhfTk; nraw;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lditahfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
• njUf; $ j; j py; ghj; j puq; f s; ,we; j fhyj; j pw; F

cupadthfTk;> ghu;gN ; ghu; epfo;fhyj;jpw;F cupatuhf
Tk; jpiu ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izg;gjhfTk; cs;sJ.
fl;bafhuNd ,t;tpU fhyq;fisAk; ,izg;gtdhf
cs;shd;. ghly;> Mly;fspd; Kbtpy; jd;ndOr;rpahd
nrhy; y hly; f Sk; fhzg; g Lk; . muq; F fhl; r pg;
nghUs;fs;> Nkilg; nghUs;fs; ngUkstpy; ,y;yhj
tplj;Jk; ngUq;fhl;rpg; gz;G nfhz;ljhfNt mike;J
fhzg;ngWfpd;wJ.
• ghu;]p muq;F
fp.gp. 1800 fspy; ghu;]p muq;F gpupj;jhdpauhl;rpapd;
fiyg; nghf;fprq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yj;jf;f tifapy;
ghurPff; fk;gdpfs; %yk; gk;gha;g; gFjpapD}lhfj;
jkpo; ehl;by; mwpKfkhfpaJ. ghu;]p ehlfk; %lg;gl;l
glr;rl;l muq;FfSld; $ba Kg;gupkhzf; fhl;rpj;
jpiufisf; nfhz;l xUtpj kUl;if muq;fhf
mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.
• ghu;]p muq;FfSld; $bajhd ehlf cs;slf;fk;

ghu;gN
; ghiu mjd; fzNeu tho;fi
; fapd; kUl;iff;Fs;
mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; xd;whfNt ntspg;gLj;jg;gl
yhapw;W.

• ghu;]p muq;Ffs; ~ghlNy| muq;fhfTk; ghlYf;F

Clhf muq;fpd; KO ty;yikfisAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; xd;whfTk; tsu;r;rp ngwyhapw;W.
• fp.gp. 1700 fspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fPuj

; j
; id kugpypUe;J
tsu;r;rp ngw;Wf; fu;ehlf ,iria Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa
muq;Ffshfg; ghu;]p ,irehlf/];ng\y; ehlfkuG
mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,jd; ehlfghl cUthf;fj;jpy;
rq;fujh];RthkpfsJ gzp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
• ghu;]p ehlf kuG ghuk;gupa muq;FfisAk; etPd

muq;FfisAk; ,izf;Fk; ghykhfj; njhopwg
; Ltijf;
fhzyhk;.
etPd ehlfq;fs;
• ghu;]p/];ng\y; ehlf kugpd; njhlu;rr
; pahfj; Njhw;wk;
ngw;w etPd ehlfq;fspd; Kd;Ndhbahfg; gk;gy; rk;ge;j
Kjypahu; mikfpd;whu;.
• ,tuJ ehlf <LghLfs;
• Mq;fpy ehlf mikg;igj; jOtp vOJjy;
• ghu;]p muq;fpd; Nkilf;fhl;rp mikg;Gf;fisj;
jOtp vOJjy;.
• Nky;ehl;L> tlnkhop ehlff; fw;if mtuJ ehlff;

fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. gioa muq;fpd;
njhlu; r ; r pahfg; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfisAk;
ehlfkhf;fpdhu;. gpd;dhspy; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisAk;
ehlfkhf;fpdhu;. etPd jkpo; muq;F INuhg;ghitg;
Nghd; W cs; s lf; f j; j pYk; tbt mikg; g pYk;
ajhu; j ; j j; i jg; Ngz Kbatpy; i y. ~ghly; |
muq;fpw;Fg; gupr;rakhd ghu;gN
; ghiu> ehlf vOj;JUf;
fspd; ,ilapilNa ghly;fisAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;tjd; %yNk jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Kbe;jJ.
• njhlu;r;rpahd etPd muq;f Kaw;rpfs; 3 jsq;fspy;

rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;FfshfTk;> tbtq;fshfTk;
tsu;e;njLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
1. ghuk;gupa / kuGtop muq;Ffis kPl;nlLf;Fk;
md;Nwy; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp.
2. ghuk;gupa tbtj;jpw;Fs; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfis
,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rp
3. ghuk;gupaj;Jld; rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfisAk;
,izj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mNjNtis ru;tNjr uPjpahd
muq;f tbtq;fspd; jw;GJikfisAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;l tsu;r;rp epiy - Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;>
NtY rutzd;> t. MWKfk; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;
gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

• Nkw;$wpa Kaw;rpfSld; khw;W muq;fr; nrad;Kiw

fSk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; muq;f epiyapy; tsu;j;njLf;fg;
gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,jpy; K. ,uhkRthkp> gpusad;
Nghd;Nwhupd; gzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
fzpg; g P L : • fp.gp. 1300 fspypUe;J fp.gp. 1700 f;F ,ilg;gl;l

fhyq;fspy; vLj;Jiuf;Fk; muq;fg; gz;Gfs;. gs;S>
FwtQ; r p> nehz; b Nghd; w ehlf tbtq; f spy;
ntspg;gl;Ls;s Kiwikapid tpsf;Ff.
• ghu;]p/];ng\y; muq;f tbtq;fspd; muq;fpay; El;gq;

fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• etPd muq;F jkpof muq;f tbtq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa

khw;wq;fis Muha;f.
crhj; J iz : • muq;F xU mwpKfk;

- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;



fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fPu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p ehlfk;> etPd ehlfk;

vd;gtw;wpd; Njhw;wg; gpd;Gyk; gw;wpawpjy;.
• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; ghu;]p ehlfj;
jpd; tUiff;Fkhd njhlu;Gfis mwpjy;.
• ghu; ] p ehlfj; J f; F k; etP d ehlfj; J f; F khd
njhlu;Gfis mwpjy;.
• etPd muq;fpd; rkfhyg; Nghf;FfisAk; mwpjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.2.12 : jkpof ehlf tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 1700 Kjy; INuhg;gpau;

tUif tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy; fPu;j;jid kw;Wk;
ghu;]ptop muq;Ffspd; tUif
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL :• fPu;j;jid ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;

• ghu;]p ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
• etPd ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
• rq; f ujh]; R thkpfs; > gk; k y; rk; g e; j Kjypahu;
MfpNahuJ xspg;glq;fs;.
• etPd ehlftpayhsu;fsJ ehlfq;fspd; xyp> xsp
,Wtl;Lf;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : • 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; kuhl;bau;fSk; ehaf;fu;fSk; jkpo;

ehl;il Mz;L nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mNj Neuk; jkpo;
ehl;bd; ,irf;fiyapy; <LghL nfhz;L mf;fiyia
tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;Lk; ,Ue;jdu;.
• ,f; f hy fl; l j; j py; njYq; F ,ir jkpofj; j py;

NkNyhq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
• kfhuh\;buj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;Dk;

tbtj;jpD}lhff; fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; mwpKfkhfpd.
• 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNy ghu;]p ,dj;ijr;

Nru;e;j tpahghupfs; Nky;ehl;L ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
ngw;w Nkil EZf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gbj;Njhiu
Kf;fpakhf Mq;fpNyaiu kfpo;r;rpg;gLj;jf; fyg;gpd
ehlf tbtkhd ghu;]p ehlf kugpid mwpKfk;
nra;jdu;.

• ,e;J];jhdp> ,q;fpy]
P ; nkl;Lf;fspy; mike;jJk; Mly;
mw;Wk; ghly; trdk; kype;Jk; $j;Jf;fs; Nghy; tpba
tpba Mlg;glhky; Neur; RUf;fKk; tpWtpWg;Gk;
ciladthd ghu;]p ehlfq;fs; mwpKfkhapd.
• njhlu;eJ
; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff
; j;jpdu;
Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj; jkpopy; ju Kaw;rp vLj;jdu;.
• gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;> ebg;gjw;fhd

ehlfq;fs;> gpurpj;j ehlf tbtq;fs; vd etPd jkpo;
ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.


: fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs;
• ,iria khj;jpuNk fUtpahff; nfhz;l ehlf tbtk;
fPu;j;jid ehlfkhFk;.
• njYq;F ,irapd; Mjpf;fk; fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fSf;

Fz;L.
• xU Fwpg;gpl;l Guhzf; fijia ,j;jifa ,ir

tbtq;fspNy $wp kf;fSf;F tpsf;Ffpd;w xU kuG
cUthfpwW
; . ,jidNa fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;gu;. ,jid
xU ehlf tif vd;Nw $wyhk;.
• ,J xUtNu fij $wp ebg;gjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gf;f

thj;jpaf;fhuu; xUtu; ,Ug;ghu;. mtNu gf;fg; ghl;Lg;
ghLgtuhfTk; fij Nfl;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghu;.
• ,e;jf; fjhfhNyl;Nrgk; vd;Dk; ,k;kuG fu;ehlf

rq;fPjj;Jld; njhlu;gl;Lj; jkpo;ehl;by; gpugykhfpaJ.
• ,e;jf; fjhfhNyl;N;rgk; kugpypUe;J jhd; fPu;j;jid

ehlfq; f s; cUthFfpd; w d. mjhtJ> ,ir
tbtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU ehlftbtk;
,JthFk;.
• jkpopy; mUzhryf; f tpuhau; ~,uhk ehlff;

fPu;j;jidia vOjpdhu;. NfhghyfpU\;z ghujpahu;
~ee;jdhu; rupj;jpuf; fPu;j;jid|ia vOjpdhu;.
• fP u ; j ; j id ehlfq; f is xUtNu fjhfhNyl; N rg

KiwapNy nrhy;ypapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;dhy; ,ijg;
gyu; ghj;jpuk; jhq;fp ebf;fpd;w KiwAk; cUthfp
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fisf; Nfa ehlfq;fs; vd;Wk;

miog;gu;.
• fhg;G tpUj;jk;> fzgjp tUif> fl;baf;fhud; tUif>

ghj;jpu tUif> ghj;jpuk; jq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jy;>
ghj;jpuq;fs; gpdd
; u; ciuahly;> mjd; %ykhf ehlfk;
tsUjy;> kf;fs; $Wjy; vd ,e;ehlf mikg;G ,lk;
ngWfpd;wJ.
• ,t; mikg;G jkpo;f; $j;J kugpidAk; rk];fpUj

kugpdpy; te;j ehlf kugpidAk; mbnahw;wpajhfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wJ.
• fPu;j;jid ehlfq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tpUj;jk;> jU>

jpgij Mfpa %d;W ghly; mikg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. tpUj;jj;jpy; uhfk; mike;jpUf;Fk;.
Mdhy; jhsk; mikahJ. jUtpNy ,uhfKk; jhsKk;
mike;jpUf;Fk;.
• ,J gy; y tp> mDgy; y tp> ruzk; Mfpa %d; W

gFjpfisf; nfhz;l fPu;j;jdq;fshFk;.
• ,t;tif ehlfq;fis ebg;gjw;Ff; FuYk;> ebg;Gj;

jpwDk; Kf;fpak; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghu;]p ehlf kuG

• 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ghu;]p ,dj;ijr;
Nru;e;j tpahghupfs; Nkdhl;L ehlfq;fspy; ,Ue;J
ngw;w Nkil EZf;fq;fisf; nfhz;L gbj;Njhiu>
Mq;fpNyaiu kfpo;r;rpg;gLj;jntdf; nfhz;L te;j
xU ehlf tbtkhf ,ijf; nfhs;syhk;.
• ,e;J];jhdpa> Mq;fpy nkl;Lg;ghly;fis mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;lJ.
• ghlNy Kf;fpak; ngWk;.
• Neur; RUf;fKk; tpWtpWg;Gk; nfhz;l ehlf tbtkhf

mikfpd;wJ.
• %d;W gf;fKk; milf;fg;gl;L xU gf;fk; ghu;gN

; ghiuf;
nfhz;l muq;fpNy ,e;ehlfq;fs; ebf;fg;gl;ld.
• Kd;jpiu> gf;fj;jpiufs;> fhl;rpr; Nrhlidfs;> fhl;rpj;

jpiufs; vd;gtw;Wld; ehlfk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• gpw;ghl;Lf;fhuUk;> gpd;dzp thj;jpaf;fhuUk; Nkilapd;

Xukhf kiwthf mku;j;jg;gl;ldu;.
• ebg;G njhopy; Kiwahapw;W. efu;g;Gwg; ghu;g;NghuJ

ehlf tbtkhfpaJ.
• ,k;kugpy; ,Utu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fshtu;.

1. ghyhkzp mk;ikahu;
2. rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
ghyhkzp mk;ikahu ;
• 1880 - 1890 tiu Gfo;ngw;wtu;.
Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; mofpa ,sk; ngz;fis itj;J
ehlfk; elj;jpatu;.
• Xtpak; tiuag;gl;l jpiufisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
muz;kid> g+q;fh rPdwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ngw;Nwhkhf;]; xspapid muq;fpy; cgNahfpj;jhu;.
• ngz;fNs ngz;ghj;jpuq;fisj; jhq;fp ebj;jdu;.
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
• igad;fis itj;J ehlfk; Nghl;ltu;.
• Ngha;]; (Boys;) ehlff; fk;gdp vd;w ngaupy; jkJ
ehlf kd;wj;ij mikj;Jg; igad;fis kl;Lk; ehlff;
FOtpy; ,izj;jhu;.
• me;epa ehlfkugpidj; jkpo; kugpw;Ff; nfhz;L te;j
ngUik ,tiuNa rhUk;.
jkpo;ehl;Lf; fijfs; ,e;ehlf tbtj;jpd; fijg;
nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• ,e;J];jhdp> Nkw;fj;ija ,irf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpopir>
fu;ehlf ,iria ,tu; ifahSfpd;whu;.
• ebg;Gj;jpwd;> gapw;Wtpf;Fk; jpwd;> ehlf Mf;fj;jpwd;>
fu;ehlf rq;fj P j;jpwd;> ghl;baw;Wk; jpwd;> gioa jkpo;
,yf;fpaq;fspd; Nju;r;rp epu;thfj;jpwd; vdg; gy
jpwd;fisf; nfhz;ltu;.
• rq; f ujh]; Rthkpfs; ,Utifapy; Kf; f pak;

ngWfpd;whu;.
1. ghu;]p ehlf kugpidj; jkpo;kag;gLj;jpaik.
2. cs;Su;f; fijfisAk; Guhz> ,jpfhrf; fijfis
Ak; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; tuyhWfisAk;
Mjhukhff; nfhz;L ehlfk; vOjpaik.
• ,tu; vOjpa ehlfq;fs; rpy tUkhW

rjp mDrpah> mgpkd;dd; Re;jup> gpufyhjd;> ts;sp
jpUkzk;> my;yprupjk;> gtsf;nfhb rupjk;> rhuq;fjhud;>
rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;
QhdrTe;jup> rj;jpathd; rhtpj;jpup> mupr;re;jpu kahd
fhz;lk;> ey;yjq;fhs;> Nfhtyd; rupj;jpuk;

• gpd;dhspy; gpugyk; ngw;w b.Nf.v];. rNfhjuu;fs;>

v];.[p. fpl;lg;gh Nghd;Nwhu; rq;fujhrplk; gapw;rp
ngw;wtu;fshtu;.
• kjpg;gpoe;J ,Ue;j jkpo; ehlf kuG Gjpa njk;Gld;>

kjpg;Gld; tsu RthkpfsJ gzp fhuzkhfpaJ.
• etPd muq;F
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; tUifNahL 19Mk; E}w;whz;by;
jkpo; ehlf cyfpy; %d; W Gjpa Nghf; F fis
cUthf;fpaJ.
,g;Nghf;Ffs; jkpofj;jpy; etPd ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jf;
Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhuzkhfpaJ.
Kjyhk; Nghf;F
• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;ff
; j;jpdu; Mq;fpy ehlfq;
fisj; jkpopy; ju vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;.
cjhuzk;: Nrf;];gpaupd; Marchant of Venice
ntdp]; efu tzpfd; vd;w ngaupy; NtZNfhghyhr;
rhupahupdhy; jkpohf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• Mq;fpy ehlf kuigAk; tlnkhop ehlf kuigAk;
gpd;gw;wp vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;
cjhuzk;: tp.Nfh. #upaehuhaz rh];jpupahupd;
&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak; Kjyhd ehlfq;fs;.
• ,it ebg;gjw;fd;wpg; gbg;gjw;Fupa ehlfq;fshfNt
mike;jd.
,uz;lhk; Nghf;F
• Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fg; ghu;g;Nghiu kdq;
nfhz;L vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. mjhtJ ebg;gjw;
nfd;W vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;. ,uz;lhk; Nghf;fp
Ds; fzpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.
• ,tu;fis mnkr;#u; ehlff;fhuu;fs; vd;Nw
mioj;jdu;.
• ,g;Nghf;fpd; Kf;fpakhdtuhff; fUjg;gLgtu; gk;ky;
rk;ge;j Kjypahu; Mthu;.
• gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; (1873 - 1964)

• 90 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ehlfq;fis vOjp> newpg;gLj;jp
ebj;Jk; cs;shu;.
• RFz tpyhr rig vd;w ehl epWtdj;ij
epWtpatu;.
• ,e;j epWtdj;jpy; gl;ljhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs;>
tof;fwpQu;fs;> itj;jpau;fs;> murpay;thjpfs; vdg;
gyjug;gl;l fy;tpawpTilatu;fis ,izj;Jf;
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; nfhz;lhu;.

• ,tuJ ehlfq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

1. ,d;gpay; ehlfk; 2. Jd;gpay; ehlfk;
3. mq;fj ehlfk; 4. tuyhw;W ehlfk;
5. ieahz;b ehlfk; 6. fl;Lf;fij ehlfk;
7. nkhopngau;g;G ehlfk; 8. jOty; ehlfk;
• trd Kiwapyike;j ehlfq;fisg; gilj;Jj; jkpo;

ehlf kugpy; GjpanjhU khw;wj;ij Vw;glj;jpatuhfg;
gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahiu Nehf;fyhk;.
• ehlfk; eilngWk; Neuj;ijf; Fiwj;J Mw;Wiffshf

elj;jp ntw;wp fz;ltu;.
• ehlfj;jpd; fhl;rp mikg;G> Ntl cil xg;gid

vd;gtw;wpYk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
%d;whk; Nghf;F
• ehlfj;ijj; njhopy; Kiwahf elj;jp te;NjhUf;Fg;
gbg;gjw;fhf vOjg;gl;l ehlfKk; gk;ky; rk;ge;j
Kjypahupd; 3 kzp Neu ehlfKk; xj;Jtuhjtplj;J
tpahghu Nehf;Fld; ghu;]p ehlfkuG> tpf;Nlhupad;
ehlf kuG> rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ehlf kuG vd;gtw;wp
ypUe;J ngw;w mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L xU Gjpa
kugpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.
• fhl;rpNrhlid khw;wq;fs;> mwptpay; cj;jp Kiwfisf;

ifahz;L ehlfq;fis mspf;if nra;jdu;.
• ,g;gpuptpdUs; ethg; uh[ khzpf;fk; Kd;Ndhbahf

,Ue;jhu;. ,tu; ~jrhtjhuk;| vd;Dk; ehlfj;ij vOjpj;
jahupj;jhu;.
• 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lf;

fUj;Jf;fs; ehlfj;jpDs; GFj;jg;glyhapw;W.
v];.[P. fpl;lg;gh> Nf.gp. Re;juhk;ghs; KjyhNdhu;
,t;tifapy; Kf;fpak; ngw;w ehlff; fiyQu;fshf
tpsq;fpdu;.
• rkfhy muq;fg; Nghf;Ffs;

• fp.gp. 1943 f;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ehlfk;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ Nghy;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; jpuhtplf; fofj;jpdhy; r%f
rPu;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jf;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L
nry;tjw;F ehlfk; ngUk; rhjdkhf mike;jJ.
• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ghujpjhrdpd; ehlfkhd ,uzpad;
md;Nwy; ,izaw;w tPud; ehlfk; ,jd; Kd;Ndhb
ahFk;.

• gpuhkzpak;. %l ek;gpf;if> rhjp Ntw;Wikfs;>

ifk; ngz; Nfhyk; G+Zjy;> Guhzf; fl;Lf;fij
Mfpatw;Wf;F vjpu;g;ghf ,e;ehlfq;fs; mike;jd.
• ,f;fhy ehlfq;fspd; ftu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
mLf;F trdq;fs;> fpz;ly; trdq;fs; Nghd;wit
ahFk;.
• mz;zhj;Jiu> fUzhepjp> jpUth&u; jq;fuhR
Nghd;Nwhu; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehlfhrpupau;fshf
tpsf;fpdu;.
• mz;zhj;Jiu re;jpNuhjak;> Ntiyf;fhup. XupuT
Kjyhd ehlfq;fis vOjpdhu;.
• fUzhepjp J}f;FNkil> goepag;gd;> cja #upad;
Kjyhd ehlfq;fis vOjpdhu;.
• jpUth&u; jq;fuhR ,uj;jf; fz;zPu; ehlfj;ij
vOjpdhu;.
• ,yf;fpag; gj;jpupiffspy; vOjpa vOj;jhsu;fSk;
ehlfq;fis vOjpdu;.
cjhuzk;: GJikg;gpj;jd; vOjpa ~thf;Fk; tf;Fk;|
• b.Nf. rNfhjuu;fs; ehlfq;fis NkilaplL ; te;jdu;.
• Nkil mspf;if Kiwapy; Kd;gpUe;j trdghzp
ehlfq;fisNa gpd;gw;wpdu;.
• 1970 fspy; ehlfk;

• ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehlf Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;Nlhu; cz;ik
ahd ehlfj;ijj; NjLk; Kaw;rpapy; <Lgl;ldu;.
• 1977,y; fhe;jp fpuhkj;jpy; Nguhrpupau;
Nf. ,uhkhD[k; jk; Kaw;rpapdhy; elj;jpa ehlfg;
gl;liw> 1978 ,y; Njrpa ehlfg; gs;spAk;> fhe;jp
fpuhkf; fpuhkpag; gy;fiyf;fofKk; ,ize;J
elj;jpa ehlfg; gl;liw.
• 1980 ,y; ghjy; ru;f;fhu; elj;jpa ehlfg;gl;liw.

• ,g;gl;liwfspd; Ngwhf ehlfj; jahupg;Gf;fs; Gjpa
rpe;jidfspD}lhff; fl;b tsu;f;fg;glyhapd.
• ehlf ,af;fq;fs; gy cUthf;fg;gl;L mjd; %yk;
ehlfq;fs; jahupf;Fk; Kiwik cUthfpd;wd.
tPjp ehlf ,af;fk;> ep[ ehlf ,af;fk;> guPf;\h>
rgh> $j;Jg;gl;liw vd;gd ehlf ,af;fq;fSf;Fr;
rpwe;j vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf;fshFk;.
• ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; %d;W fl;lq;fspy; muq;F rpjj
; pupf;
fg;gl;L tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
1. ghuk;gupa kuGtop muq;if kPln
; lLj;jy; md;Nwy;
ghjy; ru; f ; f hu; nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;.
2. ghuk;gupa muq;f tbtq;fSf;Fs; rkfhyg;
gpur;rpidfisg; GFj;Jjy;.
3. ghuk;gupa tbtq;fisAk; ru;tNjr uPjpahd
muq;f tbtq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpr; rkfhy
muq;fhf tsu;j;njLj;Jr; nry;Yjy;.

• khw;W muq;f eltbf;iffSk; rkfhyj;jpy;

Kistpl Muk;gpj;jd.
1. ghuk;gupa kuGtop muq;if kPl;nlLj;jy; md;Nwy;

nrk;ikg;gLj;jy;.
ep[ ehlf ,af;fj;jpd; gzpfs; vd;gtw;iw ,jw;F
cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2. ghuk;gupa muq;f tbtq;fSf;Fs; rkfhyg; gpur;rpid

fisg; GFj;Jjy;
NtY rutzdpd; ~~Mop ehlf ,af;fk;||> jkpoupd;
ehlf milahsq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;NwhL
r%fg; gpur;rpidfis tpsf;Fk;> xU gazj;jpd;
fij> jPdpg;Nghu;> nksdf;Fuy;> Vfiytd; Nghd;w
ehlfq;fis Nkil ,l;l ,isa gj;kehjd;> kq;if
MfpNahu; cs;slf;fpa ~~gy;fiy muq;fk;|| jypj;
kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;j gyp MLfs;>
rpwF Nghd;w ehlfq;fis Nkilapl;l Nf. V.
FzNrfupd; ~~jd;dhNd|| fiyf;FO Kjyhd
kd;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
3. ghuk;gupa tbtq;fisAk; ru;tNjr uPjpahd muq;f

tbtq;fisAk; cs;thq;fpr; rkfhy muq;if tsu;j;
njLj;Jf; nry;Yjy;.
• Nguhrpupau; K. ,uhkrhkp> Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;>

Nf.V. FzNrfud;> NtY rutzd; Kjyhdtu;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.
• gpusad; Nghd;wtu;fspd; khw;W muq;f eltbf;if

fSk; rkfhyj;jpy; Kistpl Muk;gpf;fpd;wd.
fzpg; g P L : • jkpo; ehl;by; fp.gp. 1700 f;Fg; gpd;du; epytpa ehlf

tbtq; f isf; Fwpg; g pl; L > mjd; tbt uP j pahd
gz;GfisAk; khw;wq;fisAk; tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • muq;F Xu; mwpKfk;

- jpU. f. jpyfehjd;
• ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; jkpo; ehlfk;
• muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.3 : ,yq;ifapd; Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyapd; gpdd

; zpiaAk;
tsu;r;rpiaAk; Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; tuyhW njhlu;ghd jfty;

fis tptupj;jy;.
• Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;Njhu; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jpul;Ljy;.
• Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyg; gilg;Gf;fis kjpj;jy;.
• Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;J ,urpj;jy;.
• ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; ghlj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F
Mq;fpy ehlfj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig kjpj;jy;.
nraw; g hL 4.3.1 : ~~,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyapy; tuyhw;iwr;

RUf;fkhfg; gapYNthk;.||RNjrr; rlq;FfspYk; rka
epfo;r;rpfspYk; mlq;fpAs;s ehlfr; #oikTfs;.
ghlNtis : 06
ju cs;sPL : • ,yq;ifapy; Nkilaplg;gl;l Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd;

xspg;glq;fs;> CD/DVD
• Mq;fpy ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpNahupd; xspgg
; lq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kjyhf ,yq;ifapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Mq;fpy ehlf Kd;ndLg;Gf;fisAk;
mtw; i w Kd; n dLj; N jhiuAk; gw; w pg; gapy; t Nj

: • fye;Jiuahly;> tpupTiu> E}y; crhTif> Njbawpe;J
fw;wy;

: • tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fs;
• gpupjj
; hdpaupd; Ml;rpff
; hyj;jy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd;
Muk;gk; (fp.gp. 1800 njhlf;fk;)
• gpupj;jhdpa mur ghJfhg;Gg; gilapduhy; Kjd;

Kjypy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfQ;
nra;ag;gl;ld. mtu;fspilNa ehlff; FOtpdu;
fhzg;gl;likahy; ntt;NtW Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs;
jahupf;fg;gl;L xU fz;fhl;rpf; fiyahf Mq;fpy
nkhop %yj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.

• nghyp]; gapYeu; ehlff; FOTk; mf;fhyj;jpy;

ehlfq;fis Kd;itj;jJ. ntt;NtW rq;fq;fs;>
fofq;fspdhy; ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. gbg;
gbahfg; nghJkf;fspilNaAk; ehlfq;fs; gutj;
njhlq;fpd.
• ntspehl;L ehlff; FOf;fSk; ,q;F te;J ehlfq;

fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;. mjw;fhfg; gpurpj;jpngw;w
rkfhy Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;l
ehlfq; f Ns gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s d. Fwpg; g hf
Nkiyj;Nja kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpdupd; gpur;rpid
fisf;nfhz;l ajhu;j;j ehlfq;fshfNt mit
,Ue;jd.
• ghJfhg;Gg; gilapduhy; ,e;ehl;by; ebf;fg;gl;l

ehlfq;fs; ngUk;ghyhdit rkfhy INuhg;ghtpy;
ebf;fg;gl;l rduQ;rfkhd ehlfq;fshf ,Ue;jd.
Fwpg;ghf `h];a ehlfq;fSk; vOjpAs;sdu;.
Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l ,e;ehlfq;fs;
ajhu;j;jNkhbapy; mike;jpUe;jd. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
,yq;if ehlfq;fspy; ngz;fs; ebf;ftpy;iy
nadpDk;> ,yq;iff;F te;j Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspy;
ngz;fs; ghj;jpuq;fspy; ngz;fNs ebj;jjhfg;
gjpthfpAs;sJ. mnkupf;fh> ,q;fpyhe;J>
mT];jpNuypah Nghd;w ehLfspypUe;J ,f;FOf;fs;
te; J s; s d. gpupj; j hdpa ghJfhg; G g; gilapdu;
Kd;itj;j ehlfq;fs; jtpu;e;jtplj;J> rkfhy
ehlff;FOf;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gy ehlfq;fSk;
nfhOk;G> fz;b Nghd;w efuq;fspy; NkilNaw;wg;
gl;Ls;sd.
• ,e;ehl;L cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fspYk; gy;fiyf;

fofq;fspYk; ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. Mq;fpy
nkhop %y ehlfj; jahupg; g py; Nguhjidg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; Kjd;ikaplk; ngWfpd;wJ. 19Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpay; Mq;fpy nkhopapy;
fw;gpj;j rpy ghlrhiyfSk; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj;
jahupj;jik gjpthfpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk;: fy;fpir - rhe;j Njhk]; fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G - nt];yp fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G - Nwhay; fy;Y}up
nfhOk;G - Mde;jh fy;Y}up
• ,f;fy;Y}upfspy; Mq;fpy ehlff; fofq;fs; jhgpff

; g;
gl;L ehlff;fiy eilngw;W te;jikf;Fr; rhd;Wfs;
cs;sd. tUl ,Wjp tpLKiwf;F Kd;du; Mq;fpy
ehlfnkhd; i wj; jahupg; g J ghlrhiyfspd;
tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

cjhuzk;: 1874 ,y; rhe;j Njhk]; fy;Y}up jahupjj ;

tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; kpl; ]k;ku; iew;]; l;uPk;
(Mid summer nights dream - Nfhil fhy eLg;gFjp
,unthd;wpy; fz;l fdT) ntw;wpfukhd xU ehlfj;
jahupg;ghFk;.
20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mq;fpy ehlfk;

• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; gy ghlrhiyfspy;
Mq;fpy ehlff; fofq;fSk; Mq;fpy ehlf E}y;
fSk; guk;gpd. mjd; tpisthf Mq;fpy ehlfg;
gz;ghnlhd;W cUthfpaJ. $lNt ngUe;njhif
Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;likia mwpa
Kbfpd;wJ.
• 20Mk; E}w; w hz; l stpy; Mq; f py Ra Mf; f

ehlfq;fis vOJjy; ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gkhfpaJ.
• 1977 ,y; vk;.lgps;A> N[hrg;> vr;.rP.vd;. ydNuhy;

MfpNahu; jahupj;j ehlfq;fs; Kf;fpakhdJ.
cjhuzk;: The return of ralahamy
Fifty fifty
The senator
• ,jw;F ,izahff; nfhOk;G> ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;

fof Mq;fpy ehlfg; gpuptpy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;
jahupgG; g; gzpfs; 1933 njhlf;fk; Nguhrpupau; <.vt;.rP.
Ynlhitf; mtu;fsJ jiyikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;
gl;bUe;jJ.
• 1939 ,y; = ep];]q;f tpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl; Our
Lanka vDk; ,yq;ifg; ngUik $Wk; ehlfk;
Xu; Mq;fpy ehlfkhf tuyhw;wpy; gjpthfp
cs;sJ.
• 1950 fspy; gpdd; u; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiwapy; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. me;ehlfq;fspy; murpaYk;
r%fKk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;likNa mJ
thFk;.
cjhuzkhf@ Y\d; j nrha;rhtpdJ
Fortress in the sky (1956),
Prince of the lonely days (1957),
Fine and strong wind 91958),
Put out the light (1964) Nghd;wit
Kf;fpakhdit.
• tP. mupauj;dk;> fhkpdp Fztu;jd MfpNahUk;
Mq; f py ehlfq; f s; vOjpNahUs; mlq; F tu; .
tP. mupauj;jpdj;jpd; The sigiriya king, Christoper
columbus, fhkpdp Fztu;jdtpd; Roma and Sita
MfpadTk; Kf;fpakhd ehflq;fshff; fUjg;
gLfpd;wd.

• 1970Mk; jrhg;jk; Mq;fpy ehlff;fiyapy; tsu;r;rp

fhzg;gl;l xU fhyg;gFjpahFk;. mjpf tpku;rd
uPjpahd ehlff; fiy ,f;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpaJ.
Vu;d];w; nkf;fpd;uau; ,jd; Kd;Ndhb Mtu;.
ehlff; f iyapy; Gjpa rpe; j id GFj; j g; g l; l J.
cjhuzkhf
~~Let us give them curry||, Loneliness of the short distonce
fraveller|| ,q;F tho;fi; fapd; nghJthd epfo;Tfisf;
fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;bUg;gJ rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
• Ynlhitf; ntspehL nrd;wjd; gpd;du;> mtuJ

ez; g u; f Sk; khztu; f Sk; mtuJ gzpiaj;
njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Nù;gu;l; mkurpq;f>
M\;yp `y;Ng> yf;\k ; p j rpyt
; h> f;Nshlh [a#upa>
Vu;d];w; kf;fpd;lau;> uQ;[pj; xNgNrf;fu> nu[p
rpuptu;jd> x];kd;l; [auj;d> fhkpdp
`j;njhl;LNtfk MfpNahUk; mjpy; mlq;Ftu;.
nu[p rpuptu;jd mtu;fspy; Kjd;ikahdtu;. mtuJ

ehlfq;fSs; The almsgiving, The bus to mulleriyawa. The
Mannequin, The temptations of paradise Nghd;wit
rpwg;ghd Mf;fq;fshFk;.
eLj;ju tFg;gpduJ r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfNs

The almsgiving ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gilahf mke;jd.
nu[p rpuptu;jd vOjpa Long days task ehlfk; upr;rl;
j nrha;rhtpdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghuhrpupau;
M\;yp `y;Ng> gy;fiyf;fof ehlfr; nrad;Kiw
apD}lhd ehlfj; J iwapd; xU cau; j ukhd
ehlfhrpupau; Mthu;.
• mtu; ];ngapd; ehl;L fhu;rpah NyhfhtpdJ

• The old wedding (j Xy;l; ntl;bq;)
• kf;\pk; Nfhu;f;fpapdJ ngw;wp g+u;tRth
• Xf];l; ];l;uPd;Ngu;f; ,dJ The father (j/ghju;)
Mfpa ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jhu;.
• ngy;[pak; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j &b nfhud;]; xU

nghk;kyhl;lf; fiyQuhfNt ngupJk; gpugy;ak;
ngw;wpUe;jhnudpDk;> mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; caupa
juKila gy Mq;fpy ehlfq;fisj; jahupjJ ; s;shu;.
• 1985 ,y; my;Ngl; fhk;A ,dJ Coligula ehlfj;ij

rpq;fs muq;ifAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj;Jiwia
Ak; Nru;ej
; ebfu;fs; rpyiu ,izj;Jj; jahupj;jhu;.
• 1989 ,y; nùhy;l; gpd;uu; ,dJ ehd;F FW
ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;jhu;.

• The Nephew From Angoda vd;gJ nghk;kyhl;lj;ij

gad;gLj;jp mtu; cUthf;fpa xU ehlfkhFk;.
• 1990 ,y; The Tricks of Arkccnino
• TheHuman Voice
• Sonata and Three Gentlement
• <];fpy]; ,dJ The libaton rearons vd;gJ 1987 ,y;

mtu; jahupj; j fhj; j pukhd xU ehlfkhFk; .
,e;ehlfj;jpy; uprr
; l; B nrha;rhTk; mtuJ jahuhfpa
itj;jpau; kNdhuhzp rutzKj;JTk; ebj;jdu;.
• ,e;J ju;kNrd (1990) ,dJ ~~kjh ,j;jpd; Lgha;

fpah|| (Maday ithin Dubai giya) ehlfKk; rkfhy
r%fj;ijf; fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;l Xu; rduQ;rf
khd Mq;fpy ehlfkhFk;. mtu; Fwpg;ghf xU
`h\;a ehlfhrpupauhfNt gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
• 1992 ,y; nfhOk;G rhe;j gPw;wu; fy;Y}up khztu;

FOnthd;Wld; elj;jg;gl;l ehlfr; nrayku;nthd;
wpd; %yk; ehlfj;JiwAld; ,ize;j n[Nuhk; j
rpy;th> jw;NghJ Mq;fpy muq;fpy; fhzg;gLk;>
ghz;bj;jpakpff; > [duQ;rfkhd ehlfhrpupau; Mthu;.
ngUe;njhifahNdhiu ,izj;Jg; ghupa ehlfq;f
isj; jahupjJ; s;shu;. ntspehl;L ehlfr; nrayku;T
fs; gytw;wpy; gq;Fgw;wpAs;shu;. gpurpj;jp ngw;w
Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs; gyuplk; ehlff;fy;tp gapYk;
tha;g;igAk; mtu; ngw;Ws;shu;.
~Workshop Players| vDk; ngaupy; ehlf mikg;

nghd;wpidj; jhgpj;jpUf;Fk; n[Nuhk; j rpy;th
,Jtiuapy; Les miserables, The Royal hunt of the sun,
west side Story, The lion king, middle of silence Nghd;w
gy ehlfq;fisj; je;Js;shu;.
• n[Nuhk; j rpy;th Mq;fpy muq;fpy; khj;jpuk; jhd;

gilg;Gf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu; vdf; $Wtjw;
fpy;iy. mtu; rpq;fs Nkil ehlfq;fs; rpytw;iw
Ak; gilj;Js;shu;. kf;ngf;> ~Mnaj; vd;Nd Ne|>
~ntnye; j hNf kuza| Nghd; w it mtw; W s;
mlq;Fk;. NkYk; eldthf;ftpayhsu;(Choreographer)
vd;w tifapYk; n[nuhk; j rpy;th jkJ jpwik
fis ntspf;fhl;bAs;shu;. khdr tpy> ~l;Nuh[d;
fhe;jhNth| Nghd;w ehlfq;fspy; mtu;
eldthf;ftpayhsuhfg; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. l;Nuh[d;
fhe;jhNth (l;Nuh[d; ngz;fs;) ehlfj;jpy; eld
n[nuhk; j rpy;th Mf;fj;jpwf
; hf mur tpUJ ngw;Ws;shu;. mtu; Mq;fpy

ehlf muq;fpy; ehlfj; jahupgg

; hsuhfTk; eldthf;f
tpayhsuhfTk; kl;Lkd;wp xU ebfdhfTk; gzp
ahw;Wfpd;whu;.
• jw; f hy Mq; f py ehlf muq; f py; jpwikkpf; f

ehlfhrpupau;fs; gyu; cs;sdu;. mtu;fSs; Mq;fpy
ehlff; fiyiar; ru;tNjr kl;lj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L
nrd;W Muha;r;rpg; ghijapy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;ij
,l;Lr; nry;Yk; xU gilg;ghspahf Ute;jp b rpfN
; fuh
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. mtu; ehlfk; vOJjy;> ehlf
trdk; vOJjy; > ehlf newpahs; i f> Mfpa
Jiwfspy; jpwik fhl;Lfpd;whu;. Ute;jp b rpf;Nfuh
,d; ehlfj; jahupg; G f; f s; ,yq; i f> If; f pa
,uhr;rpak;> ag;ghd;> ,e;jpah> mT];jpNuypah>
gpypg; i gd; ] ; Mfpa ehLfspy; NkilNaw; w g;
gl;Ls;sd.
• mtu; jahupj;j rpy ehlfq;fspy; epakkw;w ehlf

kugpd; jhf;fj;ijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
• ‘Two limes Two is Two’ ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; %yk;

tNahjpgu; xUtupd; tho;f;ifapy; jdpikf;Fk;>
,isQd; xUtdpd; tho;f;ifapy; jdpikf;Fk;
,ilapyhd ,ilntspia epakkpy; ehlf
kugpD}lhf Kd;itj;Js;shu;.
• ‘Check Point’ - ,JTk; epakkpy; tifiar; Nru;e;j

xU ehlfkhFk;. Aj;jkhdJ nfhOk;G efu jkpo;
kf;fspy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij ,J vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• ‘Her streets’ - nfhOk;G efupy; ,Wf;fkhd ghJfhg;Gr;

Nrhjidfs; epiwe;j xU #oypy; tho;ej ; Xu; ,se;
jkpo;gn; gz; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; epiyikia ,e;ehlfk;
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• ‘Filling the blanks” ,e;ehlfk; ,yq;ifapy; Aj;jj;ij

mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l xU fijg; n ghUspy;
vOjg;gl;l xU ehlfkhFk;.
• ‘Middle of the silence’ ,e; j ehlfk; 1997 ,y;

gpupjj
; hdpa fTd;rpypdhy; elj;jg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JU
vOJk; Nghl;bapy; tpUJ ngw;wJ. 1999 ,y; n[nuhk;
b rpy;th ,jid newpg;gLj;jpdhu;.

• Utd;jp b rpf;Nfuh Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy;

nfhOk; G g; gy; f iyf; f ofg; gl; l jhup Mthu; .
kd;nr];lu; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gpuNahfg;gl;lj;ij
Ak; ngw;Ws;shu;. ,yq;if ehlf cgFOtpd; Xu;
mq;fj;jtuhfTk; nraw;gl;Ls;shu;. Mw;Wiff;
fiyfs; gy;fiyf;fof ntspthup tpupTiuahsuhf
Tk; gzpahw;Wfpd;whu;.
• gy;fiyf;fofj;jpD}lhfj; Njhd;wpa Mq;fpy

ehlfq; f s;
• Nguhrpupau; <.vt;.rP. YNlhitf; Kd;Ndhbahfr;
nraw; g l; l ikahy; gy; f iyf; f off; fhyj; J s; >
mf;fhyj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wpUe;j
ehlfq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ld. (tUlj;jpw;F xU
ehlfNkDk;.)
• Nguhrpupau; YNlhitf;fpdJ jiyikapy; Kd;

itf;fg;gl;l ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:
1932 - Nfhnfhy; ,dJ The Marriage (Kjy; jahupgG ; )
1933 - ];ngapd; ehl;L Ftpd;uNuh rNfhjuu;fshy;
vOjg;gl;l Where women rule (ntahu; tpnkd;
W}s;)
1934 - mau;yhe;J ehl;ilr; Nru;ej ; ~upr;ru;l; gpupd;]y ; p
n\uPld;| The rivals (j iuty;];)
A+upgpb]; ,dJ irf;fpNshg];
1935 - gpuhd;R ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j Nkhypau; vOjpa
The Imagingery world (j ,kh[pdup Ntu;yl ; );
1936 - Ftpd;lNuh rNfhjuu;fspd; j NyB];
/Gnuhk; my;gfpt;fpt;
1937 - ,j;jhyp ehl;L> fhNyh Nfhy;Nlhdp ,dJ
The servent of two masters. (j Nru;td;l; xg; ^
kh];lu;];)
1938 - Mq;fpNyauhd N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ
The arms and the man (j Mk;]; vd;l; j Nkd;)
1939 - rPd ehl;ltuhd `rpcq; ,dJ ~~Nyb gpNur];
];l;uPk;||
1940 - tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupdJ
The merry wives of windsor (j nku;up itt;];
x/g tpz;l;]u;)
1941 - Ftpd;uNuh rNfhjuu;fspd;
‘Peace and Quiet’ (gP]; vd; Ftaw;)
1942 - ,a+[pd; xdpy; ,dJ khu;Nfh kpypad;];

1943 - N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ

~~j rpkg; y
; l;ld; xt; j md;v];ngf;ll; mapy] ; |;
Iy;]; \hd; xf;fhrp ,dJ The star furned red.
1945 - ,j;jhyp ehl;L Yap[p gpud;lNyh ,dJ
Right you are if you think so
(iuw; a+ Mu; ,/g; a+ jpq;f; Nrh)
1946 - Nehu;Nt ehl;L n`d;upf; ,g;rd; ,dJ
The pillars of the Society (j gpy;yu;]; xg; j
nrhrnal;b)
1947 - gpNdhNuh ,dJ
j nrfd;l; kprp]; nld;f;tNu
1948 - cNuhk ehlfhrpupau; g;Nsl]; ,dJ
The twins (j Ltpd;]);
1949 - Ngu;b ,dJ j Nlhga]; vd;w VQ;[y;>
N[.N[. ngu;dhl; ,dJ ~j ry;fp gau;|>
ngupNlhl; gpnuf;l; ,dJ ~j Fl; Tkd; xg;
nrl;Rthd;|
1950 - \pNahd; mdpA ,dJ
~~md;upfdp|| Rj;uf;f ,dJ kpUr;rfl;bfh
,idj; jOtp> mju; tpy;ypak; iulu; ,dhy;
nkhop ngau;ff ; g;gl;l The little cloy cart (j yply
; ;
fpNs fhu;l;)
1951 - gpud;lNyh ,dJ Naked (Nefl;)
1956 - N[hu;[; Ngu;dhl;N\h ,dJ ~md;l;NuhfpsP];
vd;u yad;||
• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlf tuyhw;wpy; Ynlhitf;

fhyg;gFjpapy; cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ehlfq;fis
Kd;itf;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;l ebfu;fs; gyUk;
caupa fiy ,uridAila ghu;gN ; ghUk;> tpku;rfu;
fSk; cUthfpdu;.
• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiwf;F nuhgl; gP

ept;ld;> epa+khd; [{ghy; MfpNahupd; gq;fspg;G.
mtu;fsJ jahupg;Gf;fs;:
epa+l;ld; jahupj;j> tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupdJ
The twelth night (J Lnty;j; iew;)
epAkhd; [{ghy; jahupj;j> ngud;]; Nkhy;du; ,dJ
tpyy; pnahk; kw;Wk; ngu;dhl;\h ,dJ~Nk[u; ghu;guh|

• 1956 ,y; Ynlhitf; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fr; nrd;w gpdd ; u;

gy; f iyf; f ofj; j py; Nkw; N ghe; j thwhd jukhd
Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; jahupff ; g;gltpyi ; y. 1960 fspd;
gpdd; u; NtWrpy gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Njhd;wpd. md;W
xU jdpg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpD}lhf cUthfpa
ehlfq;fs; ,d;W gpupjJ ; tpuptile; Js;sJ. vdpDk;
1956 ,d; gpd; d u; Mq; f py nkhopapd; epiy
tPor
; r; paile;jJ. 1970Mk; jrhg;jj;jpd; gpdd ; u; Vw;gl;l
gz;ghl;L md;Nwy; fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rp
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa
NghjpYk; Mq;fpy ehlfj;Jiw njhlu;ghfj; njs;sj;
njspthd Kd;Ndw;wk; VJk; Vw;gltpy;iy. ,d;W
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; XusTf;F ntt;NtW tifahd
Mq;fpy ehlfq;fs; gilf;fg;gLfpdw ; ikiaAk; Fwpg;
gplhjpUf;f KbahJ.
fzpg; g P L : • ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfq;fspd; tuyhWk; tsu;rr ; pAk;

gw;wp tptupf;Ff.
• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy ehlfhrpupau;fs; gw;wpa jfty;
fisj; jpul;b xU rpw;NwL jahupf;Ff.
• ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy nkhopapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.4 : ,yq; i fapy; ehlfKk; muq; f f; fiyfspdJk;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ntspehl;L
ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; Njbahuha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| vDk; ehlfj;jpd; fij njhlu;ghff;

fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy;.
• ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| fijapd; ghj;jpug; gilg;igg;
gFj;jha;jy;.
• Kf;fpa fUj;ij milAk; tifapy; fij tsu;f;fg;
gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij Muha;jy;.
• r%fj; njhlu;ghf ehlff;fhuupd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijj;
jdJ nrhe;j mDgtkhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• r%fj;jpd; rpf;fhu;e;j jd;ikia Mo;e;J Muha
Kw;gLj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.4.1 : ~~ntz; f l; b tl; l k; | | ehlfj; i jr; rw; W EZfp

Nehf;FNthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPL :• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlf vOj;JU> tpku;rd E}y;fs;

• Ngl;Nlhy;> gpnuf;bd; xspg;glk;
• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlf ,Wtl;L (CD)
• ntz;fl;b tl;l ehlff; fhl;rpfisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;
glq;fs; rpy
mwpKfk; : • Nghl; N lhy; gpnu/bd; ehlfq; f spnyhd; w hfpa

~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| vDk; ehlfj;ijr; rw;W EZfp
Nehf;FtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gLtjhFk;.

: • E}y; crhTif> ehlfj;ijg; ghu;jj
; y;> fye;Jiuahly;

: • ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfk; - mwpKfk;
• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; n`d;up [aNrd vDk; ehlff;fhuuhy;

rpq;fsj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
• N[u;kd; ehl;L ehlffhuuhd Ngu;Nlhy;l; gpnuf;l; ,dJ

The Caucasian chalk circle vDk; gilg;gpd; nkhopngau;g;
ghf ~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;| vd;w gjk; mike;Js;sJ.

• ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| rpqf

; sj;jpy; 1967,y; ebf;fg;gl;lJ.
• rpq;fs ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ngupJk; ntw;wpaspj;j

rduQ;rfkhd xU ehlfkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• Nrhtpaj; nfhkpa+d;fs; ,uz;bd; kf;fs;> Nghupy;

mopTw;w epiyapy; re;jpjJ ; > xU gs;sj;jhf;fpd; cupik
Fwpj; J elj; j pa fye; J iuahlypd; N ghJ ke; i j
tsu; g ; N ghUf; f y; y hJ gotif tsu; g ; N ghUf; N f
gs;sj;jhf;F cupj;jhjy; Ntz;Lk; vdj; jPu;khdpf;fg;
gl;lik> kw;Wk; rPd ctikf; fijnahd;wpy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;s ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| njhlu;ghd fij
vd;gtw;iw epidt+l;Lk; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ.
ahNjDnkhd;wpd; cupik> mjd; tpisit epakkhd
tifapy; ngWNthUf; F md; w p> mt; t pisitf;
nfhs;isapl;Lf; nfhs;gtUf;F my;y vdf;$wp>
mf;fijia ehlf tbtpy; ntspapLk; tifapNyNa
,e;ehlfj;jpd; gpd;dzp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• rP d g; Guhzf; fijfspYk; > ~~ck; k f; f [hjff; | |

fijapy; gps; i s njhlu; g hd gpur; r pidapYk; >
tptpypaj; j py; nrhykdpd; jP u ; T fspYk; ,f; f ij
fhzg;gLfpdw ; J. ~ntz;fl;b tl;lf;| fijapy; mjw;Fg;
GJtpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Nkhbik kw;Wk; ajhu;jj; ehlf ghzpfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

,e;ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
~ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rp

• ghapuk; - fle;jfhyj;ij epidT+l;Lk; tifapy;
mike;Js;sJ.
• NkYk; ePjp epahakhd r%f Kiwiknahd;wpw;fhfg;
gz;ila kuGuPjpahd r%fKk;> Gjpa fUj;Jf;fisf;
nfhz;l ,isQu; r%fKk; xd;wpizjy; Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJk; mt;thW xd;wpizfpd;wikAk; ghapuj;jpd;
NghJ tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• Aj;jk;> Aj;jk; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l mopTfs;> Aj;jj;jpd;
Clhfg; ngw Ntz;ba gbg;gpidfs;> r%fj;ij kPzL ; k;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhfr; nra;a Ntz;bait ahit
vd;git gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb ehlfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;ij cWjpgg ; Lj;Jtjw;Fg; ghapuk; Jizahfpdw
; J.
• ~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;| ehlfk; ,uz;L gFjpfshfTk;
Ie;J fhl;rpfshfTk; tpupfpd;wJ.

• KjyhtJ gFjpapd; KjyhtJ fhl;rpapy; f];ngf;>

el; l hypah> ,sturd; > F&rh> irkd; r\hth>
itj;jpau;fs; ,Utu; Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. g+irf;Fr; nry;Yk; ,sturd; N[hu;[p
mg\;tpy;ypaplk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;>
Kbf; F upa ,sturidf; fz; l Tld; kf; f s; jk;
gpur;rpidfis kwe;JNghjy;> itj;jpau;fspd; gzpfs;>
Nghu; njhlu;ghf ntWg;gilAk; ,sturd; fl;llf;
fiyQu; f isf; nfhz; L Gjpa fl; l lnkhd; i w
mikg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;> fyff;fhuu;fs;
,sturiu ,Uk;Gr; rq;fpypfshy;; fl;b ehL flj;Jjy;>
gps;is njhlu;ghff; fuprid fhl;lhJ> Mguzq;fspy;
ftdQ; n rYj; J k; el; l hypah murp> gps; i siaf;
iftpl;Lj; jg;gpr; nry;yy;> irkd; r\hthTf;Fk;
F&rhTf;Fk; ,ilNaahd xg;ge;jk;> F&rh gpsi ; sAld;
ghJfhg;ghd Xu; ,lj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy; Nghd;w
tplaq;fs; mg;gFjpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
• Kjyhk; gFjpapd; ,uz;lhk; fhl;rpapy>; F&rh gpsi ; sA

ld; kiyg;gFjpf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy;> ghy; ngWtjw;F
vLf; F k; Kaw; r p> Foe; i jia xU jpz; i zapy;
itj;Jtpl;Lr; nrd;w Ntisapy; F&rh Kd; xU Nghu;
tPud; vjpug
; g
; ly;. jpzi; zapYs;s gpsi
; saplk; XbtUk;
F&rh> Nghu; tPuidg; nghy;ypdhy; jhf;fp> capuiug;
gzak; itj;J rq;fpypg; ghyj;ijj; jhz;b kiyg;
gpuNjrj;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nry;yy; Mfpad ,lk;ngWfpdw ; d.
Kuz; g hL cf; f pu epiyia milAk; fl; l khf
,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• Kjyhk; gFjpapd; %d;whk; fhl;rpapy; F&rh jdj

rNfhjud; ~yt;nuj;jp| iaj; Njbr; nry;yy;. mtid
tPlb; ypUe;J ntspNaw;wj; jUzk; ghu;jj; pUf;Fk; mtdJ
Nahridapd;gb F&rh kuzj; jWthapy; ,Uf;Fk;
kdpjd; xUtid kzj;jy;. vdpDk; jpUkzj;jpd; gpdd ; u;
mk;kdpjd; Rfk; ngw;wikahy; vjpug ; huhj epiyikia
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; F&rh> rh\hitr; re;jpj;jy;. Nghu;
tP u u; f s; te; J ,sturd; ikf; f iy mioj; j r;
nry; Y k; N ghJ F&rh mtu; f spd; gpd; d hy; Xbr;
nry;Yjy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
,g; g Fjpapy; Jupjkhd gy khw; w q; f s; ,lk;
ngWfpd;wik.
• ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; KjyhtJ fhl;rpapy; mrplf;

mwpKfQ; nra; a g; g Ljy; > ,sturid tpLtpj; j
Fw;wj;jpw;fhfj; jz;lid toq;FkhW ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Fr;
nry;yy;> mrlf; ePjpgjpahf epakpf;fg;gly;> mrlf; jPuT
;
toq;Fk; tof;Ffs;> el;lhypahTk; \t;thTk; tUif

je;J Foe;ij njhlu;ghd tof;F gw;wp mrlf; ,lk;

njuptpj;jy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; ,uz;lhk; fhl;rpapy; gpujhd

ghj;jpuq;fSf;F ,ilapy; ,lk;ngWk; rfy Kuz;ghL
fSk; mD$ykhd tifapy; jPu;j;jy;. mrlf; cl;gl
rfy ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; fLikahd tpku;rdj;
Jf;F Mshjy;> F&rhTk; el;lhypahTk; tof;Ff;F
Maj;jkhjy;> mrlf;> mur fl;lis fhuzkhf ePjpgjp
gjtpapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjy;> gps;is njhlu;ghd
tof;F tprhuiz vd;gd Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
• ~~ve;jg; nghUSk; cupatUf;Nf cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;||

vDk; $w;Wld; ntz;fl;b tl;l ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs;
mjhtJ xl;Lnkhj;j mu;jj; k; jpul;b Kd;itf;fg;gLtJ
ehlfj;jpd; Kbitf; Fwpf;fpd;wik.
ehlfj;jpy; nkhopg; gad;ghl;bd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

• ntt;NtWgl;l r%f rf;jpfisf; ifahSk; NghJ
nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; kpfr; rpwg;ghdJ.
• ghj;jpuq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; nkhop ifahsg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• eifg;G> Vsdk;> nrhw;nghUs;> kiwnghUs; vd;gd
njhdpf;Fk; tifapy; nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ctikfspD}lhfr; rk; g tq; f s; Kidtf; f g;
gl;Ls;sik (ePjpkd;wk;). ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdthW nkhopiaf; ifahsy;> (itj;jpaupd;
vLg;ghd Njhw;wk;> fhjyu;fspd; rpWgps;isj;jdkhd
md;G> F&rh> el;lhypah> mdpf;Nfh> khkp Mfpangz;
ghj;jpuj;jpq;fspd; gy;tifik ,uhZt mjpfhupfspd;
nkhopg;ghzp Nghd;wit) re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;
fhf nkhop ed;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
cjhuzq;fspD}lhf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;.
ntz;fl;b tl;lk; fijapd; ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;G

• Fwpg;ghd 29 Mz; ghj;jpuq;fs;> Fwpg;ghd 08 ngz;
ghj;jpuq;fNshL Vida ghj;jpuq;fSkhf Vwj;jho
50 ghj;jpuq;fs; ,e;ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,tw;Ws;
gpujhdkhd rpy ghj;jpuq;fNs njhlu;e;J tpupifail
fpd;wik.
• vLj;JiuQu; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;
Jizahff;nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupAq;fs;.
• vLj;JiuQu; ehlfj;ij Muk;gpj;jy;> Kbj;jy; Mfpa
tw;iwr; nra;fpd;wik.
• ghj; j puq; f is mwpKfQ; nra; j y; > rk; g tq; f is
mwpKfQ; nra;jy; vd;gJk; mtuJ gzpahFk;.

• Nkilapy; ebj;Jf;fhl;l Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fisg;

ghu;g;NghUf;F Kd;itf;Fk; gzpiar; nra;gtUk;
,tNu.
• ,dp epfo cs;stw;iwg; nghopg;ghf;fp Kd;itj;jYk;
mtuJ gzpNa.
• fijg;gpd;diyg; nghUj;jpaikf;Fk;NghJ mtw;Wf;F
,ilNa njhlu;igg; NgZk; nghWg;Gk; vLj;Jiu
QiuNa rhUk;.
• rpy re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; ghj; j pu tpupiff; f hf mtu;
Nkilapy; ebf;Fk; ghj;jpuq;fSld; ciuahLtJz;L.
• ghj; j puq; f spd; cl; f pilia ntspg; g Lj; J jy; >
fijf;Fupa gy;NtW fhl;rpfisAk; gpd;dzpiaAk;
Nkilapd; kP J nrhw; f shy; vLj; J f; f hl; L tJk;
vLj;JiuQupd; gzpahFk;.
• ghj;jpuq;fisAk; ghu;g;NghiuAk; njhlu;GgLj;Jk;
tpjkhd ,ilj; j ufuhfTk; gpur; r pidfspd; N ghJ
jj;JtQhdpahfTk; Fwpal P L
; uPjpapy; fiyak;rq;fSld;
Kd;itg;gtuhfTk; vLj;JiuQu; gzpia Mw;Wthu;.
• el;lhypahtpd; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ntz;fl;b tl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fSs;
xd;whfpa ehl;lhypah %d;Nw %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fsp
NyNa ghu;gNghu; Kd; Njhd;Wfpwhu;.
• Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk;> mtu;fsJ Nghypahd -
gfl;lhd elj;ijfs; el;lhypah Clhf ntspg;
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
• ,sturd; kidtpahfpa mts;> jdJ nrsfupak;
gw;wp khj;jpuNk rpej ; pff
; pdw; ik> Aj;jj;ijj; Jr;rkhf
kjpf;fpd;wik> ngsjpf RfNghfq;fspy; mjpf Mir
nfhz;Ls;sik.
• mfq;fhuk;> Raeyk;> gfl;L Mfpad el;lhypahtpd;
,ay;Gfshf mike;Js;sik.
• mts; ,sturd; ikf;fiy mila Kaw;rpg;gjw;
fhd fhuzk;> gps;isg; ghrk; my;y. khwhfj;
jhd; ,oe;j cupikfis kPsg;ngWtjw;fhd Xu;
cj;jpahNt mts; ,k;Kaw;;rpia Nkw;nfhs;fpwhs;.
• mjp mfq;fhup> fUizaw;wts;> fu;tk;> nghwhik
vd;gtw;why; ce;jg;gLgts;> nghJkf;fisj; Jr;r
nkd kjpg;gts;> Kjyhspj;Jt kdepiyAilats;.
• F&rh ,dJ ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisAk;
Jizahff; nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupf;Ff.
• F&rh mlf;fkhdts;> mg;ghtpj;jdKilats;.
• Muk;gj;jpy; mts; JbJbg;ghd tpisahl;Lj;jdkhd
jd;ikAila xU Atjpahff; fhl;rpaspf;fpwhs;.
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW epiyikfs; fhuzkhf
mtsJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; rpf;fhu;e;j jd;ik mjpfupj;Jr;
nry;fpd;wik.

• irkd; \rhth cldhd fhjy; xg;ge;jg; gpizg;G>

gps;isiag; ghJfhj;jy; Mfpa gpizg;GfSf;F
,ilNa F&rh ,dJ ghj;jpuk; miyfpd;wik.
• gpsi
; sg; ghrj;ijAk; rNfhjudpd; r%f epiyikia
Ak; ghJfhg;gjd; mtrpak; fhuzkhf mts;
xg;ge;jj;ij Kwpj;Jg; gpwpNjhu; jpUkzj;Jf;fhfj;
J}z;lg;gLfpd;wik.
• cs;shu;ej ; Nkhjy;fs;> Vida ghj;jpuq;fspD}lhf
kw;nwhUtupd; gps;isiaj; jdJ gps;isahf;fp
vy;iyapyh msTf;F Jd;gg;gLfpd;w xU ghj;jpu
khAk; gps;isg;ghrk; fhuzkhfj; jdJ ngWkhdq;
fis/tpOkpaq;fis mu;g;gzpf;Fk; xU ghj;jpukhf
Tk; mikfpd;whs;.
• fpuhkpaj;jd;ik> Nghypfspd;ik> ,uf;fk;> gNuhg
fhuk;> gupT> fUiz Nghd;wit F&rh ,dJ
ghj;jpuj;jpd; Clhf ntspf;nfhzug;gLfpd;wik.
• rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jsuhj; ijupak;> mr;r
kpdi; k> jd;dk;gpfi
; f> cWjpgg
; hL> Ra kjpgG
; vd;gd
mtsJ gz;Gfs;> nfhba r%fj;jpy; ek;gf;$l
Kbahj msTf;F cau;thd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
xU ghj;jpukhf ehlfj;jpy; F&rhtpd; ghj;jpuk;
tpupifailfpd;wik.
• KO cyFk; fz;zPupYk; ,uj;jj;jpYk; mtjpAW
fpd;w gaq;fukhd xU fhyg;gFjpapy; mupjhff;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;w fUizAs;sk; nfhz;l xU
caupa ngz;zhff; F&rhtpd; ghj;jpuk; gilf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jiz

ahff; nfhz;L cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupAq;fs;.
• ehlfj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjpapd; ikag;ghj;jpukhd
mrlf; xU rpf;fhu;e;j ghj;jpukhFk;.
• xUNghJ fs;tdhf> Fbfhudhf> Nfbahf> Vkhw;Wf;
fhudhf ,Uf;Fk; mtd; kw;nwhUNghJ rkNahrpj
Gj;jpAila mwpthw;wy; kpff; > nraw;wpd; kpff
; > kdpj
NeaKila xUtdhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
• kdpj czu;Tfs; njhlu;ghd Kjpu;e;j mwpTk;>
kdpjj; jd;ik njhlu;ghd mDjhgf; fz;Nzhl;lKk;
mrlf; ghj;jpuj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sik.
• Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpdiu ntWj;jy;> twpa
tu;f;fj;jpdu; kPJ md;G nrYj;Jjy;> rl;lj;ijf;
fhg;gjw;fhfr; rl;lj;ij kPWjy; MfpadTk; mrlf;
ghj;jpuj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sik.
• ePjp epahak; fpilg;gJ gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtjw;
fhff; fijahrpupau; mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
As;shu;.

• cWjpahd mbg;gil VJk; mw;wtd;> Vkhw;Wg;

Ngr;Rf;fhud;> vz;zj;Jf;F khwhfr; nraw;gLgtd;>
rl;lk; njupahjtd;> Nfhioj;jd;ikAilatd;> jdJ
ed;ikf;fhfr; rl;lj;ijf; ifahs;gtd;> ,yQ;rj;jpd;
msitg; nghWj;Jr; rl;lj;ijf; ifahs;gtd;> Fw;wj;
jpd; jd;ikiaad;wpf; Fw;wQ; Rkj;jg;gl;Ls;stupd;
jdpikiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;fpd;w> mjd; fhuzkhf
,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; Fwpj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghupd; kdjpy;
Iaj;ijf; fpsg;Gk; jd;ikAila xU ghj;jpukhfNt
mrlf; ghj;jpuk; gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• eldkhLk; jpwd;> jpwik> mwpthw;wy;> fglk; Mfpa
tw;iwf; nfhz;l ntspg;gilj;jd;ikaw;w xU
ghj;jpukhf mrlf; ghj;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• mePjpiaAk; mepahaj;ijAk; xWj;jy;> rkfhy r%f
mikg;Gf;fspy; fhzg;gl;l Vkhw;Wj;jd;ik Mfpa
tw;iw vs;sp eifahLtjw;Ff; fjhrpupau; mrlf;
ghj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
• mj;NjhL kfd; kPJ md;G nrYj;jhj> rPjdj;jpd;
kPJ Mir nfhz;ltshd F&rhtpd; khkpahu;>
r%fj;jpd; nfhba jd;ikia xWj;j g+rfu;> Ra
eykpahd yknud;jp> ehnlq;Fk; gutpf; fhzg;gl;l
r%f mePjpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; Nfhg;uy;> kdpjupd;
f\;lkhd jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; fkf;fhudpd; tPlL ; f;
fpotd;> Mfpa ghj;jpuq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; khztup
lk; RUf;fkhff; fye;JiuahLf.
• ,e;j vy;yhf; nfLgpbfSf;Fk; ,ilNa irkd;

\rhthtpwF ; k; F&rh ,w;Fk; ,ilNaahd Neu;ikahd
mg;ghtpjj
; dkhd fhjy; ntspgg ; Lj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijAk;
cjhuzq; fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
fzpg;gPL/kjpg;
kjpg;gPL : • ~~ntz;fl;b tl;lk;|| ehlfj;jpd; fij tpUj;jpaile;
Js;s tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
• F&rhtpdJ md;Nwy; mrlf; ,dJ ghj;jpuj;ij xg;gl

P L
;
uPjpapy; gFj;jha;f.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.5 : fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; njhlu;ghf Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpNuf;;f ehlf vOj;JUf;fis thrpj;jy;.

• fpNuf; f jpwn[b ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay; G fisg;
gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• fpNuf;f ehlfg; Ngjq;fs; gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;.
• NtlKfq;fs; mikj;jy;.
• ehlf vOj;JUit vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.5.1 : fpNuf;f ehlf ghzpia (jpwn[bia) ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • fpNuf;f ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

• nrh/nghf;sp]; ,dJ
• <bgR kd;dd;
• md;upfdp
• fpNuf;f muq;fpd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; glk;
mwpKfk; : cyfpd; gz;ila njhy;ruP ; (Classical) ehlf kuG vd;w

tifapy; fpNuf;f ehlfk; rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngWfpd;wJ.
mf;fpNuf;f jpwn[b ehlf ghzpapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
Nehf;FtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gLtjhFk;.

: • Vwj;jho 200 mb msTila rha;thd epyj;jpy;
mikf;fg;gl;l fpNuf;f muq;F ngUe;njhifahd
ghug;NghUf;F Vffhyj;jpy; ehlfj;ijg; ghu;f;fj;jf;f
tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
• Vffhyj;jpy; gj;jhapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ghu;g;NghUf;F

ebfu;fis ed;F ghu;f;fj;jf;f tifapy; mt;tuq;F
mike;jpUe;jJ.
• ebfupd; cauj;ij mjpfupjJ

; f; fhl;Ltjw;fhf Vwj;jho
Xu; mb caukhd ~~ld; n fh]; | | vdg; g Lfpd; w
nfhz;ilAk; rilAk; Fjp cau;e;j ghjzpfSk;
ghjq;fs; tiu kiwAk; tifapyhd njhsnjhsg;ghd
mup]; N lhby;
Nkyq;fpAk; mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.

• xU rpy ebfu;fshy; gy ghj;jpuq;fs; rpjj

; pupff
; g;gl;lik
ahy; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;J ebj;jdu;.
• vy;yh ebfUk; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;jpUe;jikahy;>

rhj;tpf mgpeak; mw;Wg;NghdJ.
• Ntl Kfq;fs;> ebfupd; Kfj;jpYk; ghu;f;fr; rw;Wg;

ngupjhf ,Ue;jJ. Fuiyj; J}uj;Nj Nfl;fr; nra;tjw;
fhf Ntl Kfj;jpd; tha; Gdy; tbtpy; tpNrlkhf
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
• ehlff; fhl;rp gfypNyNa fhl;lg;gl;likapdhy; Nkil

xspNaw;wk; Njitg;gltpy;iy.
• ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Nfhu]pdhy; md;Nwy; Gjpa

ghj; j punkhd; w pidg; GFj; j p mg; g hj; j puj; j pdhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk;:
• ~<bg]; kd;dd;| ehlfj;jpy; kd;dd; <bg];> ~jPgp];|
efu kd;ddhf epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
ntspaplg;gl;;lik.
• ~Nya];| kd;ddJ nfhiyAld; njhlu;Gila
jfty;fs; Nfhu]pdhy; ntspaplg;gl;lik. ijuPrpa];>
nfhupe; thrpahd nrk;kwpahl;bilad;> jPgp]; thrpahd
nrk;kwpahl;L ,ilad; MfpNahupd; tUif njhlu;ghd
gz; i lj; jfty; f s; ehlfr; nraypaf; f j; J ld;
jpwn[b NtlKfk; njhlu;Ggl;bUe;jik.
• xUNghJk; Nkilapy; td;Kiwr; nray;fisf; fhl;L
tJ jtpu;f;fg;gl;lik.
• vdNt mt;thwhd fhl;rpfisf; fhl;Ltjhy; ghu;g;
Nghu;> fLikahd kd mOj;jq;fSf;F MshtJ
jtpu;f;fg;gl;lik.
cjhuzk; 1:
~~<bg]; kd;dd;|| ehlfj;jpy; Foe;ijahd <bg];
Fkhudpd; ghjq;fs; Jisf;fg;gly;> nfhupe; thrp
nfhiy nra;jy;> Nya]; kd;dDk; mtdJ FOtpdUk;
nfhiy nra;ag;gLjy;> muf;fp jw;nfhiy nra;J
nfhs;sy;> n[hnf];uh fOj;jpy; RUf;fplL ; f; nfhs;sy;>
<bg]; kd;dd; fz;fisf; Fj;jpf; FUlhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
cjhuzk;; 2:
md; u pfdp ehlfj; j py; <upNahf; s p\; nghspdpr];
MfpNahUf; F ,ilapyhd rz; i lAk; mtu; f s;
,wj;jYk;> md;upfdp fOj;jpy; RUf;fpl;L ,wj;jy;>
`Pkd;> <Aupb]; murp jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• Co;tpidg;gad;> rkaf;fpupiafs;> rlq;Ffs; ehlfk;
KOtjpYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.

• vf;Ff;ypkh vdg;gLfpd;w rpy;Yfs; g+l;ba jl;L>

ghue; J }f; f p (Deux ex machina) Nghd; w nghwpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• Nkilapy; Vf fhyj;jpy; gy ebfu;fs; ebg;gpy;

<Lglhik. xU ebfd; md;Nwy; ,uz;L ebfu;fs;
md;Nwy; cr;r msthf %d;W ebfu;fNs Vffhyj;jpy;
Nkilapy; Njhd;wpaik.
• Nfhu]; ehlfj;jpd; ebg;Gg; gzpAld; ed;F njhlu;G

gl;bUe;jik.
cjhuzkhf: Nfhu];> Fwpj;j ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gil
ahf mikNthuhd gpujhd efu thrpfisg; gpujpepjpj;
Jtg; g Lj; j paik> ghj; j puq; f shfr; nraw; g l; l ik>
Nfhu]; vz; z q; f is ntspg; g Lj; J jy; > ghj; j puq; f Sf; F
vr;rupf;if tpLj;jy;> Nkilapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;glhj
epfo;Tfisr; nra;jp nfhz;LtUgtu; xUtu; Clhf
ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
• Mz;fs; khj;jpuk; ebj;jik
• ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fspy; xNu ,lj;ijg; gpdd

; zpahff;
nfhz;L ebg;G ,lk;ngw;wik.
cjhuzk;: ~~<bg]; kd;dd;|| kw;Wk; ~~md;upfdp|>
ehlfq;fspy; ~jPgp];| efu mur khspifapd; vjpNu.
• ehlfj; J f; n fdj; njupT nra; a g; g l; l fijf; f U>

ngUk;ghYk; xU ehspy; epfo;e;J Kbaj;jf;f xU
rk;gtkhf mike;jpUe;jik.
md; u pf; f dp
• ehlfk; ftpijg;ghq;fhd nkhopa+lhf tpUj;jpail

fpd;wik.
• eldKk; ghlYk; ehlfg; ghzpapy; Kf;fpa ,ay;G

fshff; fhzg;gl;lik.
• ,ay;Gf;F khwhd rpj;jpupg;igAk; fhzyhk;.
• ehlfk; ghapu (Prologue) j;Jld; njhlq;Ffpd;wik.
• Nfhu]; mjd; gpd;du; muq;fpy; gpuNtrpf;fpd;wik.
• ehlfj;jpd; Kbtpy; Nfhu]hfNt (Exodos) ntsp
Nawpaik.
fzpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijg; gFj;jha;f.
• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis cjhuzq;

fhl;b tpsf;Ff.


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • lNahdPr]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l rlq;FfspD}

lhff; fpNuf; f ehlff; f iy Njhd; w paikiaf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ~bj;uhk;| gw;wpa tplaq;fis Muha;thu;.
• rpj;jpupg;G njhlu;ghd KjyhtJ fUj;J ~nj];gp];|
Clhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• fpNuf; f ehlff; f iy njhlu; g hd tplaq; f isj;
Njbawpa Kw;gLjy;
• Vida ehlff; f iyfspd; Njhw; w j; J f; F r; rka
rlq;Ffs; VJthf mike;j tpjj;ijj; Njbawpjy;
nraw;ghL 4.5.2 : fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;rr

; pAk; gw;wpa
jfty;fis Nehf;FNthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; :• E}y;fs;
• rQ;rpiffs;
• nra;Jfhl;ly;fs;
• lNahdpr]; rlq;Fld; njhlu;Gila glq;fs;
• fpNuf;f muq;fd; mikg;igf; fhl;Lk; glk;
mwpKfk; : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;r;rp gw;wpa
tplaq; f isj; NjbawptNj ,g; g hlj; j pD}lhf

: • nghJthf vy;yh ehfupfq;fspYk; ehlff;fiyapd;
Njhw;wj;Jf;Fr; rlq;Ffs; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sik.
• nropg; G f; F k; itd; kJTf; F k; tpisr; r Yf; F k; >

mjpgjpahd lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l
rlq;Ffis mbnahl;bNa fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
• jpuhl;ir mWtil eilngWk; fhyq;fspy;

lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf cw;rtq;fs; elj;jg;
gl;lik> mJ Mly; ghly;fis cs;slf;fpa xU
nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gJ.

• lNahdprpa]; nja;tj;ijg; ghuhl;Ltjw;fhfg; ghlg;gl;l

~bj;uhk;| vdg;gLk; ghly;fs; ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.
Vwj;jho 50 Ngu; nfhz;l xU FOtpdu; lNahdprp];
Myaj;Jf;F vjpNu ,g;ghly;fisg; ghbaik.
• ~bj;uhk;| tifahdJ. Kjy;jlitahf> ~mupNahd;|

vDk; ftpQdpdhy; fiyg;ngWkhdKila xU rq;fj P g;
ghly; Kiwahf Kd; i tf; f g; g l; l ik. mjd;
tpisthfg; ghlw; FOj; jiytUf;Fk; ghlfu;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa nrhy;yhly; cUthfpaik. ghlfu; 50 Ngu;
$b NtlKfkzpe;J ~bj;uhk;| ghly; ghbaik. mjd;
jiytu;> FOtpypUe;J gpupe;J ghlfu;fsplk; tpdhf;fs;
Nfl;lik. mtu;fs; mt;tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspjj ; ik.
,jd; topNa ehlfj; j pd; nrhy; y hly; tpUj; j p
aile;jik.
<bg; g ];
• ~bj;uhk;| ghly; ,t;thwhd tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jNghJ>
~nj];gp];| FOTk; ghLtjpy; Nru;e;Jf; nfhz;lik>
mjd; topNa ehlfr; nrhy;yhly; ,lk; ngw;Wte;jik>
mq;F ntt;NtW ghj;jpuq;fisj; jdpNa ebj;Jf; fhl;l
Kw;gl;lNghJ ebg;Gr; nrad;Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.
• vdNt cyFf;Fr; rpj;jpupg;ig (ebg;ig) Kjd; Kjypy;

mwpKfQ; nra;jtu; ~nj];gp]|; Mifahy; jw;fhyj;jpy;
ebfiuf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ~nj];gpad; vDk; rpwg;Gg;gjk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
fzpg; g P L : • ~bj;uhk;| vd;gJ ahJ vdr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.
• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijr; RUf;fkhfj;

jUf.
crhj; J iz : • gz;ilj; jkpo;r;r%fj;jpy; ehlfk;

• muq;F Xu; mwpKfk; - Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp

jpU. f. jpyfehjd;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpNuf;f kfpo;newp ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfisg;

gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;
• fpNuf;f kfpon
; ewp ehlf vOj;JUf;fisj; Njbf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.
• rw;waupd; ,ay;ig tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.5.3 : fpNuf;f ehlf ghzpia ,dq;fhz;Nghk; (kfpo;newp>

rw;wau;)
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • fpNuf;f ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

• Mw;Wifia ntspg;gLj;Jk; xspg;glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : njhy; r P u ; muq; F fspy; xd; w hd fpNuf; ; f muq; F

Kf;fpakhd ehlf ghzpfisg; gpd;te;NjhUf;F tpl;Lr;
nrd;Ws;s jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhd
tbtq;fshd kfpo;newp> rw;wau; vd;gd njhlu;ghfTk;
mwpe;Jnfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • fpNuf; f kfpo; n ewp ehlfq; f Sk; jNahdprpa];
topghl;Lld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lNj. kfpo;newp jdf;fhd
tbtq;fisg; ngw;wTld; jNahdprpa topghl;Lld;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nyNda]; tpohtpy; ehlfq;fis
epfo;j;jpdu;.
• mur MjuTld; epfo; j ; j g; g l; l J. ehlfj; j py;

tUfpd;wtu;fs; kpUfq;fs; md;Nwy; gwitfspdJ
mup]; N lhNgd; ] ; NtlKfq;fisg; Nghl;Lf; nfhz;Ljhd; tUthu;fs;.
• kfpo;newp ehlf Mrpupau;fSs; mup];NuhNgd;];>

nkdhd;lu; Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
• kfpo; n ewpapd; Clhf r%f tsu; r ; r papidAk;

fz;Lnfhs;syhk;. gioa kfpo;newp> kj;jpa kfpo;newp
mup]N ; uhNgdRlDk;> Gjpa kfpon
; ewp nkdhz;lUlDk;
mwpKfkhfpd;wJ.
nkdhd; l u;

• kfpo;newp ehlfq;fs; rpupg;gpD}lhf cyif Ma;T

nra;gitahf cs;sd. gioa kfpo;newpf; fhyj;jpy;
Rje;jpukhd #oy; epytpaJ. Neubahf kfpon ; ewpfF
; upa
%yfq;fspD}lhf khw;wg;gl Ntz;ba r%f tpOkpaq;
fis tpNehjk;> #o;r;rp> mw;Gjk; vd;gtw;wpd; Clhff;
Nfs;tp Nfl;f Kbe;jJ.
• Gjpa kfpo; n ewpf; fhyj; j py; Rje; j pukhd #oy;

epyttpy;iy. ,jdhy; nkdhd;lu; ghj;jpu tif
khjpupfisf; ifahz;L kj;jpaju tu;f;fj; jdpkdpjg;
gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
• Mw;WifahdJ Nfhu]; ghbagb tUjy;> tpthjk;>

ghu;gN
; ghUld; Neubahfg; NgRjy; Nghd;w fl;likg;Gf;
fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
nfhkb Ntl Kfq; f s;
• kfpo;newp ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd gz;G> ghu;g;NghUld;
Neubahfg; NgRtjd; Clhf `h];ag; gz;gpidj;
Njhw;Wtpg;gJ MFk;. ,e;jg; gz;gpidr; rk];fpUj
muq;fpy; tpJ}\fdpYk; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.
• fpNuf;fj;jpy; ,ijtplr; rw;wau; vDk; mq;fj ehlfq;

fSk; ,Ue;Js;sd. ghjp kdpjg; gz;Gk; ghjp kpUfg;
gz;Gk; ,ize;j tbtk; ,JthFk;.
• NtlKfq;fis mzpe;J MLtu;. jpwn[b ehlfq;fs;

je;j fdjpapy; ,Ue;J rw;W tpLglNt rw;wau; ehlfq;fs;
te;J Nru;fpd;wd.
• <];fpy]; fhyj;jpy; jpwn[b ehlfq;fSld; xU rw;wau;

ehlfKk; Mw;Wif nra;ag;gl;lJ.
• fpNuf;f kfpo;newp kuG gpw;fhyj;jpYk; njhlu;tij

ehk; tuyhw;wpd; Clhf mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f kfpon
; ewp ehlfq;fisj; Njbg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• ~kfpo;newp muq;fpd; jj;Jtk;| fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy;

ntspg;gLk; Kiwikapid tpsf;Ff.
• rw;wau; ehlfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpNuf;f jpwn[b (Tragedy) ehlfj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisf;

Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• fpNuf;f kfpon; ewp (Comedy) ehlfj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis
,dq;fhZjy;.
• fpNuf;f ehlf Ngjq;fs; gw;wpa tplaq;fisj; Njbawpa
Kidjy;.
• fpNuf; f rw; w au; ehlfj; j pd; rpwg; g pay; G fis
mtjhdpj;jy;.
• jhk; mwpe;J itj;Js;s gy;NtW ehlfq;fis Nkw;gb
Ngjq;fNshL xg;gpLtjpy; tpUg;Gf;fhl;Ljy;.
nraw;ghL 4.5.4 : fpNuf;f ehlf tiffs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • Nkw;gb tiffisr; Nru;e;j ehlf E}y;fs;.

• me;j ehlfq;fspd; fhl;rpfslq;fpa ,Wtl;Lf;fs; (CD)
mwpKfk; : fpNuf; f ehlff; f iyapd; Ngjq; f s; (tiffs; )

njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;fkspg;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;

: • E}y; crhTif> fye;Jiuahly;.

: • nj];gp]; cld; Njhw;wk; ngw;w fpNuf;f ehlf kugpd;
fPo; rpy ehlf Ngjq;fs; cUthfpaik. jpun[b>
nfhkb> rw;wau; (Tragedy, Comedy, Satyer) vd;gdNt
mitahFk;.
• jpwn[b> fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; Kf;fpakhd ehlf

tif MFk;. ehafdpd; jiytpjp fhuzkhf md;Nwy;
FiwghL fhuzkhf mty Kbit vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
tPudpd; tho;f;ifiar; rpj;jpupg;gNj jpun[bahFk;.
ehlfk; KOtjpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLk; gPjp> Nrhfk;>
gupT> foptpuf;fk; Mfpa czu;r;rpfisf;nfhz;L
ghu;g;Nghuplj;Nj czu;r;rpf;fpsu;T cUthfpd;wik.

• NtlKfkzpe;J Mlg;gLfpd;w ~Nfhk];| vd;w xU

tif eldj;ij Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;
gl; l xU ehlf tbtNk ~nfhkb| ehlfkhFk; .
jNahdprpa]; nja;tj;Jf;fhf elj;jg;gl;l fpuhkpa
cw;rtnkhd;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ypq;fr; rlq;Fg;
ghlypD}lhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
~Nfhk];| vDk; ngaupy; fpNuf;fUf;F kj;jpapy;
gpugy;ak; ngw;w ,e;j cw;rtj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
Cu;tyq;fspy; ghly;> eldk;> cl;gl Vida Nghyr;
nra;jy; mk;rq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. NtlKfk;
mzpe;J MLk; eldj;jpD}lhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikap
dhy; nfhkb vDk; ngaiug; ngw;Ws;sJ.
• rw;wau; vd;gJ mq;fj ehlf tifahFk;. fpNuf;ff;

fijfspy; ,lk;ngWk; ghjp kdpjd; ghjp kpUfk; (miu
tpyq;F miu kdpjd;) jd;ikAila ghj;jpuq;fs;
,f;fijfSf;F %ykhf mike;Js;sd.
jNahdprpa]; rlq;FfSs; ~bj;jpuhk;| cs;thq;fg;

gl;ljd; gpdd
; u; NtlKfkzpeJ ; Myaj;ij mf;Nfhu];
FOtpdu; tyk; te;jthW eldkhbAs;sdu;. ,t;thwhd
Nfhu]; FOtpdupD}lhf rw;wau; ehlfk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ. fpNuf;;f ehlf cw;rtq;fspy; %d;W
jpun[bfs; fhl;lg;gl;ljd; gpdd; u; ghu;gN
; ghUf;F kfpor
; r
; p
a+l;Ltjw;fhfNt rw;wau; ehlfnkhd;W Kd;itf;fg;
gl;lJ.
fzpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlf tiffisr; RUf;fkhfj; jUf.
• fpNuf;f ~jpun[b| nahd;wpd; md;Nwy; ~nfhkb|

nahd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupf;Ff.
rw; w au;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpa tplaq;fis

Muha;jy;.
• gpugy;ak; tha;e;j fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fis ,dq;
fhZjy;
• gpugy; a k; tha; e ; j fpNuf; f ehlf Mrpupau; f spd;
gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy;.
• fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis ,dq;
fhZjy;.
• fpNuf; f ehlff; f iyapD}lhfj; Njhd; w pa rpwe; j
gilg;Gf;fis kjpj;jy;
nraw;ghL 4.5.5 : fpNuf;f ehlfu;fs; njhlu;ghf Muha;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;

• fpNuf;f ehlf Mrpupau;fs; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;.
mwpKfk; : fpNuf;f ehlff; fiyapd; tsu;rr

; p gw;wpAk; gpurpjj
; pngw;w
fpNuf; f ehlff; fiyQu; f s; kw; W k; mtu; f spd;
gilg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; gapYtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;


: • fpNuf;f ghly; FOj;jiytdhf (Nfhu];) ,Ue;j
~nj]; g p]; | vd; g tu; ~jNahdP r pa]; | nja; t j; j pd;
tho;f;ifiaj; jOtp vOjpa gy;NtW fijfisj;
jdJ ghly;fisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L nrhy;yhly;
fisAk; Nghyr; nra;jiyAk; ,izj;Jj; jdpahf
elj;jpf;fhl;baikNa fpNuf;f ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wkhf
mike;jJ.
• gpd;du; ~nj];gp];| Ij; jOtp Vida Nfhu]; jiytu;

fSk; ehlfk; vOJtjpYk; ebg;gjpYk; <Lgl;ldu;.
/g;&dpnlh];> nlhapupnyh];> /gpul;bdh]; Nghd;Nwhu;
~nj];gp];| ,d; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa rpy ehlff;fhuu;f
shtu;. vdpDk; ,d;W mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fisf;
fhz;gjupJ.

• mtu;fspd; gpd;du; fpNuf;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa cau;jukhd

KjyhtJ ehlff;fhuu; <];fpy]; (fp.K. 525 - 456)
Mthu;. ehlfg; Nghl;bfspy; 13 jlitfs; Kjyplj;ijg;
ngw;w ~<];fpy];| jdJ tho;ehspy; Vwj;jho 70 ehlf
E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,d;W mtw;Ws; xU rpyNt
vQ;rpAs;sd. mitahtd:
1. Suppliantas
2. Persians
3. The Seven Against Thebes
4. The Prometheus Bound
5. Agamemnon
Choephoroe Oresteia Trilogy
Eumenides
• jNadprpa]; rlq;fhfj; njhlq;fpa fpNuf;f jpun[b

ehlfkhdJ. <];fpy]; ehlfj;Jiwapy; gpuNtrpj;j
fhyj;jpy; mjd; Muk;g kl;lj;jpNyNa fhzg;gl;lJ.
mtu; mjd; mikg;igAk; (Form) cs;slf;fj;ijAk;
tsu;j;njLj;jhu;. xU jdp ebfDf;F tiuaiwg;
gl;bUe;j jpwn[b ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ebfiur;
mtu; Nru;j;jhu;.
• nrh/nghf;fpsp];: (fp.K. 496 - 406) fpNuf;f ehlf

Afj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp cyf ehlf ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpYk;
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWk; xU ehlffhudhthu; vd;gij
KO cyFk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Vwj;jho 123
ehlf E}y;fis vOjpAs;s mtu;> Vwj;jho 18
jlitfs; ehlfg; Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shu;.
jw;NghJ VO (7) jpwn[bfSk; xU rw;wau; ehlfKk;
khj;jpuNk vQ;rpAs;sd.
jpwn[b rw;wau; ehlfk;
ehlfq;fs;
1. Ajax 1. Trackers
2. Oedipus the King
3. Antigone
4. Oedipus at Colonus
5. Electra
6. Philoctetes
nrh/nghf; f psp]; 7. Women of Thrace
• ehlf kuig tsu;g;gjw;fhf nrh/nghf;fpsp]; gy

mk;rq;fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;. mtu; %d;whtJ
ebfid mwpKfQ; nra; j hu; . ehlfr; nraiyr;
rpf;fyhdjhf;Fjy;> ghly;fis 15 tiu mjpfupj;jy;
Mfpad mtuhy; nra;ag;gl;l khw;wq;fshFk;. fijf;
fUtpy; kl;Lkd;wp rpj;jpuj; jpiuiaj; njhq;ftpl;L
Nkil myq; f upg; i g ehlfj; J iwf; F mwpKfQ;
nra;jtUk; ,tNuahtu;.

• a+upgpb];
fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspd;gb fpNuf;f jpwn[b
ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpahd ehlffhuuhff; fUjg;gLgtu;
a+upgpb]; (fp.K. 480 - 406) Mthu;. Vwj;jho 18 tajpy;
ehlfk; vOjj; njhlq;fpa mtu; jkJ tho;ehspy;
Vwj;jho 90 ehlfq;fis vOjpAs;shu;. mtw;Ws;
Vwj;jho 19 ehlfq;fNs jw;NghJ vQ;rpAs;sd.
• a+upgpb]; Vida jpwn[b ehlffhuu;fspYk; ghu;f;f

NtWgl; l kdg; g hq; F fisf; nfhz; l xUtuhff;
fhzg;gl;lhu;. fpNuf;fj;jpy; tho;e;j jj;JtQhdpfspd;
(Sophists) jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fshy; <uf;fg;gl;l mtu;
jkJ gilg; G fspd; Clhf mf; f hyr; r%fj; j py;
fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfisAk; rpy ek;gpf;iffisAk;
tpku; r pj; j hu; . mtUila tbtk; (Form) Vida
ehlff;fhuu;fis xj;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;
rpe;jidapy; NtWghL fhzg;gl;lJ. mtuJ jpwn[b
ehlfq;fspd; Clhfr; rka epiyg;ghLfs; td;ikahf
tpku; r pf; f g; g l; l d. mtw; w py; vt; t pj cz; i kAk;
cl;fpilAk; fpilahJ vd vLj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;. mtuJ
mDjhgKk; ftdKk; fupridAk; vg;NghJk; fkf;fhuu;>
Ntiyahl;fs;> rhkhdpau;fisNa rhu;ej ; pUe;jJ. mtu;
fpNuf;f ehlf tuyhw;wpy; ajhu;j;jj;jpid mwpKfQ;
nra;jtnudTk; fijf; fUtpy; njspthd khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpatu; vdTk; Fwpg;gplyk;. A+upgpb]; vOjpa
ehlfq;fspw; rpy tUkhW.
1. Medea
2. Alcestis
3. Hippolytus
4. The Trojan women
5. The bacchae
• jpwn[b ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W mjpf fhyk;

nry;y Kd;du; nfhkb ehlfq;fs; vOJjYk; jahupj;j
Yk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. vnjd;]; ,y; tho;e;j mup];l/
ngdp]; vd;gtNu fpNuf;fj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j ~nfhkb|
ehlff;fhuuhthu;. fp.K. 445 ,y; gpwe;j mtu; 20
tajpy; nfhkb ehlfhrpupauhfg; Gfo;ngw;whu;. mtu;
vOjpa ehlf E}y;fspd; vz;zpfi
; f 44 MFk;. mtw;Ws;
11 gilg;Gf;fNs ,q;F vQ;rpAs;sd.
1. The Acharnions 7. Lysistrate

2. The Nights 8. The smophoriazusaz
3. The clouds 9. The Frogs
4. The wasps 10. Ecclesiazusae
5. Peace 11. Plutes
6. The birds

• ~nfhkb| ehlfq;fspd; Nehf;fk; fspg;ig Vw;gLj;Jt

jhFk;. fw;gidahd nghUs;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl ~nfhkb| ehlfq;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. r%fj;jpy;
epyTk; FiwghLfisf; fhl;Ljy; murpay; jiytu;fs;
Nghd;w rkfhy Kf;fpaj;ju;fis vs;sp eifahLjy;
Nghd; w tw; W f; f hfTk; nfhkbfs; vOjg; g l; l d.
ghj;jpuq;fs; rhkhdpau;fshf mike;jdu;. tpyq;Fg;
ghj;jpuq;fSk; fw;gidahd ghj;jpuq;fSk; mtw;wpy;
,lk;ngw;wd. Ntl cilfs; jpwn[bapYk; ghu;f;f
ajhu;j;jg+u;tkhditahf mike;jd.
• Ntl Kfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Nfhu]py; 24

Ngu; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sdu;. ghlypy; tUk; ghj;jpu nkhd;wpd;
ngaNu nghJthf ehlfj;Jf;Fg; ngauhf ,lg;gl;lJ.
mtuJ ehlfq; f Ss; kpfr; rpwe; j gilg; g hff;
fUjg;gLtJ The Birds (gwitfs;) ehlfkhFk;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapd; tsu;r;rpiar; RUf;fkhfj;
jUf.
• gpurpj;jp ngw;w fpNuf;f ehlff;fhuu;fs; ehy;tu;> kw;Wk;

mtu;fsJ ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wp xU fl;Liu
vOJf.
md; u pf; f dp


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • fpNuf; f ehlf muq; F njhlu; g hd tplaq; f is

Muha;jy;.
• fpNuf; f ebfu; f sJk; Nfhu]pdJk; gzpfisf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w Ntl cilfis Mf;f
Kidjy;.
• fpNuf;f ehlff;fiy njhlu;ghf Nkd;NkYk; tplaq;
fisj; Njbawpa tpUg;Gf;fhl;Ljy;.
• Vida gpuNjr ehlff;fiyAld; fpNuf;f ehlff;
fiyia xg;gpLjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.5.6 : fpNuf; f ehlff; f iyapd; mbg; g il mk; r q; f is

,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;nfhd;wpd; glk;

• fpNuf;f muq;fg; nghUs;fspd; glk;
• fpNuf;f ebfu;fspd; glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapy; muq;F> muq;fg; nghUs;fs;>

ebfu;fs;> Ntl cilfs; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; gw;wp
Kiwikahff; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;
gLtjhFk;.


: • fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs; jpwe;jntsp muq;FfspNyNa
ebf;fg;gl;ld. mJ ~jNahdpr];| Mya Kd;wypy;
mike;j vspikahd muq;fpy; Muk;gpj;Jg; gbg;gbahf
tpuptile;jJ fp.K. 5Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy;
tpUj;jpaile;j mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpa> Vwj;jho
14000 ghu;;g;NghUf;F ehlfk; ghu;g;gjw;Nfw;w tifapy;
cUthf; f g; g l; b Ue; j vg; g pNlhu]; muq; i f xU
KOikahd ehlf muq;F vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• ~]; f P N d| (fhl; r p ,y; y k; ) xg; g idaiwahfTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghyhd ehlfq;fspy; mJ
ehlfj;jpd; gpdd ; zpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;

rpy muq; f g; nghUs; f isf; fsQ; r pag; g Lj; j p

itg;gjw;fhfTk; mJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ];fPNd
fl;llj;jpd; kj;jpapy; muq;fj;Jf;F vjpNu cs;s %d;W
fjTfSs; vg; N ghJk; neLq; f jtpd; ClhfNt
jiyikg; ghj;jpuk; Nkilf;F tUk;. khspifiaf;
Fwpg;gjw;fhd Xu; cj;jpahfTk; ,J gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• ~]; f P N d| fl; l lj; i jAk; NkiliaAk; Nehf; f p
mike;jpUf;Fk; muq;fj;jpy; mjhtJ xf;nf];lu; htpy;
(Orchetra) Nfhu]hdJ ghLtjpYk; eldkhLtjpYk;
<Lgl;lJ. rpyNghJ mq;F tUk; ebfnuhUtUk;
NfhuRld; nrhy;yhlypy; <LgLtJz;L. GNuhrPdpak;
vd miof;fg;gLk; Nkil gpujhdkhf ebg;gjw;fhfNt
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• ~];fPNd|,dJ ,uz;L me;jq;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
ghu;gN
; ghu; $lj;jpd; ,uz;L me;jq;fSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
epyg;gFjp gunlh]; (Parados) vdg;gl;lJ. ghlfu;fs;
,g; g Fjpapd; ClhfNt ~xf; n f]; l ; u h| ,Ds;
gpuNtrpj;jdu;.
muq;fg; nghUs;fs; (fhz;gpaq;fs;)

• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; gy;NtW muq;fg;nghUs;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rpk;khrdk;> rha;kid> ghil
(Ekkyklema) Nghd;wit mtw;wpy; mlq;fpapUe;jd.
jpwn[bfspYk; ghu; f ; f nfhkbfspNyNa ,it
gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s d. rpy ehlfq; f spy; ghupa
ghue;J}f;fpnahd;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ebfu;
• fpNuf;f ehlfj;jpy; Nfhu]; cl;gl rfy tifahd
ghj;jpuq;fSk; Mz; ebfu;fshNyNa rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;ld.
,aw;ifahd ehlf NkhbapYk; ghu;f;f NtWgl;l
rpj; j pupg; G fhzg; g lhjjhff; fUj KbfpwJ.
nrhy;yhly;fSk; xU Fwpj;j re;jj;Jf;F (Rythem)
mikaNt gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. Nkilapy; xU
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; cr;r msthf ,Utu; my;yJ %tNu
ebg;gpy; <Lgl;ldu;. vdNt xU ebfu; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
tfpghfq;fis ebf;f Ntz;ba epiyAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Ntl cilfs;
• rfy ebfu;fSk; Ntl Kfq;fs; mzpe;J ebj;jdu;.
jpwn[b kw;Wk; nfhkb ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
Ntl Kfq;fs; ntt;NtW tifahdit. Ntl Kfk;
jtpu ebfdpd; jiyKbia thup Kbj;j nfhz;ilAk;
mjd; Nky; xU FLkpAk; mike;jpUe;jd. ebfdpd;
cauj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; fhl;LtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
NkYk; ebfu;fs; caukhd mb nfhz;l ghjzp
tifnahd;iwAk; mzpe;jpUe;jd.

• jpwn[bfspy; gpujhd Ntl cilahdJ> gy;NtW

Ntiyg; g hLfisf; nfhz; L myq; f upf; f g; g l; l
gpufhrkhd epwq;fisf;nfhz;l ghjq;fs; tiu ePz;l
Nkyq;fp MFk;. Mz; ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fk; ngz; ghj;jpuj;Jf;
Fk; Vw;g mjd; jd;ik NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lJ. nfhkb
ehlfq; f spd; Ntl cilfs; > `h\; a j; i jg;
gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhfNt cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Ntl Kfq;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp ehlfg; ghj;jpuq;fs; iffspNye;jpr; nry;Yk;
ifg;nghUs;fSk; fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;ld.
• fpNuf;f ehlfq;fspy; njs;sj;njspthd Xu; mk;rk;
~Nfhu];| MFk;. 12> 15> 24 Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fs;>
fhl;rpfis tpupTgLj;jy;> nray;fis tpupTgLj;jp
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yy;> cl;gl gy gzpfisr; nra;jd.
jpwn[b kw;Wk; nfhkbfspy; Nfhu]pd; jd;ikAk;
mjpy; mlq;fpNahupd; vz;zpf;ifAk; NtWgl;Lf;
fhzg;gl;ld.
• Nfhu]; ghLk;NghJ Nksk;> XNgh (Oboe) Nghd;w
thj;jpaf; fUtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fpNuf;f ehlf muq;fpd; gUkl;lhd glj;ij tiue;J
mjd; gpujhd mk;rq;fisg; ngaupLf.
• fpNuf;f ebfu; gad;gLj;jpa muq;fg; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
Ntl cilfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • gz;ilj; jkpor; r%fj;jpy;; ehlfk;

• ehlf tof;F - Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;
fpNuf;f muq;fk;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.6 : rk];fpUj ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rk];fpUj ehlfk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w r%fg; gpd;Gyj;ij

Muha;jy;
• r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;Jnfhs;tjpy;
ehlfj;jpd; gq;fspg;igf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ebfdhf ,Uj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fye;Jiu
ahLjy;.
• KOikahd xU ehlff; fiy vd; w tifapy;
rk];fpUj ehlff; fiyia kjpj;jy;.
• ehlf vOj;JU vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.1 : ~~rk];fpUj ehlff;fiyapd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; tsu;r;rp

iaAk; Muha;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk;

• tlnkhop ehlf ,yf;fpak;
• rk];fpUj ehlfq;fspd; xspg;glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; Njhw;wj;Jld; njhlu;;Gila

nja;tf; nfhs;if> r%fj; Njitfs;> ebfnuhUtu;
nfhz; b Uf; f Ntz; b a ,ay; G fSk; jpwd; f Sk;
Mfpadtw; i w Nehf; F tNj ,g; g hlj; j pd; Clhf


: • ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw; w k; njhlu; g hf ehl; b a
rh];jpuj;jpy; Fwpgg
; plg;gl;Ls;s Guhzf;fijf;F mika
mJ nja;tPfkhfNt Njhw;wk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• #j;jpuu; cl;gl ehd;F Fyq;fSk; rkkhf ,urpf;fj;

jf;fjhf ahNjDNkhu; ,yf;fpa tbtj;ijj; jUkhW
Njtu; f s; gpuk; k dplk; Ntz; L Nfhs; tpLj; j du; .
mr;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuk;kd; jpahdtag;gl;L> ehd;F
Ntjq; f spypUe; J k; mg; g hzpf; F j; Njitahd
mk;rq;fisg; ngau;jn ; jLj;jhu;. ,Uf;F Ntjj;jpypUe;J

ciuiaAk;> rhk Ntjj;jpypUe;J ghly;fisAk;> aRu;

Ntjj;jpypUe;J mgpeaj;ijAk;> mju;tz Ntjj;jp
ypUe; J RitiaAk; fye; J Ie; j hk; Ntjkhf
ehlfj;ij mikj;jhu;.
• gpuk;kdpd; fl;liisia Vw;w tp\;tfu;kh nja;tk;

muq;f kz;lgnkhd;wpid mikj;Jj; jhk; cUthf;fpa
ehlfj;ij mq;F ebj;Jf; fhl;LkhW guj Kdptuplk;
Ntz; b dhu; . ehlfj; j pd; ntw; w pf; f hf Vida
nja;tq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;. rpy nja;tk;
jhz;ltj;jpd; %yKk;> ghu;tjp Njtfd;dpif yh];a
eldk; %yKk; tp\;Z nja;tk; ehy;tif ehlf
tpjpfspd; %yKk; ehlfj;Jf;F mo$l;bdu;.
• rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; ClhfNt cyfpy; Kjd;

Kjyhfg; ngz;fs; ebg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;. mJ
mf;fhy r%fj;jpy; Gul;rpfu khw;wj;Jf;F VJthfpaJ.
• midtUk; xNu FLk;gk; Nghd;W $l;lhf ehlfj;ijg;

ghu; j ; j du; . $l; l hf ehlfj; i j ebj; j du; . ebg; G
,ay; g hdjhf ,Ue; j J. r%fj; j py; fhzg; g l; l
ek;gpf;iffs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> fijfis ehlff; fijg;
nghUshff; nfhz; l du; . ehlfj; j py; me; j e; j g;
ghj;jpuq;fs; jj;jkJ nkhopg; Ngjq;fisg; gad;
gLj;jpdu;.
• nghJ kf;fSf;fhd 64 Ko ePsKk; 32 Ko mfyKk;

cilajhf ehlff; fpUfk; (tp\;fu;k) mikj;jdu;.
mJ eLj;ju msTila ehlff; fpUfkhFk;.
• vdNt r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L

rk];fpUj ehlfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik njspT.
• ebg;Gj; njhopypd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf muR tifnra;jJ

vd;gjw;Ff; nfsby;aupd; ~~mu;j;jrh];jpuk;| rhd;W
gfu;fpd;wJ.
• ebfu;fs; ehshe;jk; <l;Lk; tUkhdk; njhlu;ghf

mwpf; i ffis muRf; F r; rku; g ; g pj; j y; Ntz; L k; .
nghUshjhu neUf;fb epytpa fhyq;fspy; ebg;Gj;
njhopypy; <Lgl;Nlhu; jkJ tUkhdj;jpd; rupghjpia
muRf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
• gz;ilf;fhyk; KjNy ebg;G xU njhopyhf ,Ue;J

te; J s; s J. Gj; j u; ngUkhdpd; fhyj; j pYk; $l
(,wg;Gf;F 2500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du;) ,e;jpahtpy;
,lj;Jf;fplk; nry;Yk; ehlff; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jikf;fhd

rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. efuj;jpy; mike;j ru];tjp

gtdj;jpy; g+uiz jpdq;fspy; nja;tj;Jf;fhf ehlff;
fhl;rpfs; elj;jg;gl;lik gw;wp ~fhk#j;u| vDk; E}ypy;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ehlff;FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa
Nghl;bfs; elj;jg;gl;likiaAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
• ebfdhtjw;Fg; gy tpNrlkhd jifikfis epiwT

nra;tJ mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. ebg;G> eldk;> ,ir
cl;gl gy tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd gupr;rak; mtrpa
khf ,Ue;jJ.
• tpNtfk;> ey;y epidthw;wy;> kjpf;Fk; jpwd;> rQ;ry

kpd;ik> Nghl;bNghLk; jd;ik> tpopg;Gld; ,Uj;jy;
Mfpa MW gz;Gfs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
• xg;gidahdJ ngUk;ghYk; ebfdhy; jhkhfNt nra;J

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ehlfhrpupaUf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;bUj;jy;
ebfupd; xU ew;gz;ghFk;. rk];fpUj nkhopawpTk;
Vida nkhop Ngjq;fs; gw;wpa mwpTk; ebfdhf
tUtjw;fhd gpujhdkhd jifikahf mike;jJ.
fzpg; g P L : • rk];fpUj ehlff; fiyapd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp

gw;wp Muha;e;J vOJf.
• ebfd; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba gz;Gfis EZfp

Muha;e;J vOJf.
Nfushtpy; cs; s $j; j k; g yk;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~~ghru;|| fhyj;ijAk; mtuJ ehlf E}y;fisAk;

Muha;jy;.
• fhspjhrdpd; Vida ehlfg; gilg; G f; f isAk;
mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyj;ijAk; ,urpj;jy;.
• ehlfhrpupau; #j;jpufu; tho;e;j fhyj;ijAk; mtuJ
ehlfg; gilg;GfisAk; EZfpahuha;jy;.
• =ù; r upd; ehlfg; gilg; G f; f Ss; rpwg; g plj; i jg;
ngw;Ws;s ~uj;dhtsp| ehlfj;ij ,urpj;jy;.
• rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.2 : rk];fpUj ehlfhrpupau;fshd ghru;> fhspjhrd;>

#j;jpufu;> =ù;ru; MfpNahu; gw;wp mwpeJ
; nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • rk];fpUj ehlfq;fspd; vOj;JUf;fs;> xyp> xspg;gjpT

ehlhf;fs;
mwpKfk ; : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j

ghru;> fhspjhru;> #j;jpufu;> =ù;ru; MfpNahiuAk;
mtu;fsJ gilg;Gf;fisAk; ,dq;fhz;gNj ,g;ghlj;jp
D}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.


: • ghru;
ghrupd; 13 ehlfq;fs; gw;wpf; fzgjp rh];jpup (fp.gp.
1912 - 1915) jdJ ~jpUte;juk;| vDk; E}y; tupirapy;
Fwpgg; plL
; s;shu;. me;ehlfq;fspd; ,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;Nl mtu; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ghrupd;
ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fs; ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. tPu fhtpaq;fs;> Guhzf; fijfs; kw;Wk; fijj;

njhFg;Gf;fs; rhu;e;j gilg;Gf;fs;.
2. Ra gilg;Gf;fs;

• tPu fhtpaq;fs;
kfhghujk; ,uhkhazk; tp\; Z Guhzk;
gQ;ruhj;u gpuj;jpkh ehlfk; ghy rupj;j
JJthf;fpa mgpNrf ehlfk;
kj;jpak tpahNahf
J}j fNlhf;ft
fu;zhgu
CU gq;f
Guhzf; fijfisj; jOtpa ehlfq;fs;

];tg;d thrtjj;j
gpujpf;Qh nasfe;juhaz
mtpkhwf;f
Ra gilg;G
rhUjj;j
• ~ghru; | fp.K. 5Mk; E}w; w hz; L f; F k; fp.gp. 2Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fhspjhrUf;Fk; Kd;du; ehl;ba
rh];j;jpuk; vOjg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; tho;e;jikia Vw;f
KbAkhifahy; ghru; tho;e;j fhyj;ij fp.K. 3Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;Fk;> fp.gp. 4Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
fhykhff; fUJtJ nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.
• ~ghru;| gilj;j ehlfq;fSs; ~];tg;d thrtjj;j|

vd;gJ kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghFk;.
• gpujpf; Q h nasfe; j uhaz kw; W k; jupj; u rhUj; j

vd;gdTk; rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
• ];tg;d thrtjj;j kw;Wk; gpujpf;Qh nasfe;juhaz

vd;gd fij ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s cjaz
thrtjj;jh Guhzf; fijiaj; jOtpajhf mike;
Js;sJ.
• ~~jupj;u rhUjj;j| vDk; Ra gilg;G ehlfk; rhUjj;j

vDk; Viog; gpuhkzDf; F k; tre; j Nrdh vDk;
jhrpf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l fhjiyg; gw;wpajhf
mike;Js;sJ. mJ Xu; miuFiwahd KOik
ngwhj fijahFk;.
• ghruJ ehlfq;fSs; 5 ehlfq;fs; Xuq;f ehlfq;f

shFk;. kj;ak tahNahf> fu;zghu> JjfNlhj;ft>
Jj thf;fpa> CUgq;f Mfpa vy;yhg; gilg;Gf;fSf;Fk;
kfhghujj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s fijfNs fUthf
mike; J s; s d. %d; W mq; f q; f isf; nfhz; l

gQ;rje;jpukhdJ FU ghz;ltg; Nghiu %ykhff;

nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• Ie;J mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;l ~ghy rupj;j| vDk;

ehlfk;> fpU\;zupd; ,sikf; fhyk; njhlu;ghd
fijfis %ykhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• ,uhkhazj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ,uhk - rPjhf; fij mgpNrf

ehlfk; kw; W k; gpujpkh ehlfk; Mfpa ,uz; L
gilg;Gf;fSf;Fk; %ykhf mike;Js;sJ.
• MW mq; f q; f isf; nfhz; l ~mtpkhuf; f | fij

rk];fpUj ,yf;fpaj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhspjhru;
• rk];fpUjf; ftpQu;fSs; rpwg;gplk; ngWgtu; fhspjhru;
Mthu;.
• mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;> tpf;uNkhu;trpa> khstpf;fhf;dp
kpj;u vd;gd mtuJ rpwg;ghd ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fshFk;.
• fhspjrupd; gilg; G f; f Ss; kpf caupa gilg; G
mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk; MFk; vd;gijf; ftpQu;fs;
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
~~fhtpaq;fSs; rpwe;jJ ehlfkhFk;.
ehlfj;Js; rpwe;jJ rhFe;jykhFk;.
mjpNy rpwe;jJ ehd;fhtJ mq;fkhFk;.
mjpYQ; rpwe;jJ ehd;F RNyhfq;fshFk;.||
~~mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;> fhspjhrupd; mupa nghf;fpr

khFk;. mjpNy rpwe;jJ ehd;fhtJ mq;fkhFk;.
fhspjhru; mjpYk; $l> rFe; j iy muz; k idapypUe; J
ntspNawpr; nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gk; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tpjNk kpf kpfr; rpwe;jjhFk;.
~~kd;dd; J\;ae;jdpd; ghj;jpuk;> xOf;fkhd mlf;fkhd

gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rFe;jiyg; ghj;jpuk; Mfpad
rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;Nghupd;
,uridiaj; J}z;b mtu;fis kfpo;tpf;fpd;wik.
• fhspjhrdpd; tu;zidg; Gyikia ntspf;fhl;Lk; gy

re;ju;g;gq;fis rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhzyhk;. khidg;
gpd; n jhlu; e ; J Juj; j pr; nry; Y k; kd; d d; gw; w pa
tUzid> jNghtdr; #oy; tUzid> Kl;bNkhjp
tUk; f[pjh gw;wpa tUzid> gpsi ; sfisf; nfhQ;rpf;
Fytp> mtu;fsJ clypy; J}R jl;lf; fpilj;jikiag;
ngUk; ghf;fpakhff; nfhz;L kd;dd; nra;j tUzid
vd;gd kpfr; rpwg;ghditahFk;.

fhspjhrdpd; ehlf ghzp

• ftpijg; ghq;fhd vOj;Jg;ghzp
• ,aw;iff;Fk; kdpjdpd; ,ay;GfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
gu];guj; njhlu;G ehlfj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy;
rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sik.
• tPujPug; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l jiyikg; ghj;jpuq;fs;
mlq;fpAs;sik.
• rpUq;fhur; Rit ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
• tpJ}rfd; ghj;jpuj;ij ehlfj;jpy; caupa epiyf;F
,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wik.
• fhtpa - ehlf ,ay;Gfspd; rpwg;ghd Nru;f;ifahy;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
#j; j pufu ;
• #j;jpufu; tho;e;j fhyk; vJ vd;gJ gw;wp cWjpahfj;
jPukhdpf;f KbahJ.
• #j;jpufhy;; vOjg;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; ~kpUfr;rbfk;|
vDk; ehlfj; j py; Kd; D iuapy; ,lk; n gw; W s; s
tptuj;jpdg; b ,tu; gpuhkzu; Fyj;ijr; Nru;ej
; Ntjj;jpy;
Nju;jj; gw;gy mwptpay;fspy; JiwNghd jpwik kpf;f
Xu; vOj;jhsu; vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ehlfj;jpd;
gz; i lj; j d; i k> nkhop> vOj; J g; g hzp Nghd; w
gz;Gfisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;Fifapy; mtu;
tho;e;j fhyk; fhspjhru; fhyj;Jf;Fk; gpw;gl;ljhf
,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUj Kbfpd;wJ.
• kpUr;rfbfk;| ehlfj;jpd; Clhfr; #j;jpufupd; ehlf
tpjpia ,dq;fhz KbfpwJ.
• ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Clhfr; rkfhy
tho;f;if epfo;Tfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
• mjpf tu;zidfs; ,lk;ngwhik.
• ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;G kpf Kidg;ghdJ.
• rk];fpUj kw;Wk; Vida fijfs; gy;NtW tiffspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• typikahd capNuhl;lkhd ehlf nkhopg; gpuNahfq;
fs; %yk; nrOikg;gLj;jg;gl;L cs;sik.
• capNuhl;lkhd ehlfg; ghq;F. fhj;jpukhf Kd;itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
• rpUq;fhuk;> fUiz> ,Nyrhf ,ioNahLk; eifr;
Rit vd;gd Kidg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l ciueilg; gFjpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik> ehlfj;jpd; fijf; fsj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;j
khd tifapy; gbg;gpidfs;> tho;f;if njhlu;ghd
Gj;jprhypjj; dkhf KbntLj;jy; Nghd;wit gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.

=ù; r u;
• fp.gp. 606 - 648 fspy; ~fhd;aFr;r| ,y; murhl;rp
elj;jpajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
• uj; d htsp> gpupaju; r pf; f h> ehfhej; j k; Mfpad

=ù;rupd; ehlfq;fshFk;. ,e;j %d;W ehlfq;fSk;
cWjpahd xU ehlf tpjpf;F mikthf vOjg;
gl;Ls;sik njspT. muritr; #oiyg; gpdG ; ykhfTk;
fhjy; fijfis %ykhfTk; nfhz;L> vOjg;gl;l
ehlfq;fs; vd;w tifapy; ehlf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ,it
rpwg;gplj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. gpurpj;jp ngw;w ~GU`j;|
fijfspypUe;Nj ,e;ehlfq;fSf;fhd fijf; fUf;fs;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j ehlfq;fspy; Nej;& jPu yypj
(cjazd;)> jPug;gpurhe;j ([p%jyhfd) Mfpa ghj;jpug;
gz;Gfs; ed;F rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
• = ù;\u; vspikahd ehlf vOj;Jg; ghzpiag;

gad;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,Nyrhf ,ioNahLk; eifr;
Ritia ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; vOJtjpy; ,tu;
ty; y tuhthu; . ,tuJ ciug; g Fjpfspy; eifr;
Ritiaj; njspthff; fhzyhk;.
• ~ehfej;j| ,y; ehe;jpia Gj;ju; ];Njhj;jpukhff; fUj

KbfpwJ. [p%jthfd> Nghjprj;Jtg; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;l xU jiytdhthd;. ~FUY| gl;rpAk; $l
Nghjprj;Jtu; Nghd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ,aw;if moif tu;zpgg ; jw;fhf ePzl ; thf;fpaq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpapUj;jy; = ù;rupd; rpwg;Gf;fSs; xd;whFk;.
• tiuaiwg;gl;l #oypy; tsu;r;rpaile;j ehl;bf;fh|

(ehlf) vd;gij cWjpahd xU ehlf tifahf
epiyg;gLj;jpaik mtu; Mw;wpa xU mupa Nrit
ahFk;.
fzpg; g P L /kjpg;
kjpg; g P L : • fhspjhrupd; jiyrpwe;j gilg;G vd;w tifapy;
rhFe;jyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rk];fpUj ehlf tpjpia
Muha;f.
• rk];fpUj ehlf tpjpapylq;Fk; ehlfnkhd;wpd; ,ay;G

fis cjhuzq; fhl;bf; fye;JiuahLf.
crhj; J iz : • =uhkNjrpfu; - guj ehl;ba rh];jpuk;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhbiag; gFj;jha;jy;.

• tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUtpypUe;J cjhuzq;
fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;.
• ehlfk; jahupj;jy;.
• ehlf vOj;JUit vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.3 : ~~rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhb gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • rk];fpUj ehlf vOj;JUf;;fs;

- fhspjhrupd; mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyk;
- = ù;rupd; uj;dhtsp
mwpKfk; : rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nkhopg; gpuNahfk;>

ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G> muq;fg; nghUs;g; gad;ghL>
Ntl cilg;ghq;F> Kj;jpiufs;> mirT Kiwfs;
Nkiliar; Rw;wp tUjy;> Nkilf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Mfpad
gw;wp Nehf;FtNj ,e;jg; ghlj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLtjhFk;.


: • rk];fpUj ehlfj;jpd; NkhbahJ Nkhbikg;ghzpiar;
Nru;e;jjhFk;.
• nrhy;yhly;fs; ciueil tbtKilad.
• #oikTfisAk;> fhl;rpfisAk; fhl;Ljtw;fhfTk;

Ra ght ntspg;ghl;L czu;it ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F
khfNt nra;As; eil gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: mgpf;Qhd rhFe;jyj;jpd; 7Mk; mq;fj;jpy;
N`k$l gu; t jj; i j te; j ilAk; J\; a e; j d;
rpqf
; f;Fl;bAld; tpisahLk; Foe;ijiaf; fz;lTld;
gpd;tUkhW nra;As; eilapy; ghLfpwhd;.
~~fhuzkpd;wpr; rpupf;Fk; rpupg;gpdhy;
rw;Nw njupAk; rpidg; gw;fSila>

NgRk; njsptw;w nrhw;fs; fhuzkhf

ftu;r;rpahd Ngr;Rg; ghzpAila
jkJ je;ijkhupd; kbfspy; gha;e;J
mku MtYld; ,Uf;fpd;w kfd;khiuj;
jha;FyksTf;Fg; Gz;zpaQ; nra;Njhu;
mtu;fspd; Nkdpapy; gbe;Js;s
GOjpahy; mOf;filNthNu.
• nrhy;yhly;fs; fyg;G nkhopapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik.

• rk];fpUj nkhop gad;gLj;JNthu;
murd;> gpuhkzd;> tpahghup> mikr;ru;> jsgjp>
fQ;Rfd;> ... Nghd;w cau; kw;Wk; kj;jpk tifg;
ghj;jpuq;fs;.
• rfy ngz;fSk;> fPo; tif Mz; ghj;jpuq;fSk;

gy;NtW gpuhf;fpUj nkhopg; Ngjq;fshd nrsuNrdp>
khfjP> gpuhr;ah> Mye;jp> mu;jkhfjP Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
rf;fhuP> rhz;lhsp> rhfuP> lf;fp Nghd;w gpwnkhopg;
Ngjq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
• ebg;gpy; ngz;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jdu;.
• rpwpa ghu;g;Nghu; $lq;fspy; ehlfq;fis elj;jpdu;.

mJ 64 Ko ePsKk; 32 Ko mfyKk; cilajhf
mike;jJ.

(Negj;ah fpUfk;)
xg;gidaiw
16 Kok;
thapy; thapy;
ebg;gplk; 8 Kok;
(uq;fgpjh)
kj;jtuhzp kj;jtuhzp 8 Kok;
64 Kok;
gpujhd Nkil
ghu;g;Nghu; $lk; 32 Kok;

32 Kok;

• muq;fg; nghUs;fs; mupjhfNt gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• cz;ikg; nghUs;fisg; Nghd;wjhf cUthf;fg;gLk;

nghUs;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,Nyrhd nghUs;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp mikj;Jf; nfhs;tu;. cNyhfq;fs;> ituQ;
nrwpe;j kuk; Nghd;w ghukhd nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gLk; muq;fg; nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jt
jhy; ebfu; f s; fisg; g ila ,lKz; l hifahy;
mtw; i wg; gad; g Lj; J tJ nghUj; j kw; w J vdg;
gujKdptu; $Wfpd;whu;. muq;fg; nghUs;fs; %d;W
tifg;gLk;.
1. re;jpkk; - %q;fpw; fPwW
; f;fs;> ,Nyrhd ryhiffshy;
Mf;fg;gl;l rl;lfq;fs;> Njhy;> Jzp Nghd;wtw;why;
kiwf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs;.
2. tpah[pkk;- fapW fl;b ,Oj;jy; Nghd;w cj;jpfisf;
ifahz;L nghwpKiwapy; ,af;fj;jf;f
cgfuzq;fs;.
3. Nt\;bkk; - Njd; nkOF> muf;F Nghd;wtw;why;
Mf;fg;gLk; muq;fg; nghUs;fs;.
• rpwg;ghd Ntl cilfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.

• Milazpfs;> jiyazpfs; (rlhKbfs;> FLkpfs;
fpuPlq;fs;) G+khiyfs; mzpe;jdu;.
• Ntl cilfs; gy tifg;gl;lit.
ghj;jpu tiffSf;F mika mit gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lik.
• kPir jhbfSk;> rlh Kbfs;> FLkpfSk; gad;
gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mit %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. gf;fkhf mzpgit - (fPo; tifapdu; mzpe;jdu;)
2. miuf;fpuPlk;/FLkp
kj;jpa tifapdu; - Njtu;> fe;ju;tgjpfs;>
,sturu;fs;> Kjyikr;ru;> jsgjp MfpNahu; mzpe;
jpUe;jdu;.
3. KOr;ril/fpuPlk;
cau; tFg;gpdu; mzpe;jdu;.
• tpNrl Ngr;R Kiwfs; cs;sd.

1. gpufhr ghrza 2. ];tfj
3. [dhe;jpf;f 4. mg;gthu;e;j
5. rhKf;f - $l;L 6. Vfy - jdpahs;
7. Mfhr ghrpj;j 8. ,ufrpakhfg; Ngry;

• mirT Kiwfs; 32 MFk;.

mtw;Ws; 16 Kiwfs; jiuapy; mirtijr; rpjj
; pupgg
; jw;
fhdit.
Vida 16 Kiwfs; jiuf;F Nky; mirtijr;
rpj;jpupg;gjw;fhdit.
• Kj;jpiufs; gy gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• kpUfj;jiy
• ghk;Gj;jiy
• tz;L
• md;dk;
• jhkiu
• gpiwr;re;jpud;
• elj;jy; md;Nwy; gaz KiwfSk; tpNrlkhdit.

• ghj;jpuj;Jf;F cupaitahd gy eilfs;
• cau; tifg; ghj;jpuk; xU ftL itf;Fk;NghJ kj;jpa>
tifg; gj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L ftLfs; itj;jdu;. fPo;
tifapdu; ehd;F ftLfs; itj;jdu;.
• Nkilg; gad;ghL
xNu Nkilapy; Vf fhyj; j py; gy #oikTfs;
ntt;ntW ,lq;fspy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
• Nkilapy; gad;gLj;j Kbahj tplaq;fs; rpy cs;sd.

cz;zy;> Fbj;jy;> Kj;jkply;> kuzk;> Milkhw;Wjy;
fzpg; g P L : • rk];fpUj ehlf Nkhbia tpupthfg; gFj;jha;f.
• rk];fpUj ehlfnkhd;wpd; nraypaf;fj;ij cjhuzq;

fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • gujehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;


fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rk];fpUj ehlf kugpy; ~urf;Nfhl;ghl;bd;| tfpghfj;

jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• Mw;WNthu; - ghu;g;Nghu; ngWk; mofpay; mDgtkhf
~urf;Nfhl;ghL| mike;Js;sJ vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.6.4 : ~~urf;Nfhl;ghL gw;wp tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • • urf; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;>

fl;Liufs;.
• Mw;Wiffs; mlq;fpa xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;.
• ur czu;Tfs; mlq;fpa xspg;glq;fs;
• ur ntspg;ghLfisr; nrad;Kiw uPjpahfr; nra;J
fhl;ly;.
mwpKfk; : urhDgtk; vd;gjhy; ehk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ahJ>

urhDgtj; i j Vw; g Lj; J k; mbg; g ilf; fhuzpfs;
ahit? muq;f mDgtj;jpy; urhDgtk; ngWk; ,lk;
ahJ vd;git gw;wpa njspitg; ngWtNj ,g; ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.


: • rk]; f pUj muq; F gw; w p tpsq; f pf; nfhs; t jw; F
mbg;gilahf ehl;ba rh];jpuk; mikfpwJ. ehl;ba
rh];jpuk; $Wk; tplaq;fs;> muq;fpw;F cupait
vd;gtw;iw tpsf;Fk; tifapy; ebg;G (Nyhfju;kp>
ehl;ba ju;kp)> ebg;G %yfq;fs; (mgpeak;> tpUj;jp>
rpj;jp> ghtk;> urk;...)> muq;F (tpf;fpu];> rJ];u>
jpupa]; u ) ghu; g ; N ghu; Nghd; w ,d; N dhud; d gy
tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
• ebg;gpy; cly; topr;rpj;jpupg;G> nrhy; topr; rpj;jpupg;G>

czu;r;rp topr; rpj;jpupg;G> fhz;gpa topr; rpj;jpupg;G
ahTk; mlq;fpapUg;gjid ehy;tif mgpeaq;fsp

D}lhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;. mgp + ea - ghu;gN ; ghiu

Nehf;fp te;J ntspg;gLj;JtjhAk;> ntspg;ghl;by;
Mugj;jp tpUj;jp (,af;fk;)> ghujp tpUj;jp (thu;ji
; jfs;)>
ifrpjp tpUj;jp (,ir> ghly;> eldk;) rj;te;jp tpUj;jp
(czu;rr; p) ahTk; ,ize;J ,Ug;gijAk; mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
• guju; ghtj;jpid clyhfTk;> urj;jpid capuhfTk;

fhz;fpd;whu;. ghu;g;Nghuplk; urhDgtj;ij Vw;gLj;J
tjw; F mbg; g ilahd ghtj; i jf; fhz; f pd; w hu; .
nkhj;jkhf> ghtq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 49 MFk;.
~]; j hap| vy; y htw; w pw; F k; mbg; g ilahdjhfTk;
epiyahdjhfTk; cs;sJ.
• ~~tpght mDght tpagpr;rhup ght rk;Nahfhj; u];ep];

gj;jpfp| vd;w RNyhfj;jpd; %yk; tpghtk; vd;gJ urk;
Njhd;Wtjw;F epiyf;fsdhf miktJ vdTk; ehlfr;
#oikT jUfpd;w gpd;dzp epiyikfspD}lhff;
fjhehafd;> fjhehafpaplj;J Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w czu;rr ; p
khw;wq;fs; MFk;. tpghtkhdJ Myk;gd tpghtk;>
cj;jPgd tpghtk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F
rhFe;jyj;jpy; J\;ae;jidAk; rFe;jiyiaAk; re;jpff ;
itg;gjw;Fr; #oikT gilg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
Kiwikapidf; nfhs;syhk;.
J\;ae;jd; Mrpuk khidj; Juj;jptuy;> fhdfj;jpy;
rFe;jiyiaj; NjhopfSld; fhzy;> rFe;jiyia
tz;L Juj;jptuy;> mtSf;F cjtp Njitg;gly;>
mg;NghJ J\;ae;jd; moF> tPuk; vd;gtw;iw nka;gg ; pf;
fpd;whd;. tz;L gwe;J tpLfpd;wJ. mf;fzj;jpy;
rFe;jiyaplj;J gak;> ntl;fk;. Mr;rupak;> rpUq;fhuk;
ahTk; Njhd;wpj; Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wd. kdk; fhjy;
tag;gLfpd;wJ.
• ,e;j tpghtr; #oyhy; rFe;jiyapd; clypy; kapu;f;

$r;nrwpjy;> Kfk; rptj;jy; Nghd;w gy ngsjpf uPjpahd
khw;wq;fs; Njhd;Wfpdw
; d. ,jidNa guju; ~mDghtk;|
vd;fpd;whu;. ,jid rhj;tPf ghtk; vdTk; miog;gu;.
,it vl;L MFk;.
• rk;gtk; md;Nwy; #oikT jUk; epiyikfshy;

fzj;Jf;Ff; fzk; te;JNghFk; czu;rr ; pfis rQ;rhup
md;Nwy; tpahgpr;rhup ghtk; vd;fpd;whu;. ,it Kg;gj;J
%d;W MFk;.
• urhDgtk; vd;gJ Mw;WNthu; jkJ ebg;gpdhYk;>

czu;rr ; pfspdhYk; NtlTil> xg;gidfs;> gpd;dzpf;
fhl;rpfspdhYk; xUkpj;J czu;rr
; pfis ntspg;gLj;J

fpd;wNghJ> ghu;g;NghUk; cly;> cs> Mj;kPf uPjpahf

Mw;Wifapd; czu;TfSld; xd;WgLfpd;w NghJ
,UtuJ ,UjaKk; rkg;gLfpd;wJ.
Sat hrdaya - Sahrdaya. ,jd; %yk; ghu;g;Nghuplk; xj;j
czu;rr ; p CLgutg;gl;L xj;j mDgtk; gfpug;gLfpdw; J.
,e; j mDgtNk ~urhDgtkhFk; . || ,e; e piyapy;
ghu;g;Nghd; rfpu;jadhfpd;whd;.
• rk];fpUj muq;F vz; tif urq;fis Kd;itf;

fpd;wJ. guju; $Wk; rpUq;fhuk;> `h\;ak;> Uj;jpuk;>
gPgj;]> gahd> Mr;ru;a> fUzh> N]hf vDk; vz;tif
urq; f Sf; F k; mg; g hy; gpw; f hyj; j tu; f s; rhe; j >
thj;ry;a> rfp... Nghd;wtw;iwAk; urq;fshf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJz;L.
• njhy;fhg;gpaj;J nka;gg
; hl;baYk;> mgpetFg;ju; NgRk;
urthjKk; ,tw;Wld; xg;gplL ; g; ghu;ff
; g;gl Ntz;bait
MFk;.
• ,e;jpa muq;f mofpay; xUtpj kfpo;tspg;GlNdNa

KbTWfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> fpNuf;f fjh]p];> ag;ghdpa
A+apd; (Yugen) vd; g it jUk; mDgtq; f Sld;
xUkpj;Jg; ghu;f;fg;glf;$bait.
fzpg; g P L : • ahjhapDk; xU ehlf Mw;Wifapd; xspg;Ngioapid/

ehlf vOj; J Utpidg; ghu; f ; F k; g b/ thrpf; F k; g b
khztu;fisj; J}z;Lf. me;ehlfj;jpd; rk;gtq;fs;/
#oikTfSf;F Clhf ntspgg ; Lk; urq;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jf.
• Fwpj;j Mw;Wif xd;wpid mspf;if nra;f.
• Mw;Wiff;$lhfg; ngw;w urhDgtj;ijg; gfpu;e;J

nfhs;Sf.
crhj; J iz : • gujehl;ba rh];jpuk; - =uhk Njrpfu;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.7 : kj; j pafhy INuhg; g htpd; ehlfq; f s; njhlu; g hf

Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiy gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T

nra;jy;.
• jpUkiw ehlff; fijfs; gw;wpa fUf;fisr; Nrfupjj; y;.
• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; gw;wpa fijfspd; fUg;nghUs;fisr;
Nrfupj;jy;.
• xOf;fg; gz;G ehlfq;fspd; fijg; nghUs;fspd;
jhf;fj;ijg; ngw;W Gjpa ehlfq;fis vOJjy;.
• Nrf;]g; paupd; ehlfg; gilg;Gfspy; fhzf;$ba xOf;fg;
gz;G ehlf ,ay;Gfis Muha;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.7 : kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fs; gw;wpg; gapy;Nthk;.

• nghJ tzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;
• jpUKiw ehlfq;fs;/kiwQhd ehlfq;fs;
• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs;/Gdpjupd; ehlfq;fs;
• xOf;fg; gz;G ehlfq;fs;
• tPu ehlfq;fs;
• tpfl ehlfq;fs;
• ghzu; ,ir epfo;r;rp
• ,ilepfo;T ehlfq;fs;
ghlNtis : 06
ju cs;sPLfs; : • xspg;glq;fs;
• ,izak;
mwpKfk; : Nuhk rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; gpd;du; kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa

ehlf tsu;rr ; p cr;rf;fl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. mt;tsu;rr
; pg;
Nghf;fpwF
; f; fhuzkhd ehlfKiwik gw;wpg; gapyt ; Nj


: • nghJtzf;f Kiw ehlfq;fs;
,e;ehlf tif jpUr;rigapNyNa ,lk;ngWk;. jpUr;
rigiar; rhu;e;j ghjpupahu;> kw;Wk; cjtpahsu;>
Mw;Wif nra;ag; gq;fspg;Nghu; gf;ju;fs; Mff;
fhzg;gLtu;. g+ir topghl;bd; NghNj ,J ,lk;ngWk;.

,NaRtpd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; epfo;j;jpf;

fhl;lg;gLk;. ,e;ehlfj;jpw;F ~~ahiuj; NjLfpwPu;fs;||
vdj; njhlq;Fk; Quem Quarities fuzNk mbg;gil.
Nfhtpy; topghl;Lld; eilngw;wjhy; mJ nghJtzf;f
Kiw ehlfk; vdg;gl;lJ.
• jpUkiw ehlfq;fs;
fp.gp. 12Mk; 13Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gpuhd;rpYk;
N[u;kdpapYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; gpugy;akhd jpUkiw
ehlfq;fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; jpUtptpypaj;jpd; gioa> Gjpa
cld;gbf;if E}y;fspd; fijfisf; fUg;nghUshff;
nfhz;L Njthyaq;fspy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ehlf
tiffSs; xd;W. ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd; ty;yikapd;
kfpik ,jd; topahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ.
• gh];fh> ej;jhu; fhyq;fspy; gf;ju;fSf;F ,e;ehlfq;fs;

NjtkfpikiaAk; ,iwahl;rpiaAk; ntspgg ; Lj;Jtjw;
fhff; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• fp.gp. 1150 - 1200 tiuapyhd fhyq;fspy; gpuhd;rpy;

A Mystery of Adam vd;w ehlfj;ij vOjpaik.
• fpwp];Jtpd; gpwg;Gf; fij Nfhapy; gpujhd thapypy;

,yj;jPd; nkhopapy; tpsf;fkhd Nkil mwpTWj;jy;
fSld; ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• ghlfu; FO (Nfhu];) gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• The Holy Resurrection vDk; ngaupy; ,NaR fpwp];Jtpd;

cj;jhdk; gw;wpa gpurpj;jp ngw;w ehlfnkhd;W gpuhd;R
vOj;jhsu; xUtuhy; njd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jahupf;fg;
gl;lik.
• jpUtptpypaf; fijfisg; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;lik.
• Gdpju;fspd; tho;f;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

ehlfq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngw;wik.
• kfpo; t spg; G topfs; ,y; y hjgbahNy jpUkiw

ehlfq;fisf; fz;L ,urpf;fg; gf;ju;fs; Vuhskhfj;
Njthyaq;fSf;F tuj; njhlq;fpaik.
• Nfhapy;fspYk; ,lk; Nghjhjgbahy; ehlfq;fisf;

Nfhapy; f Sf; F ntspNa nfhz; L te; j gbahy;
FUkhu;fs; ebg;gJ jilnra;ag;gl;lik.

• efuj;jpd; njhopyE
; l;gq;fs; epiwe;j kp]u; up ngaUf;fhf
mDruiz toq;fp 16Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu njhlu;r;rp
ahf ,e;ehlfk; ebf;fg;gl;lik.
• fw;fshy; fl;lg;gl;l miur;Rtu;fSila tPjpfspy;

,e;ehlfq;fs; NkilNaw;wg;gl;ld.
• Mq;fpy Row;rp ehlfq;fspy; Second Shepherd Play vDk;

~~,uz;lhk; Nka;gg
; d;|| ehlfk; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;wJ.
• Ml;L ke;ijfis Nka;f;Fk; Ml;bilau;fs; jkJ

MLfis kpfTk; ftdkhf Nka;j;jdu;. ,ilau;fs;
epj;jpiuahdNghJ fgl ,iladhd ~nkf;| vd;gtd;
kw; w tdpd; ; ke; i japypUe; J mofhd Ml; L f;
Fl;bnahd;iwj; jpUbf;nfhz;L jdJ tPlL ; f;Fr; nrd;W
kidtpahd ~gpy; | ,lk; nfhLj; j hd; . mts;
Ml;Lf;Fl;biaj; jdf;Fg; Gjpjha; gpwe;j Foe;ijahfj;
njhl;bypypl;L kiwj;J itj;jhs;. gpd;G ~nkf;| Gy;
ntspf;Fr; nrd;W kw;wtu;fisg; NghyNt epj;jpiu
nra;jhd;. epj;jpiutpl;L vOe;j ,ilau;fs; ~nkf;|
if kpfTk; f\;lg;gl;L vOg;gpdu;. mg;NghJ xU Ml;Lf;
Fl;b ke;ijapy; Fiwe;jpUg;gij kw;w ,ilau;fs;
fz;lwpe;jdu;. mJ gw;wp ~nkf;| kPJ re;Njfk; nfhz;l
mtu;fs; mtdJ tPl;ilr; Nrhjpj;jdu;. ~nkf;| ,d;
kidtp Foe;ij ngw;w Ntjidapy; tUe;JtJ Nghy;
ebj;jhs;. ,ilau;fs; jpUk;gpg; NghFk;NghJ gpwe;j
Foe;ijf;Fg; gupnrhd;iwj; ju vz;zpdu;. gupR toq;f
mUfpy; nrd;wNghJ njhl;bypy; ,Ue;jJ Foe;ijay;y.
njhiye;JNghd Ml;Lf;Fl;bNa vd;gijf; fz;L
gpbj;jdu;.
• mw;Gj ehlfq;fs; ((Miracle Plays))

,it Gdpju;fspd; tho;fi; fia ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltdthf
mike;jd. gh];fh fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j fz;fhl;rpfspy;
NkilNaw;wg;gl;l ,e;ehlfq;fs; ngUq;fhl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
epiwe;jdthff; fhzg;gl;ld.
• 15Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; miug;gFjpapy; jpUkiw

ehlfq;fSk;> mw;Gj ehlfq;fSk; ehlfg; gpujpahf;fk;
Nghd;Nw jahupg;GfSk; ngUk; tsu;r;rpia mile;J
fhzg;gl;ld. irkd; fpNughdpd; An Acted Des Apotres
vDk; ngaUila mw;Gj ehlfj;jpy; 62000 rk;gh\iz
tupfs; ,Ue;jjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. 1536 Mk;
Mz;lstpy; ,e;ehlfj;ij KOikahf NkilNaw;w
40 ehl;fs; vLj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

• Nkup kf;lypdh ehlfk; ((Mary Magdalina Play))

,J xU Gdpjupd; ehlf tifia md;Nwy; mw;Gj
ehlf tifiar; rhu;ej
; J. ,e;ehlfj;jpd; fijr;RUf;fk;
,t;thW mikAk;.
NkupAk; murDk; murpAk; fg;gy; xd;wpy; xU jPit

Nehf;fpg; gazk; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,ilapNy murpf;Fg;
gps;is gpwf;Fk; epiy tUfpwJ. gpwe;j Foe;ijAk;
murpAk; ,wf;f NeupLfpd;wJ. muridAk; ,we;jtu;
fisAk; ghiw xd;wpy; ,wf;fptpl;Lf; fg;gy; nry;fpwJ.
Mz;ltupd; mUs;ngw;w NkupAld; fg;gy; (jpUr;rig)
kPz;Lk; tUfpwJ. Nkup ,UtiuAk; capu;g;gpf;fpwhs;.
GJtho;T mspf;fpwhs;. ,q;F Nkup Gdpijahfpwhs;.
• xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs;
mw;Gj ehlff;fiy INuhg;ghtpy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L
E}w;iwk;gJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> ,e;ehlfq;fs;
cUthfpajhf Ma;thsu;fs; fUJtu;. ,e;ehlfq;fspy;
Kf;fpakhfg; gf;jpAk; rkag; gpurhuKk; my;yhj
khDlj;Jtk; gw;wp Mokhff; $wg;gLfpdw ; J. ,e;ehlfg;
ghj;jpuq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kdpj Nea ju;kq;fis
cau;j;Jfpd;w Nehf;fpy; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuz
khf nry;tk;> MNuhf;fpak;> Nrhk;gy;> Gz;zpak;> ghtk;
Mfpa gz; G fs; xOf; f g; gz; G ehlfq; f spy;
ghj;jpuq;fshfr; rpjj
; pupff
; g;gl;ld. kdpj Fyj;jpd; cj;jk
Kd; k hjpupfSf; F k; Nga; f ; f hl; l y; f Sf; F kpilNa
Nkhjy;fspd; Kbtpy; kdr;rhl;rpAk; Gj;jpgyKk; vjpup
,af;fq;fisj; Njhw;fbj;J ntw;wp ngWjiy Every
Man vd;w ehlfk; (1500) vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ.
• kdpju;fspd; Ju;fF
; zKk; gytPdq;fSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;
gl;Lr; r%fj;jpy; xOf;f ju;kj;ij epiyehl;Ljy;
xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fshfpaJ.
• kpfg; gioa ehlfkhd Pride of life (1410)> Castle of

Presererance (1405) Mfpad Gfo;ngw;w xOf;fg; gz;G
ehlfq;fs; MFk;.
• 16Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpugy;akhd xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;

fspd; jhf;fk; Nrf;]g
; paupd; ehlfq;fspYk; fhzg;gLtJ
mtuJ ehlfq;fspd; fijg; gpd;dy;fis Ma;ifapy;
njspthfpd;wJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; etPd ehlfq;fspd;
vOr;rpfF
; xOf;fg;gz;G ehlfq;fs; gq;fspjJ ; s;sikAk;
njspthfpd;wJ.

fzpg; g P L : • kj;jpafhy INuhg;ghtpd; ehlff; fiyapd; ,ay;G

fis tpgupf;Ff.
• xU rkag; gpurhu Clfkhf ehlff;fiyapd; gq;fspgi
; g
kj;jpafhy INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fspd; JizAld;
Muha;f.
crhj; J iz : • The Theatre an Introducton - Oscor G Prooket

• cyf ehlf tuyhW - ghy RFkhu;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.8 : vyprngj; fhy ehlf kuigg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • vyprngj; fhy ehlff; fiyQu; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ

ehlfq;fs; gw;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
• vyprngj; ehlf muq;F gw;wpf; fw;wy;.
• vyprngj; ehlfk; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij
tpsf;Fjy;.
• ,f; f hyfl; l j; j pd; ehlf tupiriar; Nrfupj; j pl
Kay;jy;.
• vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fisg; ghu;j;jplTk; ebj;Jf;
fhl;lTk; tpUg;gk; fhl;Ljy;.
nraw;ghL 4.8 : vyprngj; fhy (tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd;) ehlff;fiy

kuigf; fw;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 08
ju cs;sPLfs; :• Nrf;];gpaupd; rpy ehlfg; gpujpfs;

• Nrf;];gpau; gw;wpa fl;Liufs;> glq;fs;
• FNshg; ehlf muq;fpd; glk;
• Nrf;];gpaupd; xspg;glk;
mwpKfk ; : vyprngj; fhyKk; ehlf tsu;r;rpAk;> vyprngj; fhy

ehlf;fiyQu;fs;> N\f;]g; paUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;>
vyprngj; ehlf muq;fpd; ,ay;ig mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
vd;gdtw;wpd; kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;JtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • jpwe;j Gj;jfg; guprPyid> E}y; crhTif>
fye;Jiuahly;.

: • vyprngj; fhy ehlfq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;. 1558 -
1603 tiu vyprngj; ,uhzpapd; Ml;rpf;fhykhdJ
ehlf; f iyapd; nghw; f hynkd miof; f g; g l; l ik.
mjw;F Ke;jpa fhyj;jpy; epytpa murpay; rkag;
g+ry; f is vjpu; n fhz; l NghJ ehlff; f iyf; F
tpUk;gj;jfhj jhf;fq;fs; gy Vw;gl;lik.
• 1572 ,y; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lnjhU rl;lj;jpd; fPo;

ebfu;fspd; njhopyhdJ rl;luPjpahdjhf cs;thq;fg;
gly;.

• ehlf vOj;jhsUf;F> ebfu;fSf;F> Gjpa ebfu;fSf;F

Vw;gLk; vjpu;g;GfSf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw
Kbe;jikNahL ,uhzpapdJk; mur khspifapdJk;
MjuT ehlfj;Jf;Ff; fpl;baik.
• ,jd;gb Nrf;];gpau; kw;Wk; Vida gy ehlff;

fiyQu; f s; kj; j pafhy rk; g pujhaj; J f; F upj; j hd
ehlfq;fisj; njhlu;e;J jahupj;J te;jik.
• me;ehlfq;fs; gy;NtW mwpT kl;lq;fspYk; fy;tpj;

ju kl;lq;fspYk; cs;s rfyiuAk; <u;jJ
; f; nfhs;tjpy;
ntw;wp ngw;wik.
• Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;jpd; nghw;fhykhd ,f;fhykhdJ

Mq;fpy ,yf;fpaj;Jf;F ehlff;fiy %yk; ngUik
Nru;j;j Afkhff; fUjg;gl;lik.
• ehlff;fiyapd; tpUj;jpf;Fr; rh];jpuf;fiy kw;Wk;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspdhy; cd;dj Nrit epiwNtw;wg;
gl; l NjhL> rl; l f; f iy kw; W k; tof; f wpQu; gjpT
nra;ag;gl;l ~,d;| vDk; ngaUila ];jhdk; ehlff;
fiyapd; tsu;rr; pfF; kpFe;j gq;fspgi
; gr; nra;Js;sik.
• vyprngj; Afj;jpy; Nrf;]g ; paUf;Fr; rkfhyj;jtu;fshd

ehlff;fiyQu;fs;
• N[hd; ypyp (1554 - 1606)
• Nru; gpypg; rpl;dp (1554 - 1586)
• vl;kd; ];ngd;ru; (1552 - 1599)
• ngd; N[hd;rd; (1572 - 1637)
• N[hd;lf; (1553 - 1611)
• Njhk]; fpl; (1558 - 1594)
• fpwp];Njhgu; khNyh (1564 - 1593
• nwhgu;l; fpwPd; (1558 - 1592)
• Njhk]; eq;rp (1567 - 1601)
• ,tu;fspilNa Nrf;];gpaupd; gpwe;j tUlj;jpNyNa

gpwe;j fpwp];Njhgu; khNyh mw;GjkhdnjhU ehlfg;
gilg;ghspahf tpsq;fpaik.
• mtuJ ftpj;Jtk; kpf cd;dj kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jNjhL

mtuJ Gjpa ehlfk; mtuJ fhyj;jpYk; mtUf;Fg;
gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; cau; gilg;ghf tpsq;fpaij
ehlf vOj;jhsu;fs; ghuhl;bAs;sik.
• Nrf;];gpauplKk; khNyhtpd; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jik.

tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaUk; mtuJ ehlfq;fSk;

• 1564 Vg;uy; 26Mk; jpfjp gpwe;j Nrf;];gpau; 1616 Vg;uy;
23Mk; jpfjp ,we;jhu;. ,f;fhyg; gFjpapy; mtuhy;
Mf;fg;gl;l ehlfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if 36 vd;gJ.
• ehlf ebfuhfTk; ,af;FeuhfTk; mtu; kpFe;j Gfo;
ngw;wpUe;jik.
• xU ehlff; fiyQuhfr; Nrf;];gpaupd; gilg;Gf;fhyk;
1591 Kjy; 1611 tiu tpsq;fpaik.
• Nkw;fj;Nja tpku;rfu;fs; Nrf;]g ; paiuf; fhspjhrNdhL
xg;gpLjy;.
cjhuzk;: ~~fhspjhrd; ghujj;jpd; Nrf;];gpau;||
- Nru; tpy;ypak;]; N[hd;];
• ngaustpy; ehlf vOj;jhsuhf ,Ue;jNghJk; Kjypy;
kw;wtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlfq;fisj; njhFf;Fk;
gzpapy; Nrf;];gpau; <Lgl;bUe;jik.
• ,yj;jdP ; kw;Wk; fpNuf;f ehlff;fiyapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;l
Mq;fpy ehlff; fiyahdJ Nrf;];gpauhy; cs;Su;j;
Njrpaf; fiyahf khw;wg;gl;Lg; Gjpa ghijapy;
nrYj;jg;gl;lik.
• ehlf tpku;rfu;fshy; N\f;];gpaupd; ehlf tho;f;if
4 gpujhd gFjpfshf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. 1588 - 1596
2. 1596 - 1601
3. 1601 - 1608
4. 1608 - 1613
• 1588 - 1596 tiuAs;s fhyg;gFjp

NtW Mrpupau;fspd; ehlfq;fisj; njhFj;jy; mjpfkhf
,f; f hyg; g Fjpapy; ,lk; n gw; W s; s ik. ~~lapw; w ];
Nrf; ] ; g pau; vz;l;udpf;]; || vd;Dk; ehlfNk ,tuhy; Kjypy;
njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
• 1596 - 1601 tiu

mtuJ cd;djkhd> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f ehlfq;fs;
vOjg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp. N[hd; muru;> ehd;fhk; n`d;up>
5Mk; n`d;wp Mfpa ehlfq;fNs mit. ntdpR
tzpfd;> kr; vngsl; ejpq;> Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mf;fg;gl;l gilg;GfshFk;.
• 1601 - 1608 tiu

Nrf;];gpaupd; mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fshd n`k;yw;>
Xj;njy;Nyh> fpq; ypau;> nkf;ngj; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;>
l;nuhapy]; mz;l; fpnw];n]lh> My; ,];nty; njw;
fl;]; nty;> nk]u; Nghu; nk]u; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; Mf;fg;gl;litahFk;.

• 1608 - 1612 tiu

tpf;u]; Nuy;> rpk;nghspd;> Gay; Mfpa ehlfq;fSk;
ngupf; y P ] ; ehlfj; j pd; gFjpAk; md; u dp mz; l ;
fpspNahghl;uh ehlfKk;> nfhupnahyhdu]; ehlfKk;
,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;.
• ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gilg;Gfs; xU ehlf
tl;lkhf tho;e;j kdpjdhfr; rkfhy r%fj;ijg;
gpujpgypg;gdthf tpsq;fpaik.
• ed;ik> jPik> gifik> el;G> JNuhfk; Mfpa khDlf;
Fzq; f isf; fhl; L k; fz; z hbahf> nysfP f k;
vt;tpjj;jpyhtJ vOr;rpngwr; nra;Ak; ntspaPl;L
Clfkhfr; Nrf;];gpau; jkJ ehlfq;fisg; gad;
gLj;jpaik.
• mtyr;Rit ehlfq;fs;
1. NuhkpNah md;l; [{ypaw; (1554)
vyprngj; muq;fpd;
ghu;g;Nghu; $lk; 2. [{ypa]; rP]u; (1601)
3. n`k;yw; (1602)
4. Xj;njy;Nyh (1604)
5. ypau; kd;dd; (1605)
6. nkf;ngj; (1606)
7. md;udpAk; fpspNahghl;uhTk; (1607)
8. NfhupNahyd]; (1608)
9. upkd; xt; vnjd;]; (1609)
10. w; nuhapy]; mz;l; fpnw];]plh (1607)
• kfpo;newp ((Comedy)) ehlfq;fs;
1. Loves Labours Lost (1590)
2. Comedy of Errors (1591)
3. Two Gentlemen of Verona (1592)
4. Midsummer NIghts Dream (1593)
5. The Merchant of Venice (1596)
6. The Taming of the Shrew (1597)
7. The Merry Wives of Windsor (1598)
8. Much a do About Nothing (1598)
9. As you Like It (1599)
10. The Twelth Night (1600)
vyprngj; muq;F
• tuyhw;W ehlfq;fs;
1. The King Henry the Sixth (1591 - 1592)
2. The King Richard the 3rd (1594)
3. The King Richard the 2nd (1594)
4. The King John (1595)
5. The King Henry the VV th (1597)
6. The King Henry the Vth (1599)
1. ngupfy;]; (Pericles Prince of Tyre - 1608)
2. rpk;nghspd; (Symboline 1608 -1609)
3. nuk;g];w; (The Tempest - 1610)
4. tpd;u];Nuhy; (The Winters Tale - 1610)

1. Alls well that ends well (1602)

2. Measure for Measure (1603)
vyprngj; muq;F
• ~,d; | vDk; ngaupy; miof; f g; g Lk; tpLjpfspd;
Kd;wpypy; NkilNaw;wg;gl;l vyprngj; ehlfj;ij
xOq;FKiwg;gb ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;fhf epue;ju Kd;
JUj;jpa Nkilnahd;W mikf;fg;gl;lik.
• 1599 ,y; Kbf;fg;gl;l ~FNshg;| muq;F Mr;rupakhfg;
gpugy;ak; mile;jik.
• ,Jtiu fhyKk; muq;Ffspd; fl;blq;fs; ,Utifg;
gl;ldthf jpwe;jntsp muq;F> cs;sf muq;F vd
tpsq;fpaik.
• jpwe;jntsp muq;Ffs; nghJkf;fs; muq;fhfTk;>
cs;sf muq;Ffs; jdpahu; muq;fhfTk; tpsq;fpaik.
• ~FNshg; | muq; F > vz; N fhz tbtpy; mike; j
fl;blkhfTk; gpujhd Nkil Vg;ud; tbtpy; (Kd;
JUj;jp) mike;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jik.
• ,k;Nkil gpd;G Nkyjpf ebg;gplkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;lik.,t;tuq;F Kf;fpa ehd;F gFjpfshf cs;sd.
1. gpujhd Nkil
2. cs;sf Nkil
3. Nky; Nkil
4. jpiu (fz;Lgpbj;jy; ntsp)
fzpg; g P L : • vyprngj; muq; f pd; glnkhd; i w tiue; J mjd;

gFjpfisg; ngaupLf.
• vyprngj; ehlff; fiyQu;fisg; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ
ehlfq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpKfk; nra;f.
vz;Nfhz FNshg; muq;fk;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.9 : ag;ghd; ehl;L ehlf kuGfisg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiu

ahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~Neh| ehlfq;fspd; Muk;gk;> ntspg;gLj;jy; gw;wpf;

fw;wy;.
• ~Neh| ehlf ghzpapd; tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; gFj;jha;jy;.
• ~Neh| ehlf Nkilapd; gFjpfisg; glj;jpd; Jiz
NahL ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;.
• ag;ghdpa Neh ehlfKk; ,urpfUila Jyq;fYk;
gw;wp tpku;rpj;jy;.
• kuG ehlfq;fspd; rkag; gpd;dzpia Muha;jy;.
nraw;ghL 4.9.1 : ag;ghdpa ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; gw;wpj; NjbawpNthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; : • ~Neh| ehlfj;jpw;Fupa fl;Gy nrtpg;Gy ehlhf;fs;

• ~Neh| ehlf muq;fpd; glk;
• ~Neh| ehlfk; ebj;jpLk; re;ju;g;gk; mlq;fpa xspg;
glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : ag;ghdpd; kuGtop ehlff;fiyapy; tpNrl ,lj;ijg;

ngw;w Neh ehlff;fiyapd; Muk;gk;/rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>
fijg;nghUs; tiffs;> kw;Wk; muq;fntsp gw;wpf;
fw;wy;.

: • fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs;
• ,Wtl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; E}y;fspd; guprPyidfs;

: • ag;ghd; Njrj;J kpfg; gioa ehlff;fiyahf Neh
ehlf kuGfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
• f;td;dk; fpnahd;Rfh (1333 - 1384) kw;Wk; mtuJ

g+d;rpahkp nkhnlhfpNah (1363 - 1444) vd;gtuhy;
~Neh| ehlfq;fs; KOikahf;fg;gl;ld. nkhnlhf;fpNah
vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l ~Gfpfnjd;| vDk; E}y; ~Neh|
ehlfj; j pd; njhlf; f k; kw; W k; Nfhl; g hL gw; w pa
tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.

• ag;ghdpa ~Neh| vd;Dk; gjk;> Nju;rr

; pgg
; yk;> Gj;jpkfpik
Mfpa nghUs;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
• ~Neh| ehlfq; f s; 4000 vOjg; g l; b Ug; g jhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;l NghJk;> ,Jtiu fpilj;Js;sit 242
kl;LNkahFk;. gpd;tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fis Kd;itj;J
Neh ehlfq;fis 5 tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
SHIN - \pd; - nja;tk;
NAN - ed; - kdpjd;
NYO - epNah - ngz;
KYO - fpNah - igj;jpak;
KI - fP - Nga;
• ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; %d;W gpupTfspy; mlq;Fk;

JO - N[h - Muk;gk;
HA - `h - tsu;r;rp
KYU - f;A - cr;rfl;lk; md;Nwy; KbT
• fijg;nghUs;> ele;J Kbe;j rk;gtnkhd;iw xl;br;

nry;tjhf ,Uf;Fk;. mJ cz;ikapy; elf;fpd;w
fhtpakakhd tpjj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk;.fjhehafd;
ghj;jpuk;> ghlfu;FO> ciuQu;fs; MfpNahu; ,lk;
ngWtu;. trdq;fshy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;J
ebfu; f spd; mq; f mirTfspy; Jyhk; g ukhf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• ghj;jpuq;fs; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs mwpKfk; nra;tu;.
• Nkilapy; xUgf;fj;jpypUe;J ehlfr; #oikTfs;

,iriag; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fg;gLk;. nray;fSk;
czu;r;rpfSk; nrhw;fs;> ,ir Mfpa Clfq;fshy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhop goikahdJ.
• thf;fpa cr;rupg;G mf;fhyj;Jf;Fupadthf ,Ug;gjhy;

jw;fhy ,urpfu;fSf;F tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sf; f\;lkhf
~Neh| Ntl Kfq; f s; cs;sJ. vdNt eilKiw nkhopeilapy; vOjg;gl;l
ehlfg; gpujpia ,urpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;gb nra;tJ
jw;fhy tof;fkhFk;.
• ebfu;fs; gytifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLtu;.

gpujhd ebfu; - \pj;Nj
gpujhd ebfupd; cjtpahsd; - \pNj fpRNu
Jiz ebfu; - tfp
Jiz ebfupd; cjtpahsd; - tfp fpRNu
Foe;ij ebfu; - nfhf;fh

• ebg; g tu; f s; Mz; f s; kl; L Nk. gpujhd ebfupd;

Milfis khw;Wjy;> NtlKfq;fis khw;Wjy;> ehlf
cgfuzq;fis cupa ,lq;fspy; itj;jy; Mfpa
tw; W f; f hf Nkil cjtpahsu; f s; FOnthd; W k;
,Uf;Fk;. mtu;fs; ~~nfhf;nfd;|| vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
• Jzpahy; %lg;gl;l %d;W mb mfyk; 6 mb ePsk;

nfhz;l rl;lfk; ebg;gpw;F cjtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpdw; J. iffshy; cgNahfpff
; g;gLk; nghUs;fshd>
ths; > fir> fz; z hb> kzp> rhkiu tprpwpfs;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhf ,aw;ifahff; fpilf;Fk; nghUs;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• vijAk; fiyak;rj;NjhL Kd;itg;gjw;fhf Cd;W

Nfhy;> ifj;jb> fpwp];fj;jp> $uhd mk;Gfs;> jPgg
; e;jk;>
rPdg; Gy;yhq;Foy; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• ~Neh| ehlfj;jpy; vy;yh mirTfSk; jhsj;NjhL

Nru;ej
; it. vy;yh mirTfSk; xU mu;jj ; j;ij ntspg;
gLj; J tjhf ,Uf; F k; . ,t; t pj ghzpapyike; j
mirTfs; 2050 cs;sJ. kpfTk; nkJthd mirTk;
ke;jNtf eilghzpAk; cs;slf;fg;gl;lJ.
• ghly;fs;> ehlff; fhl;rpf;F mtrpakhd czu;Tfis

ntspg;gLj;Jtdthf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Neh ,irg;
gpuge;jq;fspy; ,irf;fl;LfSk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.
mt;thW vOjg;gl;l kpfg; gioa E}y;fs; 15Mk;
E}w;whz;Lf;F cupadthFk;.
• ~Neh| ehlfq;fSf;fhd fijg;nghUs; tplaq;fshf>

guNyhfk;> capu;f;nfhiyapd; tpisTfs;> cyfpd;
epiyahik> Gj;jngUkhdpd; ty;yik> fhkj;jpd;
jPatpisTfs; vd;gd tpsq;fpd.
• ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; ~gd;ry| mike;Js;s ,lj;jpy;

[duQ;rfkhd ebg;ghf Muk;gkhdJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
gpuGf; f spd; MjuT fpl; b ajd; fhuzkhf ~Neh|
ehlfq;fSf;F czu;r;rp ghtq;fspy; yypj jd;ik
Nru;j; Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lijf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,q;F
NtlKfq;fspd; gad;ghL rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
];jpup> Nga; kw;Wk; mtjhuq;fspd; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhf
Ntl Kfq;fs; gad;gLfpdw ; d. mit kdpj Kfq;fis
tplr; rpwpait. nky;ypa gyifahy; nra;ag;gl;lit.
Neh NtlKfq;fspy; 120 tiffs; cs;sd. Mz;
gpsi
; sfs;> ,isQu;fs;> \pdN ; jh nja;tq;fs;> ngsj;j
nja; t q; f s; mz; l apd; > GJikahd tpyq; F fs;
Mfpatw;wpw;fhf Mz; NtlKfq;fSk; ngz;fs;>

,sk; n gz; f s; > eLj; j u taJg; ngz; f s; > Kjpa

ngz;fs;> igj;jpak; gpbj;j ngz;fs;> Nga; gpbj;j
ngz;fs;> mtjhuq;fs;> GJikahd ngz; tpyq;Ffs;
Mfpatw;Wf;fhf ];jpup NtlKfq;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;ld.
• Milfspy; jq;fk;> nts;sp> Mguzq;fs; fhl;lg;

gl;Ls;sd. vy;yh ebfu;fSk; ngUtpuy;fs; kw;Wk;
Vida tpuy;fis NtWgLj;jpg; gpupj;J nts;is Nk];
mzpe;jdu;. Mz; ghj;jpuq;fs; eLNt gpupj;j ~`f;fk|
vDk; ngaupy; ghthil mzpe;jdu;. ghj msTf;Nfw;g
kpfTk; ngupjhf ,Ughjq;fspYk; mit mzpag;gl;ld.
• ];jpup ghj;jpuq;fspd; ntspg;ghl;Lf;fhfg; ngha;f;

nfhz;il gad;gLj;jpdu;. nfhz;il Nkh];jUf;Nfw;g
];jpup ghj;jpuq;fspd; juhjuk;> taJ vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;
gl;lJ.
• muru;fspd; giltPuu;> jiyiar; Rw;wp nts;isg;gl;b

mzpej; NjhL Aj;j ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fg; gy;NtW jiy
myq; f huKk; nja; t q; f s; cau; mjpfhupfs;
vd;NghUf;Ff; fpuPlKk; mzpag;gl;lJ. ,urpfu;fisAk;
muq;ifAk; gpupf;fj; jpiu gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
• Rkpjejpa> NjhNrh tpfhiu> mj;Rnkhup> mj; ,f;Fdh

vdg; gpurpj;jpngw;w ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; gy. ~Neh|
ehlfq;fs;> njhlu;Gila Vida ehlfq;fSk; kuG
ehlfq;fshFk;. ~Neh| ehlfq;fs; ,uz;bw;fpilNa
md;Nwy; ehlfnkhd;wpd; ,uz;L gpupTfSf;fpilNa
Xa;T ebg;G ~fpNah[d;| ehlfj;ij ebj;Jf;fhl;LtJ
ePz;lfhy kughFk;.
• ~Neh| ehlfq;fspy; gpurpj;jkhfTs;s Mokhd jd;ik>

xw;iwj;jd;ik> topjtwpaik> fpNah[d; vd;Dk;
ngaUila Gfo;ngw;w ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nru;fpd;wJ.
• ~fpNah[d;| ebg;Gg;ghzp ,aw;ifahd jd;ikf;Ff;

fpl;bajhFk;. ghj;jpuq;fs; ,uz;L> %d;Wf;fpilNa
fijf; f hd Kf; f paj; J tk; ntspg; g Lj; j g; g LtJ>
ciuahly; topahfNt MFk;. mjd; nkhop jw;fhy
r%fj;jpd; gpuNahf nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Neh
ebg;G ,lj;jpy; fpNah[d; ehlf ebg;Gk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• gpurpj;jp ngw;w fpNah[d; ehlfq;fs; gythFk;. gR>

goq;fs;> nfR eTrh> Kjiyf; fz;zPu; vd;gd
mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

• ~Neh| NkilahdJ Neh ehlfq; f spd; ebg; G g;

ghzpf;Nfw;w gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpujhd Nkil (g+jap)

• ,jpy; xU gf;fj;jpd; ePsk; 19 mb 5 mq;FykhFk;.
Nkil $iuiaf; nfhz;lJ. NkilAk; ,urpfu;
rhiyAk; gpupf;fg;gLtJ ~\puR| vd;Dk; ngaUila
nts;isr; ruisf;fw;fshyhd FWfpa Nfhl;bdhNyNa
MFk;.
• ~ffk; nehk| ngaUila cs;sf NkilapypUe;J

~g+jap| ngaUila gpujhd Nkilia milfpd;w
topahdJ `]p`fwp vDk; ngaUila ghyj;ij
Aila ghijahFk; . mJ 5 1/2 mbahFk; .
`rp`fwpia milAk; ,lk; ~mfkF| vd; D k;
ngaUila jpiuahFk;. mj;jpiu fWg;G> kQ;rs;>
rptg; G > gr; i r kw; W k; nts; i s epwq; f isf;
nfhz;ljhFk;.
• gpujhd Nkilapy; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; ehd;F J}z;fs;

cs;sd. gpd;gf;fk; njw;Fj;J}z; ~\pndgrpw| vd;Dk;
ngaiuAk;> Kd;gf;fj; njw;Fj;J}z; ~nkd;Rf;Nf grpu|
vd;Dk; ngaUilajhFk;. ,lJ gf;f vjpNuAs;s J}z;
~tf;fp grpu| vdTk; ,lJ gpd;gf;fj; J}z; ~GS grpu|
vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ld. gpujhd ebg;G ,lj;Jf;Fg;
gpd;gf;fkhf ~mnjh]| vd;Dk; gFjpapy; ~àp\;|
vd;Dk; ngaupy; thj;jpaf; FOtpy; ehd;FNgu; mku;e;
jpUe;jdu;. ~eapf;Nfh| vd;Dk; KuR miwtpg;NghDk;>
fOj;jpy; khl;bathW ,irf;Fk; ld;f]; Rkp> KuR
fUtpia ,irg;gtUk; rpwpa ifNksk; ~nfhj;;Ry;
Rkp| ,irg; g tUk; GS vd; D k; Gy; y hq; F oy;
,irg;gtUk; ,jpyplk; ngw;wdu;.
• ebg;G Nkilapd; (gPlj;jpy;) ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; mike;j

19 mb ePsk; 5 mb mfyKila gFjp ePcjap\
vd;w ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. 8 Ngu; mlq;fpa ghlfu;
FO epyj;jpy; mku;e;J ,Ue;jdu;.
• ebg;Gg; gPlj;jpy; gpd;gf;fkhfg; gy;tifr; Rtu; ~fp`k;

,j| vd miof; f g; g l; l J. ,jpy; kd; R kuk;
tiuag;gl;bUe;jJ.
• `\p`fwp ghijapd; vjpNu kd; R kuk; %d; W

ehl;lg;gl;bUe;jd. g+jap mUNf ,r;rpndhkd;R ,Ue;jJ.
,uz;lhk; kd;R kuk; epnehkd;R vdf; $wg;gl;lNjhL
cs;sf Nkilf;F mUNfapUe;j kuk; rd;Nehkd;R
vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Gy;yhq;Foy; fiyQUf;F mUNfAs;s fjT> fpupNjh

vd miof;fg;gl;lNjhL mjd; topahfg; ghlfu;fSk;>
thj;jpaf; fiyQu;fSk; Nkil cjtpahsu;fSk;
g+japf;F tUtJk; ntspNaWtJk; jpfo;e;jJ.
gpujhd NkilapypUe;J ~\puR| gFjpfF

; r; nry;y ~\puR
trpnfh| vd;w ngaupy; gb tupir fhzg;gl;lJ.
fzpg; g P L : • ~Neh| ehlf ghzpapd; ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.
• ~Neh| ehlfj;jpd; Nkilaikg;ig tpsf;Ff.
~Neh| muq; f k;



ahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~fGf; f p| ehlf kuG tif gw; w pa jfty; f isr;

Nrfupj;jy;.
• ~fGf;fp| ehlf ebg;Gg; gw;wpa tpNrl ,yl;rzq;fis
Mtzg;gLj;jy;.
• ~fGf;fp| ehlf Nkil gw;wp> tpNrl FwpgG
; f;fis itj;J
Muha;jy;.
• jw;fhy ag;ghdpy; fGf;fp ehlfKk; ,urpfu;fspd;
Jyq;fYk; gw;wp tpku;rpj;jy;.
• ag;ghdpa kuGuPjpahd ehlff;fiy gw;wpa jfty;fisf;
fw;wy;.
nraw;ghL 4.9.2 : ag;ghdpa ehlfq;fs;@ fGf;fp gw;wp tprhuiz nra;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; : • ~fGf;fp| ehlfq;fSk; mjNdhL njhlu;Gila ehlf

tupir ,ize;Js;s tpjKk;
• ~fGf;fp| Nkilapd; glk;
• fGf;fp ehlfr; #oikTfspd; xspg;glq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : ag;ghdpd; kuGtop ehlff;fiyapy; tpNrl ,lj;ijg;

ngw;w ~fGf;fp| ehlff;fiyapd; Muk;gk;> rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>
fU tiffSk; ebg;G ,lKk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

: • fl;Gy nrtpgG
; y rhjdq;fSk;> E}y;fspd; gupry
P idapd;
cjtpAk;.

: • ~fGf;fp| vd;gJ ag;ghdpy; cap&l;lkhf epfo;jj
; g;gLfpdw
;
[duQ;rf ehlf kughFk;.
• ~\pd;Njh| vd;Dk; ngaupy; Njthyaj;jpy; NritapyPL

gl;bUf;Fk; ~lf;Fsp| vd;Dk; ngaUila Njtjh]p
xUj;jpahy; 1586 ,y; Kjd; Kiwahff; fpnahndh
efupy; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;l ~nek;Gd;R lnjhup| vDk;
ngaUila ngsj;j ehl;ba rpwg;gpidj; Jizahff;
nfhz;l rhaiyg; ngw;wJ.

• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ~fGf;fp| ebg;G ngz;fSf;F kl;Lk;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; 1629 ,y; ngz; ebg;gJ
rl; l uP j pahfj; jilnra; a g; g l; l ijj; njhlu; e ; J
mjpypUe;J ,d;W tiu ~fGf;fp|ia ebg;gJ Mz;fs;
kl;LNkahFk;.
• gpujhd ,yl;rzkhf tpsq;FtJ ciueilahf

mike;jik.
• fUthdJ ag; g hdpd; gz; i lf; f hy> kj; j pafhy

nra;jpfis kl;Lk; nfhz;ljhf tiuaiwg;gLj;jg;
gl;lik.
• tpNrl muq;fpy; `dk;rp> nrupNjh]p> nrupmnf>

ktdg+fap> muq;Ffspy; tpNrl ,ay;G ~`dhkpr;rp|
vd;Dk; ghij topahf ebfUf;F ,urpfu;fspd; gFjpfF ;
eLthfr; nrd;W ebg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;gg; k; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nrupnj\p kw;Wk; nrupmnf vDk; ae;jpuq;fshy; Nkil
myq;fupgG; f;Fk; ghj;jpunkhd;iw cld; ebj;Jf;fhl;lTk;
KbAk;. ktup g+jap vDk; Roy; Nkiliag; gy;tpj
myq;fhuq;fSld; khw;wpf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;JtJ
~ffptup| vd;w fhl;rpf;F MFk;.
• Mil mzpfs; %ykhf ehlfj;jpy; gioa r%fj;ij

ntspg; g Lj; J k; tpjj; j py; ,ay; g hff; fhl; r pfs;
mikf;fg;gLk;. nfhz;il myq;fhuq;fs;> mb cau;ej ;
ghjzpfs; vd;gdTk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• Nkil myq;fhuk; xU fl;lha ,yl;rzkhFk;. mur

khspif> nfhil> ejp Nghd;w ~nrl;L|fs; myq;fhuj;
Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. kio> gdpnga;jy;> thfdq;fs;>
gy; y f; F > Fjpiu Nky; rthup Nghd; w itAk;
fhz;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
• cly; mirTfSf;Fg; gy;NtW tpjkhf 115 ghzpfs;

gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. ,f; f iyia ~fknjhup| vd
mioj;jdu;. xd;whf ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; cs;sf ,ay;ig
ntspg;gLj;jpdu;.
• tu;zq;fshy; gy;NtW ghtq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpdu;.

cjhuzkhfg; ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> ,isQu;fs;
nts;is epwj;jhYk;> tPuk;> jpBu; Nfhgk; vd;gd rptg;G
epwj;jhYk; fhl;lg;gl;ld. Kunrhypf;fhfg; ngupa> rpwpa
Nksq;fs; CJFoy;fs;> if Nksq;fs; ,uz;L vDk;
fUtpfs; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. efcd ,irf; F O
Nkilapd;; gpd; gf;fj;jpYk; nehfptR> fpnahn]hfh
,irf;FOf;fs; ,lJ gf;fj;jpYk;> fpe;jR ,irf;FO
njw;Fg; gf;f khfTk; cl;fhu;e;jdu;.

• Nkilapd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; cs;s ,lj;jpypUe;J ~nfr|

vDk; ngaUila ,irf;FOtpdu; ,irj;jdu;. ,irf;
fUtpfshy; ehlfj;Jf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; xypfis
vOg;gpdu;. jpiuiaj; jpwf;Fk;NghJk; %Lk;NghJk;
~`pNah\p| vDk; ngaUila gyifj; Jz;Lfs;
,uz;bid xd;Nwhnlhd;W jl;b xyp vOg;gpdu;.
• vd;nffp> Gnuhnahf;fp vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w fGf;fp

ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;L tiffs; cz;L. ehlf ,ay;Gfsp
dhy; epiwe;j gilg;G ~vd;nffp| vd;Wk; ehl;ba
,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l gilg;G ~Gnuhnahffp| vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
• mbg;gilahfTs;s fijg;nghUSf;Nfw;g ehlfq;fs;

NtWgLfpd;wd. tuyhw;Wf; fijfisf; nfhz;l
ehlfq;fs; [pjapnkhndh tif vdTk; tpahghupfspd;
fij cau; kj;jpa ju tFg;gpdupd; ghj;jpuq;fslq;fpa
fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit ~nrtnkhndR|
vd;Wk; #jhl;lf;fhuu;fs;> nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs; Nghd;w
fPo;kl;l kf;fspd; tho;f;ifiaf; fhl;Lk; ehlfq;fs;
~fprtnkhndh| vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lNjhL> jdpNa
ehl; b aj; i j Kf; f pakhff; nfhz; l ehlfq; f s;
~n\hnrhnfhndh| vd;w ngaupYk; miof;fg;gl;ld.
• jPa> J\;l Fzq;fs; - fWg;G> ePyk;

Ra eyk; - fLk; fgpyepwk; Mfpa epwq; f spy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• vj;jifa rk;gtkhapDk;> mw;Gjkhfr; rpj;jpupj;Jr;

fGf; f p Ntl Kfk; rpwg;Gg; ghzpapy; fhl;LtJ tpNrl ,yl;rzkhFk;.
Aj;jk;> ntw;wp> Njhy;tp> Xa;T vd;Dk; #oikTfis
ebj;Jf;fhl;bdu;. FNuhjk;> ituhf;fpak;> Nfhgk;>
kfpor ; r
; p vDk; kNdhghtq;fis ntspgg ; Lj;jpdu;. ,it
rpwg; G g; ghzpapy; ntspg; g Lj; j g; g l; l d. ~~kdpjf;
nfhiyfspd; nrse;ju;ak;|| (nfhnuhfp nehgp) vDk;
Fwpgg ; pll ; jdpkdpjdpd; tho;fi
; fiaf; fPohf;fpf; nfhz;l
khjpupia ebj;Jf; fhl;Lk; NghJ mjpy; VNjDk;
nrse;ju;aj;;ij vor; nry;tjd; %yk; ,urpfu;fSf;F
ehlf ,uridia cz;lhf;Fjy;.
• tha;nkhop mgpeaj;ij tpl mq;f mgpeaq;fs;> rhj;tpf

mgpeaq;fs; kpfTk; gpugy;ak; ngw;wikiaf; fhzyhk;.
• nrhy;yhly; ~nrupD| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. nrhy;yhly;

jhsj; N jhbize; J elj; j g; g l; l J. ,ay; g hd
nrhy;yhly;fisf; fhz ,ayhJ. ebfu;fs; Nkilapy;
ghLtjpy;iy. ghly;fisg; ghlfu; FO topahfg;
ghbdu;.

• gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ghly; Kiwfs; ehd;fhFk;. fpjA>

efcd> nehfptR> fpnahnkhndh vd;gdNt mit
ahFk;. %d;W euk;Gfshy; ,ioag;gl;l ~rkpnrd;>
fpjA> nehfptR> fpnahnkhndh Mfpatw; W f; F g;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ ~gh[z;l| MFk;.
• ghj;jpuq;fs; Kf;fpakhd ,Utifapd. xj;njhnfhd>

Xd; d fd vd; g d mit. xj; n jhnfhfd Mz;
ghj;jpukhfTk;> jr;rpaF> fjaf;F> Njhf;nffd vd
mJ %tifahfTk; mikAk;.
• ~jr;rpaF| ew;FzKila ghj;jpuk; - fjaF vd;gJ

jP f ; F zKs; s ghj; j puk; - Njhf; n ffd vd; g J
eifr;Ritg; ghj;jpuk;.
• xd;dfd vDk; ngz; ghj;jpuk; ebg;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

~tfld;dfd (taJ 20 - 50 tiu) ~jR| vd;gJ cau;
tFg; G g; ghj; j puq; f s; > ~mFg| vd; g J nfl; l
FzKilatu;> KRnkfd rhjhuz FLk;g ,isQiuf;
Fwpg;gJ> nfhfd vd;gJ rpWtu;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
• cau;ju ehlfq;fs; 18 (gpu`bgd;) cs. fd;[pd;Nrh>

RnfnuhF> \pguF> eUfk; Mfpa ehlfq;fs; kpf
gpurpj;jp ngw;wit.
fGf; f p Ntl Kfk;
• ~fGf;fp| ebfu;fshtjw;F taJ VO md;Nwy; vl;L
Kjy; ePz;lfhyg; gapw;rp Njit. vy;yh ebfu;fSk;
fGf;fp ebfu; FLk;gj;Jf;F md;Nwy; fGf;fp ebfu;
FUFyj;Jf;F cupatu;fshf ,Ug;gu;. vy;yh ebfu;
FUFyKk; tpNrl Nkilg; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ld.
xU ebfu; jpwikahf ebf;Fk;NghJ tpNrl Nkilg;
ngaiuf; $wp xypnaOg;gp kfpor
; r
; pia ntspgg
; Lj;JtJ
fGf;fp ,urpfu;fsJ tof;fkhFk;. ebfu;fsJ ebg;gpw;F
cjTtjw;F Nkil cjtpahsu;fs; ,U gpuptpdu;
gpd;dhy; Maj;jkhf ,Ug;gu;. fWg;G Milnahd;iw
mzpe;J Jfpy; t];jpunkhd;why; Kfj;ij %bathW
mku;ej; pUf;Fk; cjtp Ntiyahl;fs; ~Fnuhnfh| vd;w
ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. Kfj;ijf; fhl;bathW
jahu; epiyapypUf;Fk; cjtpahsu;fs; ~nfhnfd;| vDk;
ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
• Nehf;fpNah efupy; fpd;]h vDkplj;jpy; mike;Js;s

~fGf;fp| vd;w ngaupy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ehlf muq;fpy;
jpdKk; fhiyf;fhl;rp K.g. 11 kzp Kjy; khiy
4.00 kzp tiuAk; khiyf;fhl;rp 4.30 Kjy; ,uT
9.30 tiuAk; fhl;lg;gl;ld. mq;F xU jlitf;F
2000 ,urpfu;fs; ehlfj;ijf; fz;L ,urpf;f tha;g;G
cz;L.

• ~fGf;fp Nkil|
,d;iwa Nehf;jpNah> fGf;fp - ehlf muq;Ffs; 90
mb ePsKk; 60 mb mfyKk; nfhz;lit. ePs;rJu
mikg; G ilait. KjyhtJ ,uz; l htJkhd
muq;Ffspd; Kg;gf;fq;fspYk; fl;lg;gl;L ,Ue;jd.
jpiu - gr;ir> rptg;G> fgpy> fWg;G epwq;fspy;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fiufs; epiwe;j Jzpahy; ,it
ijf;fg;gl;ld.
Nkilapd; njw;Fg; gf;fkhf thj;jpaf;FO miw

mike;jJ.
fzpg; g P L : • ~fGf;fp| ehlfj;jpd; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.
• ~fGf;fp| ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gf;$Wfisf; Fwpgg

; pLf.
fGf; f p Nkil



ahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ag;ghdpa muq;f tiffis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.

• ag; g hdpa muq; f tiffspD}lhf ag; g hdpag;
gz;ghl;bid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.9.3 : ag;ghdpa muq;fg; gz;ghl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

(Nfhthf;fh> Gd;wf;F> fpNah[pd;)
ghlNtis : 02
ju cs;sPLfs; : • ag;ghdpa muq;F njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;>

rQ;rpiffs;
• ag;ghdpa ehlf Mw;Wifffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;
Ngiofs;.
• ag;ghdpa ehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xspgg
; lq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : ag;ghdpau; jkf;NfAupj;jhd muq;fg; gz;ghl;bidf;

nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mq;F gz;ghLk; - muq;Fk; xd;Wld;
xd;W gpd;dpg;gpize;j epiyapy; tsu;r;rp ngw;W
te;Js;sJ vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.


: • ag;ghd;> njhlu;rr
; pahd 1300 Mz;L fhy tuyhw;iwAk;
gioikg; gz;igAk; muq;fpy; jf;fitj;J tUfpdw ; J.
• ag;ghdpa muq;Ffs; fw;gidj; jpwidAk;>

kdntOr;rpiaAk; nfhz;like;jdthf cs;sd.
• ftu;r;rp> Mr;rupak;> ku;kk; Nghd;w tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;Jtdthf mike;Js;sd. rkaj;jpd; ghy;
nfhz; b Ue; j ek; g pf; i ffs; mwhj tifapYk;
fyhrhuj;jpd; njhlu;rr
; pahd tsu;rr
; piaf; nfhz;lit
ahfTk; mike;Js;sd.
• fpNah[pd; ((Kyogen))
• tpfl ,ilepfo;thf ebfUf;Fk; - ghu;g;NghUf;Fk;

,ilapy; gjl;lkpd;wpj; jsu;epiyia Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w

fijiar; nrhy;Yk; ebfupd; ngaUk; fpNah[pNd.
• ePzl; njhlu;rr
; pahd ~Neh| Mw;WiffSf;F ,ilapy;
epfo;j;jg;gLtjhf cs;sJ.
• fpNah[pd; Nkil cjtpahsdhfg; gzpGupthd; .

Kiwrhuh Kiwapy; ebfUld; fijg;ghd;.
• ehlfj;jpd; ,U ghfq;fSf;fpilapy; epfo;rr

; pf; FwpgG
; fs;
gw;wp ,tu; fijf;fyhk;. ,ilNtisapd;NghJ xg;gl P L
;
Kiwapy; vspikahd Kiwapy; ehlff; fijiaf;
$Wthu;.
• ,ilapilNa jj;Jt tpsf;fq;fisAk; RUf;fkhff;

$Wthu;. rlq;fhrhuj;jpd;NghJ tpyfp rhjhuzkhf
vOj;JUtpy; Fwpf;fg;glhj tplaq;fisf; $Wthu;.
• cs;ehl;L eguhff; fijf;F mbg;gilahd tplaj;ijr;

nrhy;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;
fpNah[pd; gLthu;.
• 2MtJ tifahd ~Neh| muq;fpy; xU gFjpahd ~Neh|

ehlfj;jpy; %d;whk; egUf;Ff; fij nrhy;tJNghy;
fij nrhy;gtuhf mikthu;.
• ~Neh| mspf;if njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpNyNa fpNah[pDk;

,irQu; FOTk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. fpNah[pd; xU
Kf;fpakhd mtjhdpahthu;. ,jdhy; NtlKfk; mzpt
jpy;iy.
Gd;wf;F my;yJ gd;wf;F

• Gd;wf;F muq;F 1684,y; xrhf;fhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;
gl;lJ. MapDk;> 1872 ,y; jhd; jd;id KOikahf
];jhgpj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
• Gd; w f; F muq; F xUtif nghk; k yhl; l muq; f

tifahFk;. ,jid ~epqN ; ah n[hWwp| (Ningyo joururi)
vd ag;ghdpa nkhopapy; miog;gu;.
• ,e;j Mw;Wifapy; %d;W tifahd Mw;WNthu;

njhopw;gLfpd;wdu;.
1. nghk;ikfis ,af;FNthu;.
2. XJNthu;/ghLNthu;.
3. rkprd; gpNsau;]; md;Nwy; nahW}wp
• ~ua;Nfh| vDk; Nksk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• xt; n thU ghj; j puq; f spDila taJ> ghypdk;

vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mJ 2 1/2 - 4
md;Nwy; mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cauj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• ehlff; fUf; f s; nghJthf mjpNjtijg; gz; G

nfhz;lit.
• 30 tUlr; nraw;ghl;by; nghk;kyhl;l ebfu;fSf;fhd

gapw;rpfs; ghjq;fis ,af;FtjpypUe;J Muk;gpj;J
,lJ fhiy Nehf;fp efu;e;J nry;fpd;wJ.
• jdp XJgtu; md;Nwy; ghLgtuhNyNa midj;Jg;

ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fkhd tupfs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
• rpy rkak; gytifahd XJNthu;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;

gLtJz;L. XJNthu; rkpnrd; ebfu;fSf;F mUfpy;
RoYk; Nkilapy; mku; e ; j pUg; g u; . NkilahdJ
Neuj;jpw;F Neuk; jpUk;Gk;.
• Gd;wf;F Mw;Wiffs; ngUk;ghyhd fUf;fisf; fGf;fp

muq;fpypUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld.
Gd; w f; F ebfd;
• MapDk; fGf;fp muq;F ~Mw;WNthuJ muq;fhf mika>
Gd;wf;F muq;F ehlfhrpupaupd; muq;fhf cs;sJ.
E}w;Wf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l Gd;wf;F Mw;Wiffis ~rpf;fkw;R
nkhd;Nrkd;| (Chikamatsu Monzaemon) vOjpAs;shu;.
,tu; ~ag;ghdpd; Nrf;];gpau;| vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
• ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; 30 ,w;Fk;

Fiwthd Mw;WiffNs epfo;jj ; g;gLfpdw
; d. Nkiyj;
Njaj;jpdu; ,tw;iw cs;thq;fpf; ifg;nghk;ikfs;>
Roy; nghk;ikfs;> epoyhl;lg; nghk;ikfs; gytw;iw
mspf;if nra;J tUtijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
nfhthf; f h
• rhKwha; Nghu;tuP u;fSila fijfisr; nrhy;tdthf
cs;sd.
• ~Neh| muq;fpypUe;J tsu;r;rp ngw;witahfTk;> rkaj;
jd;ik nfhz;litahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fzpg; g P L : • ag;ghdpa Mw;Wiffs; mlq;fpa xspg;Ngiofisg;

ghu;j;J mJNghd;W mirTfisr; nra;J fhl;Lf.
• Nkw;nrhd;d xspg;Ngioiag; ghu;itapl;L ag;ghdpa

muq;fg;Nghf;F njhlu;ghd fzpg;gPnlhd;iw Nkw;
nfhs;f.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.10 : 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; ntspg;gilahfj;

njupAk; ehlff; fiyQu;fs;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~n`d;upf; ,g;rDk;| mtuJ ebg;Gk; gw;wpf; fw;wy;.

• ~md;ud; nrf;Nfht;| tpd; ajhu;jj ; thj Nkhbia mtuJ
gilg;Gfs; JizAld; tpku;rpj;jy;.
• ~];nud;];yht;];fpapd;| ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fw;wy;.
• ]; n ud; ] ; y ht; ] ; f papd; Kiwikf; Nfhl; g hl; i l
eilKiwapy; nra;J ghu;j;jy;.
• ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbapid mwpKfk; nra;j Vida
ehlff; fiyQu; gw; w pa tho; f ; i f tpugq; f is
Nrfupj;jy;.
• ~Nkau; N`hy;l;| ,d; ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fw;wy;.
nraw;ghL 4.10 : 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiyQu;fshd

n`d;upf; ,g;rd;> md;ud; nrf;Nfht; ];nudp]y
; ht;]f
; p>
Nkau; n `hy; l ; Mfpatu; f isg; gw; w p mwpe; J
nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 07
ju cs;sPLfs; : • n`d;upf; ,g;rd;> md;udp nrf;Nfht;> ];nudp]y

; ht;]f
; p>
Nkau;N`hy;l; MfpNahupd; xspg;glq;fs;.
mwpKfk; : 19Mk; E}w;whz;L INuhg;gpa ehlff; fiyQu;fs;

mtu;fsJ ehlf ghzpfs; gw;wpa fw;wy; ,g;ghlj;jpy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

: • gFg;gha;jy;> mtjhdpj;jy;> fye;Jiuahly;.
: • n`d;upf; ,g;rd;
• Nehu;Nt Njrj;jtuhd ,tu;> 1828,y; gpwe;jhu;. 1849
,y; cNuhk tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtnkhd;iw mbg;gilahf
itj; J ~nfw; w yP ] ; | vd; D k; ngaupy; KjyhtJ
ehlfj;ij vOjpdhu;.
• vdpDk; Kjd; Kjypy; ebj;J NkilNaw;wg;gl;lJ

mtuhy; ,uz;lhtjhf vOj;JUg; ngw;w ~kahdg+kp|
(Burial Ground) vd;Dk; ngaupyhd ehlfkhFk;.
n`d;upf; ,g;rd;

• ,g;rdpd; Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit

fhtpaka ehlfq;fshFk;. Nehu;Nt ehl;Lr; r%f>
,jpfhrf; fijfis Xl;bajhf mit mike;jd.
• 1869Mk; Mz;by; mtuhy; vOjg;gl;l The League of
Youth - ,isQu; rq;fk; - ehlfj;jpy; ajhu;j;jthj
Nkhbapyhd eilntspg;gl;lJ. mtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l
Fwpg;gpl;l cgha Kiwfshd ghtj;jpd; gop#o;jy;>
,g; r dpd; Njh\k; gpbj;jy;> cz;ik ntspg;gly;> kfpo;epiw
jiyikf; fl;blf;fhud; fij KbTfs;> rk;gh\iz> ghj;jpur; rpj;jpupg;Gfs;
vd;gtw;iw md;whl tho;f;iff;fpzq;f> jj;&gkhf
Kd;itj;jhu;.
• mtu; rkfhy kdpj rupjq;fspd; cs;shu;e;j jd;ik

fis tpsf;f Kad;Ws;shu;.
• ,g;rd; jdJ tho;ehspy; mDgtpj;Jg; ghu;jj

; itfis
itj; J ajhu; j ; j thj ehlf Nkhbapidf; fl; b
naOg;gpdhu;.
• mtuJ Muk;gfhy ehlfq;fspy; rpj;jpug; gpd;dzpiag;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf mtw;iw tpiuthf khw;wpf;
fhl;l cjTfpwJ.
• ~r%fj; j pd; J}z; f s; | | ehlfj; j py; mikf; f g; g l; l

Kg;gupkhzg; gpd;dzpg; gad;ghL ajhu;j;jthj ehlf
Nkhbf;Fr; rkkhdjhFk;. Nkil xspf;fhfr; #oiyg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;. ~~eLf; Nfhilf;F Kd;jpdk;||
ehlfj;jpy; fh]; xspiag; gad;gLj;jp ,Ul;L> epyhxsp>
fLk; nta;apy; Nghd;w fhyg; gpd;dzpia ntspg;
gLj;jpdhu;.
• 1877 - 1886 ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; vOjg;gl;l

vy;yh ehlfq;fSk; kpfTk; jj;&gkhd rk;gtq;fisf;
nfhz;L tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.
cjhuzk;: 1. Pillars of Society
2. Rosmasham
3. A Dolls House
• ehlfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa cgfuzq;fs; kw;Wk;

rk; g tq; f s; ajhu; j ; j f; FwpaP l ; L f; fhl; r pfshff;
fhl;lg;gl;ld.
cjhuzk;: A Dolls House ehlfj;jpy; ej;jhu; kuk;.
• mtuhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbia NkYk;

tpsf;Ffpd;w ebfu;fspd; nrhy;yhly;fis ePf;fpdhu;.
Nkilf; Fwpg;Gfs; kpfr; RUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd.

• fhl;rpfs;> fhuz fhupaq;fisnahl;b tpsf;Ffpd;w

jd; i kiag; gpd; g w; W tdthfTk; ehlfq; f spd;
mq;fq;fs; %d;whf md;Nwy; ehd;fhf tiuaiw
nra;ag;gl;ldthAk; cs;sd.
• ,g;rdpd; ehlfq;fs;> gpur;rpid ehlfq;fs; (Problum
Plays) vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. kdpj tho;f;ifapy;
cs;sfj;jpy; epyTfpdw; rpff; w;jd;ik> tQ;rfj;jd;ik>
kdpjDf; F k; #oTs; s r%fj; J f; F k; ,ilapy;
epyTtij mtu; jdJ ehlfq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• md;ud; nrf;Nfht;
U\pa Njrj;jtuhd md;ud; nrf;Nfht;tpd; rPtpa fhyk;
1860 - 1904 tiapyhdjhFk;. itj;jpauhd mtu;
cyfg; gpurpjj ; pngw;w ajhu;jj
; thj Nkhbapd; Kd;Ndhb
Mthu;. mj;Jld; rpwe;j rpWfij vOj;jhsUk; Mthu;.
nrhy;y Ntz;baij kpfr; RUf;fkhff; $WtJ
nrf;Nfhtpd; fij$Wk; ghzpapd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l ,ilntspf;Fs; RitahdJk;
ngWkjpahdJkhd gy tplaq;fisr; nrhy;tjw;Fr;
nrf;Nfht; $ba mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;jpAs;shu;.
nkhopeilia kpf vspikahdjhff; ifahz;Ls;shu;.
Neubahff; fijia Muk;gpj;JtpLtJ mtuJ kw;W
nkhU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. fijapd; Kjd;ikg; nghU
Sf;F (mu;j;jk;) cjthj ve;jnthU rk;gtj;ijNah>
md; u d; nrf; N fht;
ghj; j puj; i jNah mtuJ ehlfq; f spy; Nru; j ; J f;
nfhs;skhl;lhu;.
• 1887 ,y; 17MtJ tajpy; nrf;Nfht; jdJ KjyhtJ

ehlfkhd ~je;ij ,y;yhjtd;| ehlfj;ijg; ghlrhiy
nry;Yk;NghJ vOjpdhu;. 1887 - 1890 fhyg;gFjpapy;
nrr;Nfht; ehlfq;fs; vOJtjw;fhfr; nrytopj;j
fhykhFk;. mtuJ ehlf vOj;Jf;fs; ,Utifg;gLk;.
1. Xuq;f ehlfq;fs;
2. Mokhd gy mq;f ehlfq;fs;
md;dg;ghl;L> fub> rk;ge;jk; (Proposal)
Mfpad Xuq;f ehlfq;fSf;F cjhuzkhFk;.
• nrf;Nfht; eifr;Ritia cUthf;Ftjw;fhf ehlf

kakhd nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
eifr;Ritia vOg;Gtjw;fhf kdpjFy rpe;jidapy;
epiyahf epyTfpd;w gy;NtW Mirfs; NkhJfpw
tpjq;fisAk; r%f tho;f;ifapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
vjpuhd re;ju;gg
; q;fs; xd;wha;r; re;jpf;fpd;w tpjq;fis
Ak; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
• ,tndhg; > fly; thj; J > thd; a khkh> %d; W

rNfhjupfs;> nrupgg
; oj; Njhl;lk; vd;gd mtuJ cd;dj
gilg;GfshFk;.

• kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; ,Ug;Gk; ntWg;Gk; NtWglhj

mq; f nkd nrf; N rht; t pd; ehlfq; f spd; topahf
ntspff ; hl;bdhu;. mtuJ ehlfq;fspy; ebg;G kl;Lky;y>
kpfTk; Ez;ikahd gpuNahfk;> cstpay; cs;sL P fs;>
Xa;T> yak;> irif> Fuy; ghtid> Mokhd Fwpal P L
; g;
gbkk; Mfpad cs;sd. cjhuzkhf nrupg;goj;
Njhl;lk; ehlfj;jpd; KbT mu;j;jKs;sjhf ,Ug;gJ>
nrup kuq;fSf;Fg;gLfpd;w Nfhlup ntl;Lfs;.
nfhd;];ud;iud; ];nudp];yht;];fp
• U\pa ehl;ltuhd ,tu; ebfu;> newpahsu;> ehlff;
Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;. cyfg; Gfo;ngw;w ajhu;jj
; thj ebg;G
Nkhbiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpajpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;wtu;.
• 1863 [dtup 5Mk; jpfjp nkh];Nfh efupy; gpwe;j

,tu; mf;fhy U\pa r%fj;jpd; cau;Fb tFg;igr;
Nru;e;jtuhtu;.
• mf;fhyj;jpy; [duQ;rfkhd njhopy;Kiw ebfu;fs;

gpd;gw;wpa kuGtop El;gKiwfis epuhfupj;Jtpl;L
mtu; Gjpa El;gKiwfspd; Njitia Nehf;fpdhu;.
]; n udp]; y ht; ] ; f p
• mtuJ Ma;tpd; ngWNgwhf Gjpa ebg;G El;gKiwia
(Method of Acting) mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
• Gjpa El;gKiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit>

czu;r;rpfs; cs;thq;fg;gl;ljd; topahf epfo;fpd;w
MNtrj;jpd; kPJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; ntspthup Md;kPf
tho;fi
; fia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd; fpuk cghakhFk;.
• ,jw;fhf ebfu; ghj;jpuq;fspd; cs;shu;ej

; czu;rr
; pfsp
D}lhf mg;ghj;jpuj;jpy; Eioa KbAk;. mt;thNw
ebfupd; mgpeaj; i jg; gpd; g w; W tjw; F Nkyhf
mwpTg+u;tkhd mDkhdq;fshy;> mtjhdpg;Gfshy;
kw;Wk; mDgtq;fshy; ghj;jpuq;fisg; Ngh\pf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
• ghj;jpuj;jpd; mq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; kdpj elj;ij

fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;> Nkilapy; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w
rpf; f yhu; e ; j ghj; j puj; i j ,ay; g hd cUtj; j py;
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhapy;yhjij mtu;
$Wfpwhu;.
• ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; cs;shu;e;j rupjj;Jf;Fupa cz;ik

ahd elj;ijiaAk; czu;r;rpfisAk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjd; topahfg; ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fs; ,wq;f Ntz;L
nkd;gij ];nudp];ynt];fp mtjhdpj;Js;shu;.

• xU ebfdhtjw; F mtdplk; Mw; w y; (Talent)

ftUe;jpwd; (Inspiration) kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhw; NghjhJ
vd ];nudp];ynt];fp $Wfpwhu;. ,g;gz;GfSf;F
1/10 gq;F ,lj;ijNa mtu; toq;Ffpwhu;. vQ;rpa
9/10 gq;Fk; cs;shu;ej
; jhf ebfd; jhNd fl;bnaOg;gpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd mtu; typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
• gFg;gha;T
• mtjhdpg;G
• clw; gapw;rpfs;
• csg; gapw;rpfs;
• ehlff; fiyQu;
• ebg;Gg; gapw;rp
• ehlf vOj;J
,g; g zpfSf; F ,ilNa ebfu; czu; r ; r pfspd;
cs; s hu; e ; j Qhdj; j hy; MNtrkhf Nkilapy;
epr;rakhd Nehf;Fld; ebg;gij tpsf;fKld; ebg;ghu;.
Nkau; N`hy;l; ((Meyerhold))

• u\;a Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;j ebfUk;> newpahsUkhthu;.
• ntspg;ghl;Lthj muq;F nky;y ,we;JNghf me;j
muq;fpd; Nkhbfshy; cs;thq;fg;gl;ljhf ajhu;j;j
ky;yhj ebg;G mwpKfkhfpd;wJ. ,e;j muq;if
Kd;itj;jtu;fSs; xUtuhf Nkau;N`hy;l; te;J
Nru;fpd;whu;. ,jd; %yk; ,ae;jpug; nghwpKiwahd
ebg;G Kiwik (bio mechanical acting) gapy;Kiwf;F
te;J Nru;fpd;wJ.
• Nkau;N`hy;l>; ];udp];ynt];fpapd; nkh];Nfh fiy
auq;fpdJ ];jhgfUk;> $lNt 1898 - 1902 tiuf;Fk;
];udp];ynt];fpapd; muq;f Kiwikapy; <LghLk;
nfhz;l ,tu;> u];ag; Gul;rpiaj; njhlu;e;J muq;ff;
nfhs;iffspYk; Gul;rpfs; voj;njhlq;fNt Nrhrypr
ajhu;j;jthj vz;zf;fUf;fisf; fiyapy; fhzj;
njhlq;fpdhu;.
• 1920 ,y; nghwpKiw ebg;G El;gj;ij muq;fpy;
Nkau; N`hy; l ; mwpKfkhf; f pdhu; . clypd; epiyfSf; F Clhf
czu; r ; r pfis KOikahf ntspg; g Lj; j y; j hd;
nghwpKiw ebg;gpd; %yj;njhdp. ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL
gt;Nyhtpd; Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
jhFk;. cly; epiyfs;> cly;nkhop md;Nwy; ,af;fj;jp
dhy; tpistpf;fg;gLfpd;w epiyfs;> kdg;ghq;fpd;
Clhf vOk; nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf czu;rr ; pfis
ntspg;gLj;jNy ,tuJ Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
• ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL ];udp]y
; nt];fpapd; cs El;gj;jpwF ;
NenujpuhdJ. ~csf; N fhl; g hL| vd; g J fl; G y>
nrtpgG; y mf %yq;fisg; GwuPjpahf nkhop ngau;gG ; r;
nra; t J. cly; > Fuy; > kdk; vd; g tw; w pD}lhf
cz;ikahd czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;JtJ MFk;.

• Nkau;N`hy;l;> Nfhld;fpnwa;fpDila Nfhl;ghLfsp

dhy; ghjpg;gilfpd;whu;. ebfu;fspd; MSikfSk;
vz;zq;fSk; mtdJ kdk;> cly; vd;gitfSk;
njhlu;r;rpahd fisf;$j;jhl;lq;fspd; jpUg;gq;fsp
D}lhf ntspg;gLgit vdf;$wp mjw;fhf muq;fpy;
gy cj;jpfisAk; Kd;itj;jhu;.
• ehlfj;jpDila mf cs;slf;fj;ij czu;j;jf;$ba
xU rpy fhl; r pfis Kuz; njhiyNehf; i ff;
nfhz;ljhf tbtikj;jhu;.
• ehlfj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;ijf;fhl;bYk; tbtj;jpw;F
mOj;jk; toq;fpdhu;.
• rPd gPff ; pq; xNgwh> fjfsp> fGf;fp Nghd;w Mw;Wiffspy;
fhzg;gLk; kUl;ifaw;w vLj;Jiug;G muq;fpdhy;
ftug;gl;lhu;.
• Kd; j piufis> mbj; j s xspfis (Foot lights)
mfw;wpdhu;.
• ghu; g ; N ghUf; $ lhfNt Mw; W Nthu; muq; f pDs;
gpuNtrpj;jik.
• ghu;gN
; ghuplk; ,Ue;J fw;gidiaAk; gq;Fnfhs;ifia
Ak; vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;.
• ,tuJ ebfu; f s; nka; t d; i k> fisf; $ j; j hl; l k;
[pk;dh];upf; > Fj;Jf;fuzk;> gha;jy;> nghk;ikfs;
Nghy elj;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gapw;wg;gl;lhu;fs;.
• ,tuJ guPl;rhu;j;j Kaw;rp ePz;lfhykhf kwf;fg;
gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W mit kPsTk; gad;ghl;by;
cs;sd. ,e;j El;gk;> ghly;> ,ir> eldk; Nghd;w
tw;Wld; ,ize;J fiyj;Jt ajhu;j;jthjkhfj;
jahupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• gpw;fhyj;jpy; gpnw/l;> FNwhl;Nlht;];fp> Mu;j;Nj
Nghd; N whuhy; nra; K iw uP j pahfTk; Nfhl; g hl; L
uPjpahfTk; gpd;gw;wg;glyhapw;W.
fzpg; g P L : • 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;ghtpy; gpurpj;jpngw;w ehlf

Nkhb gw;wpa tpguq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.
• ajhu;j;jthj Nkhbapy; md;ud; nrf;NfhtpdJk;

];nudp];yht;];fpapdJk; ehlfq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l
ebg;gpd; ,ay;Gfis tpku;rpf;Ff.
• 20Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nkau;N`hy;bd; nghwpKiwg;ghq;

fhd ebg;G cj;jpfs; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapYk; nrad;Kiw
uPjpapYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp te;Js;sikia
kjpg;gpLf.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11 : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wpg; guprPypj;Jf;

fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ajhu;j;j tpNuhj ehlf Nkhbg; gz;Gfisg; gpnw/bd;

Clhf tpsf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• fhtpaghzp ebg;G El;gq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.11.1 : Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/bd; ebg;G Nkhbiaj; Njb mwpe;J

nfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 03
ju cs;sPLfs; : • Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/bd; xspg;glk;

• nghUj; j khd Mw; W if rk; g e; j khd xspg; g jpT
ehlhf;fs;.
mwpKfk; : Ngl;Nlhy; gpnw/Lk; mtuJ ebg;G NkhbAk; gw;wpa

tplaq;fisf; fw;gNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;
gLtjhFk;;.


: • 1898 ngg;utup 10Mk; jpfjp N[u;kdpapy; Ngf;];gu;f;
efupy; gpwe;j Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l; cyfpy; Njhd;wpa
rpNu\;l ehlff; fiyQuhtu;.
• thypg tajpw;F te;jNghJ rka ek;gpf;if njhlu;ghf

Iak; nfhz;L> jhk; cupj;jhd r%f tFg;Gg; gw;wp
tpuf;jpAw;w ,tu;> r%f Kuz;ghLfs;> Jd;gq;fs;
gw; w pAk; Fwpg; g pl; l tpsf; f j; i jaile; j tuhf
,Ue;jikia mwpa KbfpwJ.
• `pl;yupd; ehrp ,af;fj;Jf;F vjpuhff; fl;Liu> ftpij

vOjpaikahYk; khu;f;rp] ,af;fj;Jld;
njhlu;Gw;wpUe;jikahYk; `ply ; upd; Nfhgj;Jf;Fs;shfp
xspe;J tho Neu;e;jik.
Ngl;Nlhy;l; gpnw/l;
• gpnw/l; Kjypy; ey;nyhOf;fg; gz;Grhu; ehlfq;

fisNa vOjpaNjhL ~ghy; | mtuJ KjyhtJ
ehlfkhfTk; ~giw xyp| mtuJ ,uz; l htJ
ehlfkhfTk; cs;sik.

• gpnw/l;bd; murpaw; ghu;itahdJ khu;f;rp] murpaw;

Nfhl;ghl;ilr; rhu;e;jjhf ,Ue;jikahy; gpw;fhyj;jpy;
mtuJ ehlfg; gilg;Gfspd; gz;Gfs; khw;wkile;jik.
• mtuJ ebg;Gg;ghzp ~vgpf;| (EPIC) ebg;Gg; Nkhbahf

fhtpa ebg;Gg;ghzpahf ,dq;fhzg;gl;lNjhL ,q;F
Kd;Ndhbahff; fhzg;gl;l N[u;kdpa ehl;L ~Vu;tpd;
gp];fhl;lu;| vd;ghupd; murpay; r%fg; gpur;rpidfisg;
nghJkf;fspd; tpthjj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy;
ehlff; fiynahd;iw cUthf;fpl mtu; Kaw;rpfs;
vLj;jik.
• ,g; g hzpiag; gad; g Lj; j paNjhL tpsf; f j; J f; F k;

cl;gLj;jpa gpnw/l; ,q;F jkJ ehlfq;fSf;F
tPufhtpa tiff;Fupa fijfis cl;gLj;jpaNjhL
jdpahs;/FLk;gk; Mfpatw;iw Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jtij
tpl tpgukhd tuyhw; W r; rk; g tq; f s; gytw; i w
Kd; d piyg; g Lj; j pf; fijfis mikj; j hu; . ,t;
tifahd fij xd;iw ebf;Fk;NghJ mJ mup]N ; uhl;b
ypd; ebg; G f; Nfhl; g hLfSf; F KOikahfNt
Neu;tpNuhjkhd ebg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
• fhtpa md;Nwy; ~vgpf;| ebg;;gpd; Kjd;ikahd gz;G

mup];Nuhl;by; ehlfq;fspYs;s ehlf Nkhb xUikj;
jd;ikf;F mg;ghy; nry;Yjy;> ghJfhg;G> rpf;fw;jd;ik
kUl;if Kjyhd Nfhl;ghLfSf;Ff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
fijak;rq;fspypUe;J tpLgLjYk; mg;ghj;jpuq;fSf;F
Kd; k hjpupahjy; gw; w pa Nfhl; g hLfisj; jtpu; j ;
jpUe;jikAk;.
• Nkw;nrhd;d tpjkhf ebg;Gg; gz;gpypUe;J ,urpfidj;

J}uNehf;fpw;F mz;kpf;fr; nra;jy; gpnw/l; ,d;
Nehf;fkhdNjhL mjw;fpzq;f ~vgpf;| ebg;G topahff;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Muk;g ehlff; Nfhl;ghl;bidg; gw;wpa
vz;zf;fU Kf;fpakhdjhff;; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J
J}ug;gLj;jy; md;Nwy; me;epag;gLj;jy; vd miof;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.
• gpnw/bd; ,e;jj; J}ug;gLj;jy; Nehf;fpid va;Jtjw;
fhf ~vgpf;| md;Nwy; fhtpaghzp ebg;Gg; Nkhbiaf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhff; fPo;tUk; khw;wq;fis
epfo;j;jpaik.
• ngUk;ghYk; r%f md;Nwy; tuyhw;Wf; fijr;
rk;gtq;fisj; jdJ ehlfq;fspd; fijg;nghUshff;
nfhz;lik.
• fjhehafu;> fjhehafpfs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tPuu;
fshf ,y;yhik.
• ehlfj;jpy; gy jpiuf;fhl;rpfs; ,Uj;jy;.

• ,Wjp md;Nwy; KbTg; gFjpapy; ciueilapy;

fijia Kd;itj;jy;.
• fhyk;> ,lk;> ,af;fk; gw;wpa xUikg;ghLfs;
,y;yhjpUj;jy;.
• Mrpa ebg;G kuGfspd; rhaiyg; ngw;wjhf Nkhbg;
gLj;jg;gl;l ebg;G ,ay;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
• E}yhrpupau;> ghlfu; FO> FwpaPl;lhu;j;j gpd;dzp>

NtlKfq;fs;> eld uPjpahd eilg;ghzp Mfpad
gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
• xspaikg; G ld; ehlfj; i j elj; J jy; . ghly; f s;

ehlfj;jpd; Njitf;Nfw;gg; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
• gpnw/l; ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; gytw;iw vOjpAs;shu;.

mtw;Ws; rpy.
1. The Three Penny Opera
2. Galileo
3. Mother Courage
4. Chalk Circle (ntz;fl;b tl;lk;)
5. Good woman of setsuwan
fzpg; g P L : • gpnw/l; ,d; ebg;G Nkhb gw;wp tpgukhf tpsf;Ff.
• gpnw/l; vgpf; ebg;G Nkhbiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gifapy;

J}ug;gLj;jy; md;Nwy; me;epag;gLj;Jjy; Nehf;fj;ij
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa El;gKiwia
tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • ehlff;fiy - jkpopy; nkhopngau;g;G

Nguhrpupau; K. ,uhkRthkp


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.11 : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ehlf tsu;r;rp gw;wpg; guprPypj;Jf;

fye;jiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; muq;fg; Nghf;fpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• mjd; %yfu;j;jhf;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 4.11.2 : 20Mk; E}w; w hz; b d; ehlfg; Nghf; F fs; gw; w pAk;
guP l ; r hu; j ; j j; j py; <Lgl; l fiyQu; f s; gw; w pAk;
fye;JiuahLtu;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPLfs; : • fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;> xyp xspg; Ngiofs;> xspgg

; lq;fs;
(muq;ftpayhsu;fs;> mtu;fsJ muq;F rhu;e;jit)
mwpKfk; : 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;> muq;fg; Nghf;Ffspy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fisAk; mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfisAk; ghl
tplaj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; muq;ftpayhsu;fspD}lhf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw. fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nraw;ghl;LKiw

: rhKNty; ngf;fl; ((Samuel Becket))
• Iup]; Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; ehlfq;fisg;
gpnuQ;R nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. 1969 ,y; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;
fhd Nehgy; guprpidg; ngw; w hu; . ,tu; xU
ehtyhrpupaUk; $lNt.
• 1953 ,y; In Attendant Godot vDk; ehlfj;jpidg; gpnuQ;R

nkhopapy; vOjpdhu;. ,jid 1955 ,y; Waiting for
Godot (nfhNlhTf;fhff; fhj;jpUj;jy;) vDk; ngaupy;
nkhop ngau;j;jhu;.
• kuG uPjpahd fl;likg;igAk; fijg; gpd;diyAk;

nkhopngau;g;Gf;fisAk; iftpl;lhu;.
rhKNty; ngf; f l;
• mgj;j muq;fpd; kpfr; rpwe;j gilg;ghf waiting for
godot vDk; ehlfk; mikfpwJ.
• thu;j;ijfsw;w $l;^k ehlfj;ijAk; vOjpAs;shu;.

• ,tuJ gpw; g Fjp ehlfq; f spy; ghuk; g upa muq; f

kuGfspy; ,Ue;J ePz;lJ}uk; tpyfpr; nry;fpd;whu;.
• ,e;epiyik waiting for Godot vDk; vOj;JU jUfpd;w>

rf kdpju;fNshL kdpju;fs; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;ghlypy;
Nghjhik ,Uj;jy;> jdJ jiytpjpiaj; jhd; ifahs
Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd; vd;gjid mwpahjpUj;jy;
Nghd; w vz; z f; f Utpid mOj; J tjw; F k; ,J
mtUf;Fj; Njitg;gl;lJ.
• ,tu; ,Wjpahf ~30 nrf;fdpy; %r;R| (Breath) vd;fpd;w

ehlfj;jpid vOjpdhu;. ,jpy;> gpwf;fpd;w kdpjdpd;
NfhNlhtpw; f hff; mOifAk; rhFk; kdpjdpd; %r;Rk; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
fhj; j pUj; j y;
• Fnwhl;nlht;];fp ((Jerzy Grotowskis - 1933))
• Nghye;J Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. Xu; newpahsu; Mthu;.
• INuhg;gpa> mnkupf;f muq;fpy; ,tupd; guPl;rhu;j;j
Ntiyfs; epahakhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
• ,tu; Nghye;jpy; ,Ue;J nkh];Nfh muq;fpw;Fr; nrd;W
~muq;ff; fiyfSf;fhd mur epWtdj;jpy;| gapw;rp
ngw;W 1953 ,y; newpahsuhdhu;.
• guPl;rhu;j;j Ma;T$l muq;f Kaw;rpfspYk; <Lgl;lhu;.
• tptpypag; ghly;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;> nghJtzf;fg; gf;jpg;
ghly;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; jahupgG ; f;fSf;fhd %yfq;fisg;
ngw;whu;.
• ]; u dp]; y nt]; f paplkpUe; J gapw; r p ngw; w ,tu;
];udp]y ; nt];fpapd; Nfhl;ghLfis epuhfupff ; hjtuha;
~ngsjpf cstpay; gapw;rp Kiwikapid| ebg;gpy;
nfhzu;e;jhu;. ,jw;fhf mgpeaq;fs;> Ckq;fs;> Vw;w
,wf; f q; f s; > FOepiy> fhz; g pa cUtfq; f s; >
vz; z q; f is ntspg; g Lj; J jy; vd; g tw; w pidf;
ifahz;L mu;j;jj;jpw;Fk; mirtpw;Fkpilapy; kpf
neUf;fkhd ,iztpidf; nfhzu;e;jhu;.
• ebfu;fs; ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;ndOr;rp cs;stu;fs;
Nghy; Njhw;wkspg;gijAk; tpfhu czu;Tfisf;
fhl;LtijAk; muq;fpy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd
tpUk;gpdhu;.
• xU newpahsDf;Nf mtrpakhdjhff; nfhs;sg;gLk;
xspaikg;G> Ntl cLg;G> fhl;rpfs;> ,ir Nghd;wtw;
iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;Skplj;J mj;jpatrpakw;wit
nadf; fUJk; midj;ijAk; fow;wptpl;L ebfdpd;
clYf;Fk; %isf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J tWik
muq;F (Poor Thearet) vd;w vz;zf;fUtpid Kd;
itj;jhu;.

md;Nuhdpah Mu;j;Nj ((Antonine Artaud))

• gpuhd;rpd; muq;fj; Jiwapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa
xUtu;. F&u muq;if mwpKfk; nra;jtu;.
• muq;F nrhw;fs; epuk;gpajhf Mfptpl;lJ vdTk;
muq;if xU mirtpaf;f ntspahf ntspfn ; fhz;Ltu
Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fhyj;ijAk; ntspiaAk; ehk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vdTk; tpUk;gpdhu;. epfo;it
cyfg; nghJikahdjhf Mf;f tpUk;gpdhu;.
• 1920fspy; muq; f py; fhj; j pukhf <Lgl; l hu; . rk
fhyj;jtu;fs; Nghd;W ajhu;j;j muq;F kPJ ntWg;Gf;
nfhz;lhu;. ajhu;j;j ehlfq;fs; jdpkdpj md;Nwy;
r%fg; gpur;rpidfis Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ
vdTk; ,jw; f hf csg; g Fg; g ha; T Kiwiag;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vdTk; fUjpdhu;. ebfu;fspd;
Nehf; f k; > ghj; j puj; j pDila tho; f ; i fia kP s g;
gilg;gNj. ghu;g;NghUk; ghj;jpuq;fspd; xt;nthU
mirTlDk; mjd; xt;nthU %r;RlDk; jk;ikAk;
kUl; i ff; F Ml; g Lj; J tNj epfo; f pd; w J vdTk;
fUjpdhu;.
• Mu;j;Nj> Nkw;$wpa gaq;fu mDgtq;fspw;F vjpuhfj;
jdJ ,jaj;jpdhYk; mwpthYk; Mokhf czu;e;J>
ghu; g ; N ghu; Ra epidtpy; nraw; g l; L g; gz; g hl; L
kakhf;fg;gl;L kiwf;fg;gl;l gf;fq;fis cz;ikahd
Kfj;Jld; $u;e;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.
nts;is g+rg;gl;l gz;ghLfisAk;> nraw;ifahd
glhNlhgq;fisAk; ghu;gN ; ghu; cupjJ
; g; ghu;ff
; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;.
• Mu;j;Nj mf ajhu;j;jthj muq;fhy; ghjpg;Gw;whu;.
md; N uh md; N uhapd; 1927 ,y; ];wpd;l;Ngu;f;fpd; ~fdT| ehlfj;jpidj;
jahupj;jhu;.
• kdpju;fs; jk;ikj;jhKk; kw;w kdpju;fisAk; cupjJ ; g;
ghu;f;f Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhu;. NkhJif tbtq;fsp
Yk;> xj;jpirtw;w jd;ikfspYk;> jpUg;jpaw;w jd;ik
fspYk; fhzg;gLk; %y fhuzj;ijf; fz;lwpa
tpisNthu;@ F&ur; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd %y fUtp
fisAk; fz;L nfhs;tu;. F&u muq;fpd; Nehf;fk;
kdpju;fSf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; jilfisAk; ghFghL
fisAk; mfw;WtNj MFk; vd;gJ Mu;j;Njapd;
fUj;jhFk;.
• r%fk; gy mbg;gil kdpjj; Jbg;Gfshy; tbtikf;
fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ebfu; ghu;g;NghuJ czu;TfisAk;>
czu;r;rpfisAk; Ra czu;TlDk;> gFj;jwpTlDk;
jkJ ngsjpf> Fuy;> kd ,izg;G %yq;fspD}lhf
,af;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j muq;f Mw;Wif rka mDgtk;
Nghy vy;NyhUf;Fk; cz;ikia tpsf;f Ntz;Lk;.
KOr; r%fKk; ,jd; %yk; gad;ngw Ntz;Lk;. vdNt
,jid xUtpj rpfpr;ir muq;fhf mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.

gPw;wu; GW}f; ((Peter Brook - 1925)

• gpuhd;rpd; Mq;fpy muq;F> rpdpkh Nghd;wtw;wpd;
newpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. gpwg ; l;l fhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
mnkupf;fhtpd; fUj;J Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fupa tplakhf
,Ue;j> tpal;ehk; Aj;jj;ij cl;gLj;jp ehlfq;fisj;
jahupj;jhu;. cyfpd; gy gFjpfspw;Fk; nrd;W muq;F
rhu;ej
; fz;Lgpbg;G Ntiyfisr; nra;jtw;fhf kPzL ; k;
1970 fspy; gpuhd;]; nrd;W muq;f Ma;tpwf ; hd ru;tNjr
ikak; (International centre for theatre research) vd;gij
epWtpdhu;.
• Mgpupf;fh kw;Wk; my;[Pupah njhlf;fk; ie[Pupah
tiuf;Fk; jdJ FOTld; Rw;Wg; gazk; nra;J
NtWgl;l muq;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;W mjw;$lhf
ehlfq;fis NkilNaw;wpdhu;.
~~ehq;fs; vy;NyhUk; vq;fSf;Fs; xU
Mgpupf;fhit itj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.||
vd;W jdJ Rw;Wg; gazj;jpd; gpd; ,t;thW $wpdhu;.
• kdpjd; gz;ghl;L tiutpyf;fzq;fisf; fhl;bYk;
mjpfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtkhdtdhf ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gJk;
~gz;ghL| vd;gJ mtd; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; Jzpfisf;
gP w ; w u; GW}f; fhl; b Yk; MokhdJ vdpDk; mzpe; j pUf; F k;
NkyhilfSf; F s; mwpag; g lhj tho; t pd; cly;
cl;GFj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ vd;gNjhL xt;Nthu; gz;ghLk;
jd;dstpy; cs;shu;ej ; mu;jj ; j;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
• mj;NjhL ~~g+uz kdpj cz;ikjhd; cyfshtpajhf
,Uf;fpwJ.|| mjw;F muq;F Xu; ,lkhf ,Uf;fpwJ
vd;gJ jhd; ,tupd; jj;Jtkhf cs;sJ.
• cyfshtpa gz;ig ntspg;gLj;J Kfkhf NtWgl;l
nkhoprhu;ej; > ghu;it rhu;ej
; > Mu;tk; rhu;ej ; > Fwprhu;ej
;
kdpju;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l
ehlfk; jhd;. ~~kfhghujk;||
• ,t;thw;Wif gy;gz;ghl;Lf; (Multi Culture) fiyQu;
fisf; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Aj;jk; rhu;e;j
mopit cyfg; nghJikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljtw;fhf
,jpfhrj;ijj; njupT nra;jpUe;jhu;.
• ~eLNtdpw; fdT| (A midsummer Night’s Dream) vDk;
ehlfj;ij Royal Theatre f;fhfr; nra;jpUe;jhu;. (ICTR)
mf];jhNghy; ((Augusto Boal))

• ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;f ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;.
• ghu;gN
; ghiu ikag;gLj;jpajhf muq;if Kd;itj;jhu;.
Mw;WNthUf;Fk; - ghu;gN
; ghUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd cwtpy;
~~gq;Fnfhs;sy;|| nraw;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahikia
typAWj;jpdhu;. ,jw;fhf mtu;fSf;fpilNaAs;s
jilr; Rtiu ,bf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.

• r%fj;jpy; xLf;FKiwf;F cl;gl;ltu;fs;> xLf;FNthu;

vd ,Urhuhiuf; fz;Lnfhz;lhu;. xLf;fg;gl;Nlhu; jkJ
czu;Tfis> czu;rr ; pfis ntspgg; Lj;j muq;fpidj;
jkJ ifapy; Ve;jpr; nrayhw;Wtjd; r%fj; Njitia
typAWj;jpdhu;.
• ehlfj;jpd; KbTfis khw;wpaikf;fTk; ghu;g;Nghu;
jkf;fhd tho;f;if KbTfisj; jhNk fz;lwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;Fk; muq;Ffs; tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd
tpUk;gpdhu;.
• ghu; g ; N ghiu nrad; K idg; g hdtu; f shf muq; f py;
njhopw;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;gpdhu;.
• fye;Jiuahly; muq;F> fz;Zf;Fg; Gydhfhj muq;F>
cldb muq;F> gbk muq;F vdg; gy muq;f
tbtq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.
• ehlfj;ijg; gpuNahf muq;f El;gq;fSld; $bajhf
tbtikj; j hu; . ehlfr; #oikit> re; j u; g ; g j; i j
mf]; j hNghy;
ebj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpw NghNj mijg; ghu;j;Jf;
nfhz;bUg;gtu; (Spect - Actor) mjd; KbTfis khw;Wk;
cupikiag; ngWfpd;whu;. gpujhd> vjpu;g;
ghj;jpuq;fisj; njspthf ,e; epiyikf;fhf tiuaiw
nra;a tpUk;gpdhu;.
• muq;if r%fj;jis> cstpaw; jis ePf;fj;jpw;fhd
xd;whfTk; tbtikj;jhu;.
wpr;rhl; nrf;du; ((Richard Schechner))

• mnkupff ; hitr; Nru;ej
; tu;. 1967 ,y; Mw;Wiff; FOit
(Performane Group) Muk;gpjJ ; Mw;Wif Kiwikfspy;
ngupa khw; w q; f NshL Mw; W iffisr; nra; j hu; .
~#oypay; muq;F| (Enviromental Theatre) Muk;gj;jpy;
Kf;fpakhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ~ntsp| iag; gad;gLj;Jk;
Kiwrhu;eJ ; ,e;j Mw;Wif NtWgl;L epw;fpwJ. jdJ
Kiwikf;F ,e;jpahtpy; uhk;yPyh (Ramlila) tpd;
Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. uhk;yPyhtpy; xU CNu
muq; f hfTk; fijapd; fw; g idg; gpuNjrkhfTk;
khwpapUf;Fk; Kiwikfspy; Mw;Wiffisr; nra;jhu;.
• ~Dionysus In 69|| vDk; Mw;Wif toikahd Kiwfis

tpLj; J ~ntsp| rhu; e ; J k; ntspg; g hL rhu; e ; J k;
NtWgl;bUe;jJ. Vw;nfdNt mq;fpUe;j> ehlfq;fs;>
rpdpkh> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;Tfs; vd;gd capu;g;gw;w
wpr; r hl; nrf; d u;
epiyapy; ,Ue;jik fhuzkhf mtw;wpw;F khw;wl P hfj;
jdJ muq;if Kd;itj;jhu;.
• ghu;g;NghUk; gq;Fgw;Wk; Kiwikia ,tupd; muq;F

Ntz;b epw;fpwJ. ghu;g;NghNd> jhd; vq;F epw;f
Ntz;Lk;. vq;F ghu;ff; Ntz;Lk;. vq;F Nghf Ntz;Lk;.
vq;F tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpf;fpwhd;.

• ,tu; cyfpd; gy;NtWgl;l muq;fpw;Fk; fy;tpapay;

rhu; e ; j gFjpfspw; F k; Rw; W yh nrd; W mjd;
mbg;gilapy; muq;fpd; vjpu;fhyk; NtWgl;l Kiwapy;
mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Kd;itj;J khw;wq;fisr;
nra;jhu;. etPd njhopy;El;g> njhlu;ghly; uPjpahff;
fy;tp Ntiytha;g;G uPjpahfg; gue;j jd;ikia
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cyf re;ijf;fhd (Global Market)
jahupg;ghf xUtu; cUthf Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUjpdhu;.
• ghlq;fspw;fpilapyhd Clhl;lk; Gjpa Jiw vd;g

tw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ~Mw;Wiff; fw;iffs;||
(Performance Studies) vd;fpw xU fw;ifnewp Kiwia
cUthf;fpdhu;. mjw;fhd Nfhl;ghl;by; Mw;Wiff;
fiy (Performing Arts)> rlq;Ffs; (Rituals)> Fzkhf;fy;
(Healings)> tpisahl;Lf;fs; (Sports)> kf;fs; eaf;Fk;
kfpo; t spg; G f; f s; (Popular Entertainment) ehshe; j
tho;tpd; Mw;Wif (Performance in every day life) vd;gd
cl;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jd.
• ,J xU fiy kl;Lkd;wp tuyhw;W> r%f> gz;ghl;L

eilKiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; xU nraw;ghLk;
MFk;.
fzpg; g P L : • 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; muq;fr; nrad;Kiwfspy;

Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis muq;;ftpayhsu;fisj; Jizf;
nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.
• wpr;rhl; nrf;dupd; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;wp tFg;gpy; rpW
Mw;Wif xd;wpid epfo;j;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • muq;fpay; - Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

• nka;gg
; hL - aho;. gy;fiyf;fof ~ntWntsp| ntspaL
P

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypy; gy;NtWgl;l gilg;

Gfis eaj;jypd; %yKk;> jpwdha;jypd; %yKk;
tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1.1 : tpy;ypak; N\f;]g

; paupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlj;ij
eag;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; cl;nghUs; jdpg;gl;l

Nehf; f q; f Sf; f pilapyhd Nkhjypd; ngWNgW
vdf;nfhz;L eaf;f KbAnkd;gij ntspgg ; Lj;Jjy;.
• ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;
Vw;wjhf tpUj;jy; fhuzkhf mJ RitQu;fs;
eag;gjw;F trjpahf ,Uj;jiy Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• G&l;l]; kw;Wk; khu;f; md;udpapd; thjg; gpujpthjq;
fis vOj;JUtpy; ghlkhf vOJjy;.
• G&l;l]; ,w;Fk; rP]Uf;Fkpilapyhd khDlg;
gpizg;Gg; gw;wp kjpg;gpLjy;.
• r%fj;jpd; ve;jj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j jdp egUf;Fk;
mjpy; xU r%fr; nra; j p ,Ug; g ij Vw; W f;
nfhs;Sjy;.Pu;j;jid ehlfk;> ghu;]p ehlfk;> etPd
nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 12
ju cs;sPLfs; : • [{ypa]; rP]u; nkhopngau;g;G - jkpopy;

ftpQu; ,. KUifad;
• nghw;fpopf; ftpQu; mU. NrhkRe;jud;
mwpKfk; : ,q;fpyhe;jpd; vyprngj; fhyg;gFjp> Kjyhk; vyprngj;jpd;

Ml;rpf;fhykhfpa (fp.gp. 1558 - 1603) fhyg; gFjpia
ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,Ue;jNghJk; rpNu\;l ehlf
Mf;fq;fs; cUthd fhyg;gFjp 1580 - 1604 MFk;.
mjd; gpwF 1603 - 1625 tiu Ml;rp nra;j 1Mk;
N[k;]; murd; fhyj;jpYk; Mq;fpy ehlf tsr;rpiaf;
fhz KbfpwJ. [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; 1601 ,y;
vOjg;gl;lJ. tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpapupd; mtyr;Rit
ehlfkhfpa ,J> cyf epahak;> vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;
vy;yh kf;fSf;FKupa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mtuJ [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; md;W Kjy; ,d;W
tiu ,d;Dk; ,urpfu;fspd; eag;gpid ntd;w cyf
ehlf Mf;fq;fSs; xd;whf tpsq;FtNjhL mjw;F
VJthapUe;j tplaq;fis Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJ ,q;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


: • FOr; nraw;ghL> fye;Jiuahly;> gFg;gha;T> tfpghfk;
MLjy;.

: • cNuhkhGupapd; gpurpj; j pkpf; f kf; f s; jiytuhd
[{ypa]; rP]upd; nfhiy gw;wpa tuyhw;Wr; rk;gtj;ijg;
gpugykhf;fp ehlfkhf Kd;itg;gjd; %yk; ,urpfg;
ngUkf;fsplk; $u;ikahd ,uridia
cUthf;fpaik.
• ,q;F [{ypa]; rP]upd; nfhiy jw;nrayhf ele;j

tplak; md;W. mikr;ru;fshd G&l;l];> nfrpa];
Mfpa ez;gu;fspd; Nehf;fj;Jf;Fk; rP]uJ Nehf;fj;Jf;
FkpilNa cz; l hd Kuz; g hLfspd; tpisNt
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjd; topahf ,urpfuplk; ehlf
eag;ig cUthf;Fjy;.
• ehlfj;ij tsu;j;Jr; nry;tJ> NguthTk; (Ambition)

mjpfhu gyKk; gw;wpa NkhJifNa. rP]Uf;Fk;
G&l;lrpw;FkpilNaAs;s khDlg; gpizg;G vd;gd
topahf ,urpfu;fsplk; xU czu;r;rp mjpu;r;rpia
cUthf;Fjy;.
cjhuzk;: rP]u;:- G&l;l]; ePAkh?
mg;gbahdhy; rP]u; tPo;e;Jtpl;lhdh?
• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; fijg;nghUs; vy;yhf; fhyj;Jf;Fk;

vy; y h ehLfSf; F Kupa ,ay; G fshy; epiwag;
ngw;wpUg;gjd; fhuzkhfj; jw;fhy murpay; epiyik
fisf; ftdj;jpy; vLj;J mjid eaf;f KbAnkd;gJ.
• G&l;lrpdJk; khu;f; md;udpapdJk; ,Wjp mQ;ryp

ciuapd; topahf epiyepWj;jg;gLfpd;w el;gpd; Mok;>
mtu;fshy; vLf;fg;gLfpd;w fpsu;r;rp> ju;f;f> Fju;f;f
Ntfk;> Gfo;kpf;f ntspaPL> tpdhntOg;Gjy;> topahf
,urpfu;fsplk; eag;gpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: G&l;l];: (nrhw;nghoptpd; gFjp) rP]u;
vd; kPJ fhl;ba md;gpd; msTf;F ehd; mtiu
vz; z pj; jtpf; f pd; N wd; . mtu; mjpu; \ ; l rhyp.
me;jsTf;F mtiug; gw;wp ehd; kfpo;tile;Njd;.
mtdJ ijupaj;ij ehd; kjpj;Njd;. vdpDk; mtid
ehd; nfhd;Nwd;. Vnddpy; mtd; xU Nguth gpbj;jtd;.
• [{ypa]; rP ] u; ehlfg; ghj; j puq; f spd; NtWgl; l

jd;ikfSk; mtw;wpd; topahf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w
$u;ikahd kNdhghtq;fSk; ,urpfu;fspd; eag;Gf;F
VJthfpd;wik.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd nkhopeil fhtpakhf

,Ug; g jhy; ,urpfu; f splk; czu; T ghtq; f is
cz;lhf;f Kbfpd;wik.
cjhuzk;: khu;f; md;udp (nrhw;nghoptpd; xU gFjp)
• vQ;rpa ehlfq;fspy; Mtpfs;> tUtJiuj;jy; Nghd;w

mkhD\;a rf;jpfs; ,urpfu;fsplk; Mu;tj;ijAk;
cyfg; gl; l wpTf; f hd nghUs; ntspg; g hl; i lAk;
trg;gLj;jp itj;jpUj;jy;.
fzpg; g P L : • rP]upd; G+jTliyf; nfhz;L te;j FOtpdUld; khu;f;

md; u dpapd; tUifiaAk; mtDila tpiuTk;
czu;r;rp kpf;fJkhd ,Wjp mQ;ryp ciuiaAk;
RUf;fkhd ebg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
• [{ypa]; rP]u;> khu;f; md;udp MfpNahupd; ghj;jpug;

gilg;gpd; ,ay;Gfis Kd;itf;Ff.
[{ypa]; rP ] u;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlj;ij

eag;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; fUg;nghUs; fhjiy mbahff;

nfhz;bUg;gjhy; fhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l nghwhik vd;Dk;
kNdhghtj;ij mwpf;ifapLjy;.
• nl];upNkhdh> mg;ghtpAk; J}a fhjypd; FwpaPLkhf
,Ug;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,ahNfhtpdhy; jpl;lkplg;gLfpw rjpj;jpl;lj;ij vOjpf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• mbg;gil kNdhtpay;Gfisf; nfhz;Nl ghj;jpuq;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,e;ehlfk; %yk; ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; gytPdq;fs; gw;wp
vOg;gg;gl;lNghJk;> mq;F r%ff; fUj;njhd;Wk; Kd;
itf;fg;gLtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.b ehlf ghlj;ijf;
d;
nraw;ghL 5.1.2 : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 12
ju cs;sPL : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfg; ghlk;.
mwpKfk; : Nrf;];gpaupd; gilg;Gfspy; cd;djkhdjhff; fUjg;

gLgit n`k;yl;> xj;njy;Nyh> [{ypa]; rP]u;> ypau;
kd;dd; Mfpa ehlfq;fs; ehd;FNk MFk;. xj;njy;Nyh
Vida ehlfq;fis tpl NtWgLtJ> mJ jdpg;gl;l
fUg;nghUnshd;iw ntspg;gLj;JtjhyhFk;. rpy
tpku; r u; f s; $Wtjd; g b ,J 17Mk; E}w; w hz; L
ehlfj;ij tpl 20Mk; E}w;whz;L ehlfq;fSf;F
mz;kpj;jjhff; fhzg;gLtNjahFk;. xj;njy;Nyhtplk;
cz;lhfpdw ; re;Njfk; fhuzkhfj; jhd; kpfTk; Nerpjj
;
jdJ kidtp nl];upNkhdhitr; rpiw itj;Jf;
nfhiy nra; j tpjj; i jj; njhlu; r ; r pnahOq; f py;
Kd;itj;J ehlff;fiyQu;> ,urpfu;fspilNa eae;J
,urpf;Fk; Mw;wiy tsu;f;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gapw;rp
nra;jNy ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

: • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> Muha;jy;


: • xj;njy;Nyh nl];upNkhdhit cz;ikahff; fhjypjj ;
NjhL jpBnud mtdJ cs;sj;jpy; vOe;j re;Njfk;>
gopthq;Fk; czu;r;rpahf khw;wkile;j tpjj;jhy;
mg;ghtp nl];upNkhdh mile;j Ntjidfis ehlff;
fiyQu; Kd;itf;Fk; tpjk; ,urpfu;fsplk; czu;TG+u;t
mjpu;r;rpia cUthf;Fjy;.
• nl]; u pNkhdh mg; g htpahfTk; J}a fhjypd;
FwpaPlhfTk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wjd; fhuzkhf
ghu;g;Nghuplk; mtisg; gw;wpa mDjhgKk; gpbg;Gk;
cz;lhfpd;wik.
• ghu;g;Nghu; Mu;tKk;> Mr;rupaKk; nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpy;
,ahNfh jdJ J\;lj;jdkhd jpll ; j;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk;
tpjj;ij ehlfj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; fhz Kbfpd;wik.
• mbg;gilahf> jdpg;gl;l ghj;jpunkhd;wpd; gytPdq;fs;
,e;ehlfk; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL mjpy; r%f
tprhuiznahd;iwAk; fhzKbtjdhy; ghu;g;Nghiu
NkYk; mz;kpf;f KbfpwJ.
• ,e;ehlfk; %yk; fhjy;> ek;gpf;if> cd;djfhkk;>
JNuhfk;> nghwhik Mfpa Kf;fpa kNdhtpay;Gfspd;
njhFg;G kdpj r%fj;jpy; nraw;gLk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;
xj; n jy; N yh fhl;LfpwJ.
• fijg;nghUs; ntspgg ; Lj;jyhdJ> xd;wpizg;gpD}lhf
ehlff;fiy xOq;FKiwg;gb rk;gtq;fisf; Nfhu;jJ ;
gputfpj;Jr; nry;y ,lkspg;gjhy; NkhJif cr;rk;
tiu fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sgbahy; ghu;g;NghUf;F
mjidf; fpufpj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAkhapUj;jy;.
• xj; n jy; N yh ehlff; fijg; n ghUs; ngUk; g hYk;
,aw;ifahfTs;stw;wpw;F mz;kpj;jjhf Kd;itf;fg;
gl;bUg;gNjhL Mtpfs;> tUtJiuj;jy;> Co;tpid
Aldhd rk;gtq;fis ,q;F fhz KbahjpUg;gNjhL
ghu;g;Nghupd; eag;Gf;F mJ xU jilahf ,y;yhjpUf;
fpd;wik.
• ghu;g;Nghuplk; ntspg;gLj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jfpw fhtpaka
nkhopeil Nghd;Nw jhdhfNt vOfpd;w ghly;fSk;
,q;F cz;L. cjhuzk;: tpNyh ghly;
fzpg; g P L : • xj;njy;Nyhtplk; nl];upNkhdh gw;wpa re;Njfj;ij

xOq;F Kiwahff; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,ahNfhtp
dhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; rjpjj
; pll
; j;Jf;Fupa gy;NtW
gbKiwfisg; glk; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
• ~~nl]; u pNkhdh mg; g htpahfTk; > J}a fhjypd;

FwpaPlhfTk; cs;shs;|| ,f;$w;iw kjpg;gpLf.
• ~~,ahNfhitg; Nghd;wnjhU tpy;yd; Nrf;];gpaupd;

Ntnwe; j g; gilg; G f; f spYk; gilf; f g; g ltpy; i y||
tpsf;Ff.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : n`d;upf; ,g;rdpd; A Doll’s house ehlfj;jpd;; jkpo;

nkhopngau;gg
; hd ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij
eag;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • jpwn[b ehafpahf miktjw; F f; fhuzq; f is

tpsf;Fjy;.
• Nehwh - Nuhty;l; Kuz;ghL ~FLk;gj;jpd; ,Ug;G|
njhlu; g hd xU Kuz; g hlhFk; vd; g ij Vw; W f;
nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,urpf;fj;jf;f tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kuz;
ghl;by; mlq;Fk; Kjd;ikahd epfo;Tj; njhliu
vOj;J %yk; gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.
• ehlfj; j py; ,lk; n gw; W s; s FwpaP L fs; %yk;
tho;f;ifapd; ajhu;j;jk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij
kjpj;jy;.
• r%fj;jpd; gpizg;GfspypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhf Nehwh
vLf;Fk; jPu;khdj;jpd; Clhfr; r%fj;Jf;F xU nra;jp
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.3 : ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij eag;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 12
ju cs;sPL : xU ghitapd; tPL - ehlf ghlk;

(fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; ,dJ
nkhopngau;g;G)
mwpKfk; : cyfpd; gy; N tW ehLfspd; Gfo; n gw; w ehlf

ghlq; f isg; gapy; t jd; %yk; ehk; caupa
,uridiag; ngwyhk;. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; n`d;upf;
,g;rd; Mf;fpa ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfk; Gjpa
Afnkhd;wpd; Muk;gkhf mike;jJ. mJ ajhu;jj ; g+u;t
ehlff;fiyapy; xU gha;r;ryhf mike;jJ. ,e;j
ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;gN ; ghupd; ,urid Gul;rpfukhd
xU khw; w j; J f; F cs; s hfpaJ. Ngu; d hu; l ; N \h
mtu; f sJ $w; W g; g b ~~,g; r dpd; ehlfq; f isg;
ghu; f ; f g; N ghtJ vd; g J gy; i tj; j pau; xUtuplk;
nry;tijg; Nghd;wJ. ... Mu;tk; kpf;fJ $lNt
NtjidiaAk; jUtJ...|| MFk;. ,g;rdpd; ehlfq;fs;
ehk; thOk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf vk;kplj;jpNyNa Mokhd
tpdhf;fisj; njhLf;Fk; jd;ikAilait vd;gJ
,jpypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. kf;fspd; ,uridapy;

khw;wk; Vw;gl;l tpjk; njhlu;ghf tpdhf;fis khztu;

fSf;F toq;FtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FO> fye;Jiuahly;> Muha;jy;

: • Nehu;Nt ehl;L ehlff; fiyQuhd n`d;upf; ,g;rd;
ajhu;j;j ehlf kugpd; je;ijahthu;.
• 19Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghu;g;Nghu; mJ

tiuapy; ,urpj;j ~vyprngj;jpa| ehlfq;fSk; 18 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; gpuhd;rpYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghu;g;Nghu;
,urpj;j ~nuhkhd;upf;| ehlfq;fSk; tof;nfhope;jd.
mg;NghJ ,g;rd; ghu;gN
; ghupd; ,uridf;fhff; fhyj;jpd;
Njitf;Nfw;g ajhu;j;j ehlff; fiyia cUthf;fp
dhu;.
• ehlfhrpupau;> Nehwh vDk; ghj;jpuk; jkJ fztuhfpa

~Nuhty;l; n`y;ku;| cld; thOk; tho;f;ifapd;nghJ
mts; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epfo;Tfspd; Clhfg; ghu;g;
Nghuplj;Nj ehlfr; Ritiaf; fhj;jpukhd tifapy;
ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.
• Fnwhf;l];l; ,lk; ,ufrpakhf Nehwh ngw;w fld;>

fld; rpli
; lapy; tQ;ridahff; ifnahg;gkply; Nghd;w
fle; j fhyj; j py; epfo; e ; J Kbe; j rk; g tq; f is
ehlfhrpupau; ntspg;gLj;JtjD}lhf Flash back Kiw
iaf; ifahz; L ghu; g ; N ghupd; ,uridiaj;
xU ghitapd; tP L J}z;bAs;shu;.
cjhuzk;: Nehwh: (ftiyg;gl;L moKd;du;)
me;j ,ufrpak;. vdJ kfpo;r;rpf;F...
ngUikf;F VJthd xNunahU mD$yk;. vy;yhk;
njhiye;jJ. eP ,ijj; njupe;J nfhz;lhy;...! ,e;j
msTf; F ,opthf mwpe; J nfhz; l hy; . ..! cdJ
thapdhNyNa mjid mwpe;J nfhz;lhy;> vd;id
mtkjpg;gha;.||
• Nuhty;l; ,J tiuapy; xU tpUe;jhspahfNt jd;Dld;

tho;e;Js;shu; vd;gij ,Wjpapy; Nehwh tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapyhd ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;jkhd
gputhfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;Nghupd; ,urid J}z;lg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: Nehwh (Nkyq;fpia mzpe;jthW)
~~tpUe;jhsp xUtupd; miwapy; Xupuitf; fopf;f
vd;dhy; KbahJ.||

• gpujhd ghj;jpur; Nrhb jtpu> Fnwhf;l];l;> itj;jpau;

uhq;;> jpUkjp ypd;Nl Nghd;w tiuaiwg;gl;l rpy
ghj;jpuq;fis kuGuPjpahd Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp
ehlfj;jpd; xUikg;ghL ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;
,uridf;F topNfhyg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• tho;fi
; fapd; ajhu;jj
; j;ij ed;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;fhf
ehlfhrpupau; ej; j hu; kuk; > nghk; i k cilfs; >
kf;&d;]>; jue;jyh eldk; Nghd;w FwpaPLfisg; gad;
gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ehlfk; KOtjpYk;
xU tpujkhd ,urid Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• jj;&gkhfg; gpuNahf nkhop gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy;

ghu;gN
; ghuplj;Nj jUzj;Jf;Nfw;g ,uridf;F topNfhyg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: Fnwhf;];ll;:-
~~,g; N ghJ ehd; rpije; J mope; j fg; g ypd; xU
Jz;ilg; gw;wpf;nfhz;L capu;gpiof;fj; Jbf;Fk;
xUtidg; Nghd;w epiyapy; cs;Nsd;.||
• etPd jpwn[b ehlfnkhd;whff; Fwpg;gplf;$ba ,e;j

ehlfj;jpy; kdpjd; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; mtyq;fs; mofpa
Yld; fye;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. tprpjj
; pukhd epfo;T
fs; kpifg;gLj;jpa eldq;fs;> me;j ep[tho;f;ifg;
ghj;jpuq;fspd; Kuz;ghLfs; ghu;g;Nghiu mjpu;r;rpAwr;
nra;tNjhL ,urpf;fj;jf;fdthfTk; mike;Js;sd.
fzpg; g P L : • Flash back Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;;g;gq;fis

tptupj;J mjd; %yk; ghu;g;Nghu; ,urid ngWk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• ajhu;j;j ehlf ghzp vd;gij> ~xU ghitapd; tPL|

ehlfj;ij cjhuzkhff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • xU ghitapd; tPL - n`d;upf; ,g;rd;

nkhopngau;g;G - fyhepjp Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ehlfghlj;ij eag;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlf ghlj;ij thrpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; KOikahd

eag;ig tpgupj;jy;.
• eaj;jy; vd;gJ jkJ MSik tpUj;jpf;F ,d;wpaik
ahjJ vd;gjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.1.4 : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfj;ij eag;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 12
ju cs;sPL : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JU
mwpKfk; : ehlfKk; muq; f paYk; ghlj; J ld; njhlu; G ila

jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlj;ij eag;gjw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;JtNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;f
khFk;.


: • ey;y ehlfghlk; xd;wpid eag;gjw;F mbg;gilahd
mk;rq;fspd; ghy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; mj;jpahtrpa
khFk;. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlj;jpd;
fl;likg;G> ghj;jpug;gilg;G> nkhop vd;gd njhlu;ghff;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JUthf;fk; ngw;w gpdd; zp

epiyikfisAk; mjd; tuyhw;Wj; NjitfisAk;
mt; ,yf; f paj; j py; ifahsg; g l; l cj; j pfisAk;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• epfo;j;jpf; fhl;lYf;Fupa gz;GfisAk; mNj Neuk;

xU ehlf ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fupa juj;jpidAk; mJ
nfhz;like;Js;s tpjk; gw;wpAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
flTs; tho;;j;jpy; ~ePj;jhu; jpup$lypq;fu; FwtQ;rp
ehlfj;ij epfo;j;j Ntz;b... vd miktjidf;
nfhz;L ,jid tpsq;fp nfhs;s KbAk;.
• ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fis yag;gpbg;ghd

nrhw;fSf;$lhf vLj;Jr; nrhy;fpdw ; J. nrhw;fSf;Fg;
gpdd
; hy;> epiwe;j fhl;rpjj
; d;ikfs; tputp ,Uf;fpdw
; d.

jdpnkhopg; g htid> ,aw; i fNahL nfhz; L s; s

epiyik ahTk; ehlfg; ghq;fhd eaj;jYf;F ,lk;
jUtjhf cs;sd. ,jid tre;jty;yp NjhopfSld;
gfpu;e;J n f h s ; f p d ; w e p i y i k A k ; , a w ; i f g ;
nghUs;fis tpufjhgj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gopj;Jg;
NgRtJk; jdpkdpj czu; r ; r pahf ntspg; g l; L
epw;fpd;wJ.
• FwtQ;rpapd; cyh> Fwk;> FSt ehlfk; vd;fpd;w

%d; W gFjpfspy; ngUq; f hl; r pj; jd; i kahd
nraypaf;fq;fSf;F mjpf ,lk; mspg;gjhf cs;sJ.
• Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fis Mrpupau; khztu;fSld;

fye;Jiuahba gpd;du; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshf
tFj;J vOj;JUtpw;$lhf Nkw;fpsk;Gk; eaj;jw; gFjp
fisAk; mjd; re;ju;g;g epiyikfisAk; gl;baw;
gLj;Jk;gb topg;gLj;jyhk;.
fzpg; g P L : • jpUf; F w; w hyf; FwtQ; r papy; ehlf %yfq; f s;

ntspg;gl;Ls;s KiwikapidAk;> mit eaj;jYf;F
,l;Lr; nry;tjhf tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjid
Ak; tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

Nkyfuk;. jpup$luhrg;gf; ftpuhau;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ehlfghlj;ij eag;gu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • myq; f hu&gd; ehlfj; i j mjd; ftpij topr;

rpwg;gpD}lhf eaj;jy;.
• $j;jpd; kuG topf;$Wfis myq;fhu&gd; vOj;JUtp
D}lhff; fz;Lnfhs;sy;
nraw;ghL 5.1 : ~njd;Nkhbf;$j;J tbtj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l myq;fhu&gd;

ehlfj;ij yaj;Jld; thrpj;J eag;Nghk;.|
ghlNtis : 12
ju cs;sPL : • ~myq;fhu&gd;| ehlf ghlk;

• xyp xspg;Ngiofs; ($j;J njhlu;ghdit)
• $j;J tbtk; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs;.
mwpKfk; : kuGtop ehlf tbtq;fspy; xd;whfpa $j;J tbtj;jpid

eag;gjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;JtJ ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly; Kiw> nra;Jfhl;Ljy;.

: • kl;lf;fsg;gpYk;> aho;g;ghzj;jpYk; njd;Nkhbf;$j;J
kugpy; Mlg;gl;L tUfpdw ; ehlfNk myq;fhu&gdhFk;.
,uz;bYk; rpy NtWghLfSk; gy xw;WikfSk;
cs;sd. Nguhrpupau; tpjj ; pahde;jdhy; 1962 Mk; Mz;L
gjpg; G r; nra; a g; g l; l myq; f hu&gd; ehlfkhdJ
kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapy; gapyg;gl;L te;j vOj;JUthFk;.
,J ahuhy; vOjg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F Mjhukpy;yh
Js;sJ. Mdhy; tp.rp. fe;ijah mtu;fs; ~jkJ
kl; l f; f sg; G j; jkpofk; | vd; D k; E}ypy; ,t;
myq;fhu&gd; tl;Lf;Nfhl;iliar; Nru;e;j ~fzgjp
Iau;| (1709 - 1784) mtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;lJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jDk; fzgjp
Iaupdhy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhnkd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk;
kl;lf;fsg;G mz;zhtpkhu;> mJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; ahNuh
xU Gytuhy; vOjg; g l; b Uf; f Ntz; L nkd; W
$Wfpwhu; f s; vd; W k; Fwpg; g pLfpd; w hu; . ,jdhy;
myq;fhu&gid vOjpatu; ahu; vd;gJ Muhag;gl
Ntz;ba xd;whfTs;sJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; muhyp

Kj;Jf;Fkhug; Gytupdhy; xU myq;fhu&gd; vOjg;

gl;Ls;sJ. (1892) mJTk; ve;jg; gpujp vd;gjidf;
fz; L nfhs; s KbahJs; s J vd; w tplaq; f is
tpgupj;Jf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ~fhjypy; ntw;wp| md;Nwy; ~nja;tj;jhy; epr;rak; ngw;w

jpUkzk; epr; r ak; epiwNtwpna jP U k; | vd; w
fUg;nghUis ntspgg ; Lj;Jk;> myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpd;
fij mk;rj;jpidf; fye;JiuahLtjD}lhf eaj;jy;.
• myq;fhu&gd; ehlf ghlj;ij mjd; ftpij top

yaj; N jhL thrpg; g jD}lhfTk; ehlfj; j pd; fij>
fUg;nghUs;> ghj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLtj
D}lhfTk; eaj;jy;.
• ehlfj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshd myq;fhu&gd;>

mofty;yp> mjptuP #ud;> nrfjidahsp> myq;fhu&gp...
Nghd;wd gw;wp Mrpupau; khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb
mtw;wpd; ghj;jpug; gz;Gfis eaj;jy;.
• myq;fhu&gd; ghj;jpukhdJ ,sturdhf ,Uf;fpd;w

mNjNtis tpwF jiyad;> nrl;b nghd;w Ntlq;fis
Ak; jhq;Ffpd;w gz;Gfisf; fye;Jiuahly;.
• fPioj;Nja ehlfq;fspd; gz;Gf;fika myq;fhu&gd;

ehlfj;jpy; tPuk;> Nfhgk;> Nrhfk;> fhjy; (rpUq;fhuk;)>
gf; j p... Nghd; w gy; R itfSk; tputp tUfpd; w
ehlfkhfTk; ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gLtJ Nghy
ehlfk; kfpoN ; thL kq;fyfukhf epiwT ngWtjhfTk;
mike;Js;sikiaf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• $j;Jtbt vOj;JUthdJ rhjhuzkhd thrpg;Gf;Fl;

gLj;Jk;NghJ ngwg;gLk; ,uridia tpl> ghbg;
gbf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; urid mjpfkhdJ vd;gjid
xUrpy ghly;fis MrpupaUk; khztUk; Nru;e;J ghb
,urpg;gjD}lhf czu;e;J nfhs;sy;.
fzpg; g P L : • $j;jpd; kuGtopf; $Wfis myq;fhu&gd; vOj;

JUit Mjhukhff; nfhz;L tpsf;Ff.
crhj; J iz : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd; (gjpg;G)

• kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;
- fyhepjp fhiu Re;juk;gps;is
• kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; - tp.rp. fe;ijah
• kd;dhu; khNjhl;l ehlfq;fs;
- mUl; je;ij - md;G uh[h


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : tpyy

; pak; Nrf;]g
; paupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlkhdJ
ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid EZfpaha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk;> ntw;wpfukhd xU ehlf

khf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• mJ Nkilapy; fhj;jpukhd xU ehlfkhf mike;
Js;sJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• ntw;wpfukhd ehlfj; jahupgG; f;fhf ,e;ehlf ghlj;jpy;
nghjpe;Js;s rpwg;gk;rq;fis tupirg;gLj;jp vOjpf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• rP]u;> GW}l;l]; Mfpa ,uz;L ghj;jpuq;fSk; ,e;
ehlj;jpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fshFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.2.1 : ~~[{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk; muq;Ff;Fj; jahuhfpwJ.||
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : [{ypa]; rP]u; - ehlf ghlk; jkpo; nkhopngau;g;G

[{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlk; tpku;rdk;
mwpKfk; : Nrf;];gpaupd; [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; fhj;jpukhd xU

fUitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt mjd; ghlkhdJ
muq;fpy; fhj;jpukhd xU ehlfj;ijg; gilg;gjw;Fr;
rhjfkhf mike;jJ. ,e;ehlf ghlk; xU ehlfkhf
khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghfNt ,q;F ftdQ;
nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

: • FONtiy> fye;Jiuahly;> Njly;> xyp - xspg;Ngio
(Video) fhl;rp> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

: • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfkhdJ Nkilapy; Muk;gpj;j fzk;
njhlf;fk; mjd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fj;jpd;ghy; mJ
Jupjkhf Kidg;Gw;Wr; nry;fpd;wJ vd;gJ ehlf
ghlj;ijg; guprPypg;gjd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
• ,uz;L tUl fhyj;Js; epfo;ej

; xU njhFjp tuyhw;Wr;
rk;gtq;fs; MW ehs;fSs; epfOtjhf Mf;fG+u;tkhf
tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikahy; ehlfj;ijg;
ghu;gN
; ghUf;F fhy xUikg;ghl;ilj; njspthf czu
Kbfpd;wJ.

• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; njhlf;ff; fhl;rp ghu;g;

Nghuplj; N j `h\; a czu; i tAk; Mu; t j; i jAk;
J}z;lj;jf;f tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. mLj;j fhl;rpAk;
Nkhbik ehlfghzpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfk; ,aw;ifj; jd;ikf;F mg;ghw;gl;l

Nkhbikg; ghq; f hd xU ehlfkhFk; . mjd;
nrhy;yhly;fs; re;jj;jpdg
; bAk; ftpij nkhopgg
; hq;iff;
nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;sJ. vdpDk; mjd;; ebg;gpy;
ajhu;j;j> ajhu;j;j tpNuhjf; fyg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
• Nrhjpldpd; khu;r; 15Me; jpfjpa vjpuT

; $wy;> ,bNahir>
kpd;dNyhL> frpa];> rprNuh> f];fh MfpNahupd;; rjp>
fyp/gu;dpahtpd; fdT Nghd;w #oikTfs; Nkilapy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; Mfpatw;wpy; cl;nghjpj;j
(kiwthd) mofpay; gz;Gfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
• GW}l;l]; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ FOtpdu;> rP]u; If; nfhiy

nra;j re;ju;g;gk; - Nkilapy; fhj;jpukhd tifapy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: (Kjypy; f];fhTk; njhlu;eJ ; VidNahUk;
rP]iuf; Fj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,Wjpapy; GW}l;l]; rP]iuf;
Fj;Jfpwhu;.)
• mf;nfhiyf; fhl;rpapy; rP]Uf;Fk; GW}l;lRf;Fk;

,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig czu;TG+u;tkhf
ehlfhrpupau; Nkilapy; cUthf;fpAs;shu;.
cjhuzk;: rP]u;:-
GW}l;l];> ePAkh? mg;gbahdhy; rP]u; tPol;Lk;||
• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpy; ,uz;L rpwg;Gf;fs; cz;L.

xd;W rP]upd; nfhiy. kw;waJ kuzr; rlq;fpy; khu;f;
md;ldpapd; ciu.
• khu;f; md;ldpapd; kuzr;rlq;F ciuapd; gpdd

; u; mty
tPudhfpa GW}l;l]; ,dJ tPo;r;rp Muk;gkhfpd;wik.
• Nkilapy; ehk; fhZk; ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; tPud; rP]u;

vd;gJk; mty tPud; GW}l;l]; vd;gJk; ehlf ghlj;jpd;
Clhfj; njspthfpd;wJ.
• ,b> kpd;dy;> fbfhu kzpNahir Nghd;wtw;iwf;

fhl; L tjw; f hfg; gy; N tW xypfs; gad; g Lj; j g;
gl;Ls;sik.

• rP]upd; tUif> rP]Uk; FOtpdUk; fg;gpl;NlhDf;Fr;

nry;y Kd;du; kJ mUe;jpf; fspf;Fk; tpjk;> rP]u;
nrdw; rigapy; ciuahw;Wjy;> GW}l;lRk; khu;f;
md;ldpAk; kf;fis tpspj;J ciuahw;Wjy;> kf;fs;
rP]upd; g+jTliyf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; re;ju;gg
; k; Nghd;w
FOk ebg;Gf;fs; ed;F ifahsg;gl;Ls;sik.
• GW}l; l ]; > khu; f ; md; l dp kuzr; r lq; f py; ciu

ahw;Wifapy; ghu;gN ; ghupd; ftdj;ij Nkil kPJ <u;jJ; f;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy;> fhj;jpukhd nkhopg;ghq;F kw;Wk;
nkhop cj;jpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• vyprngj; j pa fhyj; J f; F g; nghUj; j khd kw; W k;

ehlfj;jpd; nghUisj; njspthf ntspf;nfhzUk;
tifapyhd Ntl cilfs;> muq;fg; gpd;dzp> ,ir
Nghd;w Jizf; fiyfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• ,e;ehlfk; 5 gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthUg;

gFjpf;Fk; fhl;rpfs; cz;L.
fzpg; g P L : • [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpd; fhj;jpukhd> ehlfg+u;tkhd

xU fhl;rpia ebj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlf ghlj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; fij

fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJf.
rP ] u;


Gfis eaj; j ypd; %yKk; > jpwdha; j ypd;
%yKk; tho; f ; i f mDgtq; f isg; ngw; W f;
nfhs; t hu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : tpyy

; pak; Nrf;]g
; paupd; xj;njy;Nyh (ntdpR ,isQd;)
ehlf ghlk; > ehlfkhf; f g; g l; L s; s tpjj; i j
EZfpaha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlk; ntw;wpfukhd xu ehlfkhf;fg;

gl;Ls;sJ vdf; $Wjy;.
• xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlkhdJ> ghu;g;NghUf;F czu;
t+l;lf;$bathW ehlfkhfj; jahupff; j;jf;fnjhd;whFk;
• xj;njy;Nyh ehlfghlj;jpd; %yk; ntw;wpfukhd xU
ehlfj; jahupg;igr; nra;ayhk; vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;
fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• xj; n jy; N yh ehlfj; j py; ,lk; n gWk; mg; g htp
nl];bNkhdh> J\;ldhfpa ,ahNfh Mfpa ghj;jpuq;
fspd; mbg;gilahd ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.
• Nkilapy; fhZk; xj;njy;nyh ehlfj;jpy; r%fj;Jf;Fr;
nra;jpnahd;W toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.2.2 : xj;njy;Nyh ehlf ghlk; - Nkilf;Fj; jahuhfpwJ.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : xj;njy;Nyh ehlfk; ghlk;

(nghw;fpspf; ftpQd; NrhkRe;jud; ,dJ nkhopngau;gG
; )
mwpKfk; : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlfk; 1604 ,y;

vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ~FNshg;| muq;fpy;
NkilNaw;wg;gl;l rduQ;rfkhd xU ehlfkhFk;.
ntdpR efu tPjpnahd;wpd; Muk;gpj;J> xj;njy;Nyh>
nl];bNdkhtpd; fOj;ij neupj;Jf; nfhiy nra;j
gpd;du; jhDk; fpuPRf; fj;jpapdhy; Fj;jpf;nfhz;L
jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;Sk; tpjk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;ehlf ghlk; ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij Nehf;F
tNj vkJ Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FONtiy> Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> tPbNah ehlh
(xyp - xspg;Ngio)> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.


: • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; ebg;G Nkhb> ,ay;ghdjy;y.
khwhff; fhg;gpag;ghq;fhdJ> re;jj;Jf;F mikthdJ.
ajhu;j;j> Nkhbikg; gz;Gfs; mlq;fpAs;sd.
• xj;njy;Nyh ghj;jpuj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW fhj;jpu

khd ehlfg+u;tkhd #oikTfspy; czu;Tg+u;tkhd
ebg;G> ghlj;jpD}lhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
cjhuzk;: xj;njy;Nyh:
Iah... rhgj;Jf;Fs;shd ,opatd;... muf;fu;fNs...
vd;idf; firahy; mbAq;fs;... ,e;j NjtNyhff;
fhl;rpapypUe;J vd;id mg;Gwg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
~~fhw;wpy; vd;idf; fhy;Nghd Nghf;fpy; mbj;Jr;
nry;Yq;fs;||
~~fe;jfj;jpy; Nghl;L vd;id vupj;JtpLq;fs;||
• Muk;g fhyj;jpy; ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSk; Mz;fshNyNa

ebf;fg;gl;lik. nl];bNkhdh Nghd;w ,sk; ngz;
ghj;jpuq;fs;> ,isQu;fshy; ebf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
• 1594 ,y; rk;gu;Nyd; gpuGtpdJ ehlff; FOtpd; Xu;

mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;j Nrf;];gpau;> xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w
ehlfq;fisAk; ~FNshg;| muq;fpy; ebj;Js;sik.
• xj; n jy; n yh Nghd; w Nrf; ] ; g paupd; ehlfq; f spy;

Mz;fspd; cilf;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; Kd;gf;fk; jpwe;j
mq; f pAk; (lTyw; ) Koq; f hy; tiu fl; i lahd
fhw;rl;ilAk;> fhy;fSf;F ePzl ; fhYiw (Nk];)fSk;
mzpag;gl;ld.
• ~nl];bNkhdh| Nghd;w ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhf ePz;l

njhq;Fk; jd;ikAila fTz;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sd. fTzpd; Nkw;gFjp clYld; ,Wf;fkhfTk;
neQ; R jl; i lahf (Flat) mikAkhWk; ,Lg; G
mfykhfTk; njhq;Fk; tifapYk; jahupf;fg;gl;lik.
Mz; cilfspy; fOj;ijr; #o miy kbg;Gf;nfhz;l
fOj;Jg;gl;ilAk; (rulf) fhzg;gl;lik.
• ~~FNshg;|| muq;F Xu; vz;Nfhzf; fl;llkhFk;. mq;F

gpujhd jpiu fhzg;gltpy;iy. Nkilapy; cl;Gwkhf
NkiliaAk; fw;iff; $lj;ijAk; Ntwhf;Fk; jpiuap
dhy; kiwf;fg;gl;l xU gFjp (Study) fhzg;gl;lJ.
xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w ehlfq;fspy; ,ufrpakhd epfo;Tfs;
mq;F fhl;lg;gl;lJ. mg;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;dhy; gy;fdp
(Balcony) xd; W k; mjw; F g; gpd; d hy; fl; b lKk;
mike;jpUe;jd.

• ghl;lhsp kf;fs; epd;wgb ehlfk; ghu;g;gjw;fhf epy

kl;lj;jpy; xU jho;thd ,lk; (pit) fhzg;gl;lJ.
• kpd; xsp ,Uf;ftpyi ; yahifahy; xj;njy;Nyh Nghd;w

ehlfq;fs; gfw;fhyj;jpy; ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sik. ,uTf;
fhl;rpfs;> jPgg
; e;jk;> nkOFjpup Nghd;wtw;wpd; xspapy;
ebf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
cjhuzk;: gFjp I, fhl;rp II
xj;njy;NyhTk;> ,ahNfhTk; jPgg ; e;jk; Ve;jpa Nrtu;fSk;
epw;fpd;wdu;.
• fhl;rpf;fhf Nkilg; gpd;dzpfSk; gy;NtW fhz;gpaq;

fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;: xnjy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; Nfhl;il khspifapd;
gLf;ifaiw.
nl];bNkhdh fl;bypy; gLj;jpUf;fpwhs;. tpsf;nfhd;W
xspu;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ.
fzpg; g P L : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlff; fijia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L>

r%fj;jpy; ,dq;fhzj;jf;f> mjid xj;j xU fijia
md;Nwy; rk;gtj;ij ehlfkhf;Fq;fs;.
xj; n jy; N yhtpd; ,Wjpf; fhl; r p


nfhs; t hu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : n`d;upf; ,g;rdpd; ~v Nlhy;]; `T];| ehlfj;jpd;

nkhopngau;g;ghfpa ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlk;>
ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij EZfpaha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlj;ij ntw;wpfukhd

xUehlfkhf;fyhk; vdf; $Wjy;.
• ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfkhdJ ajhu;j;j ehlf
Nkhbiaf; nfhz;l xU ehlfkhFk;.
• xU ghitapd; tPL ehlfj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;s ntw;wpfu
khd jahupg;nghd;wpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,ay;Gfis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• Nkilapy; fhZk; ~Nehwh| ghj;jpuj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;G
fis kjpg;gpLjy;.
• ~xU ghitapd; tPL| Nkil ehlfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
FwpaPLfspy; r%fk; rhu;ej
; mu;jj
; q;fs; nghjpe;Js;sd
nraw;ghL 5.2.3 : xU ghitapd; tPL ehlf ghlk; muq;Ff;Fr; nry;fpwJ.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : ~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlf ghlg; gpujp

(Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk; ,dJ nkhopngau;g;G)
mwpKfk; : ,g;rd; Muk;gpj;J itj;j ajhu;jj; ehlf kuGk; $lNt

,tu; gad;gLj;jpa ajhu;j;j ehlf NkhbAk; ,e;j
ehlfj;jpy; njspthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fika
,e;j ehlf ghlk; ehlfkhf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ij EZfp
Nehf;FtNj ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLfpd;wJ.

: • FONtiy> Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> tPbNah ehlh
(xyp - xspg;Ngio)> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

: • ajhu;j;j Nkhb ehlfkhd ,jd; fUthdJ rkfhy
r%fj; j pD}lhfg; ngwg; g l; L s; s ikahy; mjw; F g;
nghUj;jkhd ebg;Gg; Nkhbahf ajhu;j;j ehlfNkhb
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ehlf ghlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Kuiz Nkilapy;

fhj;jpukhd tifapy; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
• Nehwh> n`y;ku; ghj;jpuq;fis ebf;Fk; ebfu;fsJ

(ghj;jpuq;fspd; kNdhghtq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;)
cs;shu;e;j ebg;G gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(];ldp];yht;];fpapd; Kiw)
• ehlfj; j pd; rfy epfo; T fSk; tP l ; b Ds; N sNa

epfOfpd;wik.
• ajhu; j ; j Nkhbiar; Nru; e ; j xU ehlfkhapDk;

ebfu; f s; jkJ ghj; j puq; f spd; czu; r ; r p ntspg;
ghl;Lf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; nrhy;yhly;fspd;
cr; r upg; G fhj; j pukhfTk; nghUj; j khd Vw; w
,wf;fq;fSlDk; (Tone) mikj;Js;sik.
cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;:
~~Nehwh! Nehwh! (Rw;W Kw;Wk; ghu;j;jgb)
~~Kw;Wk; ntWik... mts; ,q;F ,y;iy... me;j
mg+u;tk;|
• Feed back Kiwapy; epfo;Tfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

ahy; ghu;g;Nghupd; Mtiy - Mu;tj;ijg; Ngz
Kbe;Js;sik.
• Kg; g upkhzg; gpd; d zpAk; ,aw; i fahd muq; f g;

nghUs;fSk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
cjhuzk;: Nkir> fjpiu> Fil> rha;kidf; Fjpiu>
czTj;jl;Lf;fs;> Nfhg;igfs;> Gj;jf mYkhup
• ajhu;j;jNkhb ehlfkhapDk; ej;jhu; kuk;. nkf;&d;>

MLfjpiu Nghd;w nghUs;fs; ehlfj;jpy; gy;NtW
re;ju;gg
; q;fisf; Fwpgg
; jw;fhff; Fwpal
P L
; j; jd;ikAld;
Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
• Nehwh ,dJ ghj;jpuj;jpd; cs;shu;ej

; kNdhghtq;fis
ntspf;nfhzUtjw;fhfj; jue;jyh eldk; gad;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: (ud;f; gpahNdh ,irf;Fk;NghJ Nehwh
tprupahf cUNtwp eldkhLfpwhs;)
• ehlfj;jpd; Milazpfs; ,ay;ghd kugpd;gb gad;

gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
cjhuzk;: (ntspNa nry;Yk;NghJ mzpAk; Nkyq;fp>
igAk; njhg; g piaAk; ifapy; itj; J f; n fhz; L
n`y;ku; mYtyf miwapypUe;J ntspNaWfpwhu;.

• ~xyp/xir| cj;jpAk; ehlfj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij ntspg;

gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkilapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik.
cjhuzk;: (fPNo cs;s gpujhd fjT %lg;gLk; Xir
Nfl;fpd;wJ.)
• ,J %d;W gFjpfisf; nfhz;l xU ehlfkhFk;.
• ,ir ,ay; g hd tifapYk; rkNahrpjkhfTk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;> gpahNdh ,irf;Fk;NghJ Nehwh
eldkhLfpwhu;.
• ,e;ehlf ghlk; ntt;NtW nkhopfspy; ntt;NtW

ehLfspy; jahupf; f g; g l; l NghJ ehlf ghlj; j pd;
tpahf;fpahdk; (mu;j;jk;) khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sik.
• ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhl;rp N[u;kdpapy; ngUk; gugug;ig

Vw;gLj;jhikahy; mJ khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;
ghu;g;Nghu; mjw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.
fzpg; g P L : • ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpia

ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
• ~~xU ghitapd; tPL| ehlfj;jpy; ajhu;j;j Nkhb

ntspg;gLk; tpjj;ij tptupf;Ff.
xU ghitapd; tP L


nfhs; t hu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : ehlf ghlkhdJ ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpid

EZfp Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlf vOj;JU (ehlf ghlk;) xd;W ehlfj;Jf;Fupa

ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjidf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ,e;ehlf vOj;JUit ntw;wpfukhdnjhU ehlfkhf
Mf;fyhk; vdf; $Wjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.2.4 : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vOj;JU ehlfkhf cUthf;fg;

gl;l tpjj;jpid tpsq;fpnfhs;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ehlf vOj;JU (ehlf ghlk;)
mwpKfk; : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vOj;JU Xu; Mw;Wiff;fhd

vOj;JU vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> ghj;jpuNkw;wy;

: • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp vOj;JUitg; gFg;gha;T
nra;tjd; Clhf mjw;Fs; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;
Mw;Wiff;Fupa gz;Gfis milahsq;fhzy;. (fij>
fU> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nraypaf;fk;> ngUq;fhl;rp> nkhop>
nrhy;yhly;> fijg;gpd;dy;> fl;likg;G> yag+u;tkhd
,ir> mirT> Nkhb> ...)
• ehlff; fl;likg;ghdJ flTs; tzf;fk;> E}w;gad;>

mitalf;fk;> fl;baf;fhud; tuT> cyh> Fwk;> FSt
ehlfk; vd tsu; j ; n jLf; f g; g l; l tpjk; gw; w pAk;
ehlfhrpupau; gpujhd fij $Wgtuhfj; njhopw;gLk;
tpjk; gw;wpAk; MrpupaUk; khztUk; fye;JiuahLtu;.
• jpUf;Fw;whyehju; cyhtUjy;> Fwj;jp Fwp nrhy;yy;>

rpq;fd; rpq;fp re;jpg;G> rpq;fDk; E}tDk; re;jpg;G vd;g
tw;wpy; cs;s ngUq;fhl;rpj;jd;ikfs; jpUf;Fw;whyf;
FwtQ;rpia vt;tpjk; ehlfg; gz;Gilajhfg; ghu;f;f
itf;fpd;wJ vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLtu;.

• nkhopg; gpuNahfq; f spw; $ lhfg; ghj; j puq; f spd;

,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLfpd;w jd;ikapidAk;>
nraypaf; f k; Nkw; f psk; G k; KiwikapidAk;
fye;JiuahLtu;.
• Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp vDk; fijaikg;ghdJ ehlfg;

ngWkhdq;fSld; Nfhu;ff
; g;gl;Ls;s tpjk; njhlu;ghff;
fye;JiuahLtu;.
fzpg; g P L : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlfj;jpd; muq;fpaw; gz;G

• jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w ngUq;
fhl;rpg; gz;Gila #oikTfisr; rpjj ; pupjJ
; f; fhl;Lf.


nfhs; t hu; .
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : ehlf vOj;JUthdJ ehlfkhf khw;wg;gl;Ls;s

tpjj;jpid EZfp Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • $j;J vd;w tbtj;jpD}lhf myq;fhu&gd; fij

nrhy;yg;gl;l Kiwia tpsf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• myq;fhu&gid ebj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;.
nraw;ghL 5.2.5 : ~~myq;fhu&gd; fij ehlfkhf Mfp cs;sikia

Muha;e;jwpNthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • ~myq;fhu&gd;| ehlf vOj;JU

• xyp> xspg; Ngiofs; ($j;J njhlu;ghdit)
• $j;J tbtk; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;l fl;Liufs;>
E}y;fs;
mwpKfk; : xU fijahdJ vt;thW $j;J tbtj;jpD}lhfr;

nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tJ

: • fye;Jiuahly; Kiw

: • fw;gidf; fijahd myq;fhu&gdpd; fij> fijahfr;
nrhy;yg;gLtjpYk;> ehlfkhfr; nrhy;yg;gLtjpYk;
$j;jhf Mf;fg;gLtjpYk; cs;s NtWghl;bidf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• $j;jpy; xU fij nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w KiwahdJ

vLj;Jiug;Gj; jd;ikahdjhf> fl;bafhud;> rigNahu;
Nghd;w cj;jpfspD}lhf efu;j;jg;gLtjhf mike;
jpUg;gjid tpgupj;J> myq;fhu&gdpd; fij nrhy;yg;
gLk; Kiwia Muha;e;J fye;JiuahLjy;.
• ehlf tbtnkhd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; fij> fU> Kuz;>

ghj;jpuk;> fijg;gpd;dy;> fl;likg;G> nkhop Nghd;w
xt;nthU tplaq;fSk; $j;Jtbtj;jpy; jdpj;Jtkhf/
NtWgl;ljhff; fhzg;gLtjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.

cjhuzk;:
(1) $j;jpy; nrhy;yhly;fs; ghly; %yNk (ftpij)
epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
(2) ghj;jpu mwpKfk;> rigNahuhy; md;Nwy; ghj;jpuj;
jpdhNyNa nra;ag;gLk;.
(3) Kuz; ntspg;ghl;Lf;F Vw;w tifahd ~re;jk;|
epyTk; ghly;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
(4) NgRk;Kiw> ghLk;Kiw midj;jpYk; NkhbAw;w
jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.
Nkw; $ wg; g l; l jhd tplaq; f is myq; f hu&gd;
ehlfj;jpD}lhf Nehf;Fjy;.
• $j;J vd;fpd;w tbtj;jpw;F xU ~mofpay;| gz;G

cs;snjd;gjidAk; mJ vOj;JU epiyapypUe;J
mspf;ifahff; fsupapy; capu; ngWk;NghNj KOik
ailfpdw; J vd;gjidAk; me;j KOikf;Fs;> $j;jpd;
fij nrhy;yg;gLk; KiwikahdJ kpfg; gpujhdkhd
jhf Mfp epw;Fnkd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
fzpg; g P L : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpd; VjhtnjhU fhl;rpia

ciueil ehlfkhf vOJf.
• myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpid mjw;NfAupa njd;Nkhb
apy; Mw;Wif nra;f.
crhj; J iz : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; (gjpg;G)

• kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;> gioaJk; GjpaJk;
(2Mk; gjpg;G)
• kiyaff; $j;Jf;fs; - fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is
• td;dpg;gpuhe;jpaf; $j;Jf;fs; - mUzh nry;yj;Jiu
- fhiu. nr. Re;juk;gps;is


nfhs; t hu; .

EZfp Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • [{ypa]; rP ] u; ehlfj; j pdhy; ntspf; f hl; l g; g Lk;

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij ntspapLjy;.
• rP]Uf;Fk; GW}l;l]; ,w;Fk; ,ilNa neUq;fpa
njhlu;G cz;L vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• rP]upd; nfhiy epahakhdjh mepahakhdjh vd;gjw;
fhd rhd;Wfis tifg;gLj;jp> mJ njhlu;ghfj; jkJ
fz;Nzhl;lj;ij vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.
• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngWtd ghj;jpuq;fspd; ntt;NtW
tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lq;fshy; ntspaplg;gLfpd;wd
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rP]u; cs;shFk; mtyj;jpd; Clhfr; r%fj;Jf;Fk;
xU nra;jp toq;fg;gLfpdw; J vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghL 5.3.1 : ~~[{ypa]; rP ] u; ehlfj; j pD}lhfg; GjpanjhU

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk;|| ngWNthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • Nrf;];gpau; ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tpku;rd

E}y;fs;
• Nrf;];gpau; ehlfg; gilg;Gfs; njhlu;ghd
Nkw;Nfhs;fs;/ gpupj;njLg;Gf;fs;
mwpKfk; : ~g;Slhu;f;| vd;gtuhy; vOjg;gl;l fpNuf;f cNuhkg;

gpuGf;fspd; tho;fi
; f tuyhW|| vDk; %yhjhu E}iyj;
jOtp> kdpj tho;fi ; ff;F mwpnthsp toq;Fk; tifapy;
[{ypa]; rP ] u; ehlfk; gilf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
me;ehlfj;jpd; fUtpd; ClhfTk;> ghj;jpuq;fspd;
ClhfTk; ghu; g ; N ghUf; F k; urpfu; f Sf; F k; Gjpa
tho;fi; ff; fz;Nzhl;lk; toq;fg;gLk; tpjk; njhlu;ghf
khztu;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd tpsf;fj;ij toq;FtNj
,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

: • Njly;> fye;Jiuahly;> FONtiy> ghj;jpuNkw;W
ebj;jy;.


: • frpa]; ,dJ J}z;Ljypd; tpisthf> GW}l;l]; ,dJ
Neubahd jiyaPL fhuzkhfNt [{ypa]; rPru; ,dJ
nfhiy epfOfpd;wJ vdTk;> ,t;thwhd Gwthupahd
J}z;Ljy;fSf;F kdpjd; Mshthd; vdTk; ,J xU
nghJthd jd;ik vdTk; ,e;j ehlfk; vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;;: GW}l;l];:
~~rP]Uf;F vjpuhff; frpa]; vd;idj; J}z;l Kide;j
ehs; njhlf;fk; vdf;F epj;jpiuapy;iy. gaq;fukhd
xU nraiyr; nra;aj; jUzk; ghj;jpUg;gjw;Fk;
mjidr; nra;tjw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; gaq;fukhd
xU fdT Nghd;wJ. mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; kdpjdpd;
cstypik mtdJ cly; typikAld; thjk; GupAk;.
mg;NghJ kdpjdpd; jd;ikahdJ rpwpanjhU ehl;by;
muRf; F vjpuhd xU Gul; r p Vw; g l; l J Nghd; w
epiyikia xj;jJ.
• rP]u; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mjpfhu ntwpnfhz;L NuhkhGupf;F

vjpuhfr; nraw;gLthd; vd;w Kd;$l;bNa vLf;fg;gl;l
xU KbT fhuzkhfr; rP]u; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;whu;. rP]u;
Kb#l Kd; d u; mtd; njhlu; g hfg; GW}l; l ];
cUthf;Fk; Kd;$l;ba Kbtpd; tpisthf epfOk;
,f; n fhiy epahakhdjh ,y; i yah vd; g ij
ehlfj; j py; ,lk; ngWk; fhuzpfs; > tplaq; f s; >
Mjhuq;fisf; nfhz;L xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Nehf;Ftjhy;
khztu;fsJ jpwdha;T Mw;wy; Kidg;Gg; ngWk;.
• ,e;ehlfj;jpd; tPug;ghj;jpuk; [{ypa]; rP]u; MapDk;

mty tPud; GW}l;l]; Mthd; vd;gij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
• [{ypa]; rP]u;> GW}l;l];> frpa];> khu;f; md;udp>

f];fh Nghd;Nwhupd; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;J
mg; g hj; j puq; f spd; nraw; g hLfis EZf; f khf
Muha; e ; J mtw; w pd; Clhf ehk; EZf; f khf
tho;f;ifj; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
• ,e;j ehlfk; %yk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; vf;fhyj;Jf;Fk;

nghUj; j khd murpay; ajhu; j ; j j; i jj; jw; f hy
,yq;ifapd; r%f> murpaw; gpd;dzpAld; njhlu;G
gLj;jp Muha KbAk;.

• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s rP]u;> GW}l;l];> khu;f;

md;udp Nghd;Nwhupd; vLg;ghd $w;Wf;fs; %yk;
ghu;g;Nghupd; / ,urpfu;fspd; mwpTf; fz;fs; jpwe;J
nfhs;s topNfhyg;gLfpd;wik.
cjhuzk; :
rP]u;:
Nfhiofs;> ,wf;fKd;du; gy E}W jlit> Mapuk;
jlit ,wg;gu;. vdpDk; cz;ikahd tPud; kuzj;jpd;
,dpikia xNu xU jlitjhd; Ritg;ghd;.
GW}l;l];:
Mdhy; vdJ mwpTf;F vl;ba tiuapy;> cau;tila
tpUk;Gk; xUtd; NkNy VWtjw;fhf mlf;fj;ij
Vzpahf;fpf;nfhs;thd;. vdpDk; Vzpapd; filg;gbia
vl;ba gpd;du; Kfpy;fis Nehl;lkpl;lthW
mlf;fj;jd;ikia vl;b cijg;ghd;.
fzpg; g P L : • [{ypa]; rP r u; > GW}l; l ]; > khu; f ; m d; u dp Mfpa

ghj;jpuq;fshy; ntt;NtW re;ju;gg; q;fspy; ntspaplg;gl;l
tho; f ; i ff; F mwpTiu toq; F k; tifapyhd
nghd;nkhopfs; Nghd;w $w;Wf;fisj; jpul;b xU rpwN ; wL
jahupf;Ff.
• [{ypa]; rP]u; ehlfj;jpy; tUk; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fs;

milfpd;w Kbtpw;F mtu;fsJ nray;fs; vt;tpjk;
fhuzkhf mike;jd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
xj; n jy; N yh


nfhs; t hu; .

EZfp Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • xj; n jy; N yh ehlfj; j pdhy; ntspf; n fhzug; g Lk;

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• nl];bNkhdh ,Wjp tiuapy; xj;njy;Nyhtpd; kPJ
fhjy; nfhz;bUe;jhs; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,ahNfhtpd; Jl;l rjpjj
; pll; j;jpd; gy;NtW gbKiwfis
tupirf;fpukkhf vLj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• ,q;F ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fs; nraw;gLk;
tpjkhdJ tho;f;if gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUfpd;wJ
• ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; r%fj;Jf;F toq;fg;gLk; nra;jpAk;
mlq;fpAs;sJ.
nraw;ghL 5.3.2 : ~~xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; Gjpa tho;f;iff;

fz;Nzhl;lk; ngWNthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : tpy;ypak; Nrf;];gpaupd; xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj; jkpo;

nkhopngau;g;Gg; gpujp
(tpj;Jthd; NrhkRe;juk; mtu;fsJ nkhopngau;g;G)
mwpKfk; : xj; n jy; N yh vd; g td; > fhjy; > re; N jfk; > tpuf; j p
Mfpatw; W f; F ,ilNa miyAk; jd; i kAila
xUtdhifahy; mjd; tpisthf mtykhd Kbit
Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lk; xU ehlfNk
,JthFk;. me;ehlfj;jpd; fU kw;Wk; ghj;jpuq;fspd;
Clhf toq;fg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; vkf;Fk;
tho;fi ; f gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijj; jUtjhf mike;Js;s
tpjk; ,q;F fye;Jiuahlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ebj;jy;.


• xj;njy;Nyh nl];bNkhdh kPJ fhl;Lk; mstw;w
md;ghdJ re;Njfk; fhuzkhff; FNuhjkhf khWk;
tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNjhL re;NjfkhdJ kdpjid
moptpd;ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; tpjk; gw;wpa Mokhd
mDgtj;ijAk; tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; mJ
toq;Ffpd;wJ.
• ,ahNfhtpdJ rjpf; F Mshtjhy; rpwe; j xU
ghj;jpukhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l xj;njy;NyhtpdJ
ghj;jpuj;jpd; eypthd jd;ik ntspg;gLfpd;wik.
• Xu; mg;ghtpg; ghj;jpukhd nl];bNkhdh ,Wjptiuapy;

xj;njy;Nyh kPJ md;G nrYj;jpathW ,yl;rpa kidtp
ahf ,Uf;fpwik.
cjhuzk;: vtUkpyi ; y.. ehNdjhd; nra;J nfz;Nld;.
tzf;fk;... vdJ fUizkpf;f fztUf;F ehd;
epidt+l; b ajhfr; nrhy; Y tzf; f k; ! || (mts;
kuzpf;fpwhs;.)
• ~xj;njy;Nyh| tlNkw;F Mgpupf;fhitr; Nru;e;j xU

jdte;jDk;> nl];bNkhdh xU ntdpR efu AtjpA
khifahy; ,UtUf;FkpilNa tpUg;G ntWg;Gfs;>
fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,ilNaahd NtWghLfSk; XusTf;F
,e;j epiyikfs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhfp cs;sik.
• xj;njy;Nyh jkf;F xU gjtp cau;T toq;fhik

fhuzkhf> mjw; f hfg; gopthq; F k; Nehf; F ld; >
,ahNfh xj;njy;NyhTf;F vjpuhfj; Jl;l vz;zj;Jld;
xU rjpiaj; jpl;lkpl;l tpjj;jpd; Clhfg; nghJthf
kdpj kdk; nraw; g Lk; tpjk; vLj; J f; fhl; l g;
gl;Ls;sik.
cjhuzk;: nuhl;upNfh:
~~mJ mg;gbahdhy;...
ehd; vd;Wk; xU NghJk; mtdpd; gpd;dhy; Nghf
khl;Nld;.
,ahNfh:
k;... eP mJ gw;wpf; ftiyg;gl Ntz;lhk;.
vdf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tUk;NghJ mtid xU if
ghu;f;fj;jhd; ehd; mtd; gpd;dhy; Nghfpd;Nwd;.||
• ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; fU> fhjy; FNuhjkhf khWk;

tpjj;ijf; fhl;Ltjhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mjpy; NkYk;
gy cg fUf;fisAk; fhz KbfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf: irg;gpu]; Nghd;w muRfspy; fhzg;gLk;
gy;NtW kf;fl; gpupTfSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghL
fSk; mjd; %yk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

• frpNah> nuhl;upf;Nfh> vkpypah Nghd;w ghj;jpuq;fs;

nraw;gLk; tpjj;jpd; Clhf ehk; kdpjupd; gy;NtW
jd;ikfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
• ,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpYk; fhjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;

,lk; n gWk; gopthq; F jy; f s; kw; W k; gy; N tW
mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf Nehf;Ftjw;Fk; xj;njy;Nyh
ehlfj;jpd; Clhf topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpg; g P L : • xj;njy;Nyh ehlfj;jpy; xj;njy;NyhTk; nl];bNkhdh

Tk; vjpu; n fhs; S k; Kuz; g hl; i lf; FW ehlf
nkhd;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW cUthf;Ff.
• xj; n jy; N yhTk; nl]; b NkhdhTk; vjpu; N ehf; F k;

Kuz;ghl;Lf;F xg;ghd xU epfo;itj; jw;fhyj;Jf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdthW ghj;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU ehlf
vOj;JUthf vOjpf; fhl;Lf.


nfhs; t hu; .

EZfp Muha;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ntspf;

nfhzug; g Lk; tho; f ; i ff; fz; N zhl; l j; i jf;
Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; Kuz;ghl;bd; Clhfg; nghJ kdpjj;
Jf;Fupj;jhd xU gpur;rpid gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahlg;gL
fpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• Nehwh> ghuk;gupakhd xU ngz;zhf md;wpg; Gjpa
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; jpUkzj;ij Nehf;fpa tpjj;ij
vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.
• ~n`y;ku;|; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;F mbikg;gl;l xUtdhthd;
vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ~~jpUkz mikg;G|| njhlu;ghd xU r%fr; nra;jp
,e;j ehlfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.3.3 : ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; Gjpa

tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk; ngWNthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : • xU ghitapd; tPL - ehlf vOj;JUtpd; jkpo;

(nkhopngau;g;G Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;)
• ,g;rd; ehlfq;fspd; tpku;rd E}y;fs;
mwpKfk; : Nehu;Nt ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j n`d;upf; ,g;rd; vd;gtuhy;

1871 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| (Et
Dukkehjem) mf; f hy INuhg; g htpy; fhzg; g l; l
tpf; N lhupahr; r%fj; j py; Nt&d; w papUe; j r%f
mikg;Gfs;> kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs; Fwpj;J Mokhfr;
rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;Lk; xU ehlfkhf mike;Js;sJ.
tpfN; lhupahf; fhyk; vd;gJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghuk;gupakhd
xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; Nt&d;wpapUe;j xU fhykhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;fhy tpku;rfu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb>
,e;ehlfk; rkfhy r%fj;ij cYg;gpa xU gilg;ghf
mike;jJ. ,e;j ehlfj;jpd; Clhfg; ghu;g;NghUf;Fg;
Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lk; fpilf;Fk; tpjNk
,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


ebj;jy;.

• ~~xU ghitapd; tPL|| ehlfk; mf;fhy Nehu;Nt
r%fj; j py; tho; e ; j ~yTuh fpany\; | vDk;
ngz;kzpapd; cz;ikf; fijnahd;wpidj; jOtp
cUthf; f g; g l; L s; s J. mJ rkfhy r%fj; j pd;
fijnahd;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;
ghu; g ; N ghuplj; N j Gjpa tho; f ; i ff; fz; N zhl; l
nkhd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; ngUk;ghYk; fhuzkhfp
As;sJ.
• ,e;j ehlfj;Jf;F mbg;gilahd eLj;ju tFg;igr;

Nru;e;j jk;gjpfshd Nehwh> Nuhty;l; n`y;ku; Mfpa
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cUthFk; Kuz;ghl;bDs;>
kdpjj;jd;ikf;F cupj;Jizahd cz;ik> Rje;jpuk;
Mfpatw;iw ehbr;nry;yy; njhlu;ghd Gjpa tho;fi; ff;
fz;Nzhl;lnkhd;W ,jpy; mlq;fp cs;sJ.
cjhuzk;: Nehwh:
~~vk;kpUtupdJk; $l;L tho;fi
; f> rupahd Gupe;Jzu;T
ila xU jpUkzkhFk; tiuapy; ehd; NghfpNwd;
Nuhty;l;||
• NehwhTk; n`y;kUk; jpUkzkhfp vl;L tUlq;fspd;

gpd;du; mtu;fsJ jpUkzk; rpjwpg; Nghtjw;F VJ
thFk; jdpgg ; l;l fhuzpfis kl;Lkpdw; pr; r%ff;fhuzp
fisAk; Nehf;Ftjd; %yk; ,d;W ehk; thOk;
r%fj; j py; Mz; f Sk; ngz; f Sk; vjpu; N ehf; F k;
gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghf EZf;fkhf Nehf;f KbAk;.
cjhuzk;:
n`y;ku;:
~~... ehd; jUk; gzj;ijg; Nghypr; Nrhlidg; nghUs;
fSf;Fk; tPl;il myq;fupg;gjw;Fk; nryT nra;jhy;
ehd;jhd; kPz;Lk; gzk; juNtz;bapUf;Fk;.||
• Nehwhtpd; ghj;jpuk; gy;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fspy; Nehf;f

Ntz;ba gue;j jd;ik cila xU ghj;jpukhif
ahy; mJ njhlu; g hfg; gy; N tW Nfhzq; f spy;
Muhayhk;.
• Nehwhtpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; Clhfg;> ngz; tpLjiy

njhlu;ghd gpurhuf; fz;Nzhl;lk; ntspf;nfhzug;
gLk; tifapyd;wpg; ngz;zpd; tpLjiyAk;> nghJ
kdpj tpLjiyapd; xU gFjpNa vdf;nfhz;L> ,g;rd;
,e;ehlfj;ijg; gilj;Js;shu;.

• NehwhTf;Fr; rhu;ghf Nehf;Fifapy; n`y;ku; ghuk;gupa

khd r%f> gz;ghl;L> nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; mbik
vd; g Jk; > ,Wjpapy; fld; gpizf; fljhrpia
Fnwhf; ] ; l l; jpUg; g p mDg; g paNghJ mtdJ
cz;ikahd Ra eyj;jd;ik ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
tpjj;ijAk;> fPo;j;jukhd r%fg; ngWkhdq;fisAk;
,ope;j kdpjj; jd;ikiaAk; fhl;bepw;fpd;wd vd;gJ.
cjhuzk;: n`y;ku;:
ehd; jg;gptpl;Nld; Nehwh
ehd; jg;gptpl;Nld;.
• gpujhd ghj;jpur; Nrhb> Fnwhf;]l ; l;> itj;jpau; uhq;f>;
jpUkjp ypd;Nl Nghd;w NtW ghj;jpuq;fSk; gpujhd
Kuz; g hl; i l cUthf; F tjpy; gq; f spj; J s; s ik>
mg;ghj;jpuq;fspd; nraw;ghL ghu;g;NghupdJk; ,urpfu;
fspdJk; tho;fi ; fapd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij tpupTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;sj; Jizahfpd;wik.
cjhuzk;: uhq;f;:
Mk;... vdJ mg;ghtp ehup el;l <LnfhLf;fpwJ...
mf;fhyj;jpy; mg;ghtpd; JbJbg;ghd rpWgps;isj;
jdkhd tho;f;iff;fhf..!
• xU ghitapd; tPL Nghd;w INuhg;gpa ehlfq;fspd;
fU> Mrpa ehLfspy; thOk; vk; i kg; Nghd; w
ghu;g;NghUf;Fg; Gjpait md;W vd;gJ.
• ehlfj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; mjhtJ Nehwh tPl;bd; fPo;
khbapy; cs; s gpujhd fjitg; ~glhu; | vd; w
NgnuhypAld; %br; nry; t jd; %yk; Fwpg; g hy;
fhl;lg;gLfpdw; > gpsi
; sfisAk; fztidAk; iftplL ; r;
nry;yy; njhlu;ghfg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; Nehf;f
KbAk;.
fzpg; g P L : • ,e;j ehlfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s gpujhd ghj;jpuKk;

Vida ghj; j puq; f Sk; tho; f ; i fia Nehf; F k;
ntt; N tW tpjq; f isg; gFj; j ha; e ; J > rQ; r pif
nahd;Wf;F xU fl;Liu vOJf.
crhj; J iz : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

Nkyfuk; jpup$luhrg;g ftpuhau;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : ehlfg; gilg; G f; f is myrpg; Gjpa tho; f ; i ff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,e;ehlfj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf

tho;f;iff;fhd Kd;khjpupfis mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• ,e;ehlfj;jpw;F Clhfr; r%fj;jpw;F xU nra;jp
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
nraw;ghL 5.3.4 : jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ehlfj;jpD}lhf ntspg;gLk;

Gjpa tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij Nehf;FNthk;.
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp ehlf ghlk;
mwpKfk; : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fisg; gapYtjhy; khztuplj;Nj ehlf

mwpit khj;jpukd;wp tho;f;if njhlu;ghd gue;j
Nehf;ifAk; fl;b vOg;gyhk; vd;gjid czu;jJ ; tNj

ebj;jy;.

: • jpUf; F w; w hyf; F wtQ; r p ehlfj; i j eag; g NjhL
mg;ghlj;jpD}lhf toq;fg;gLk; tho;fi; f mDgtq;fspd;
%yk; jdpegUk; jkJ tho;f;iff; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij
tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
• ,e;jf; fl;Gy ehlf ,yf;fpaj;ijg; ghj;jpuq;fspd;

Nehf;fq;fis tupirg;gLj;jpf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
• ,e;ehlfj;jpidg; ghu;gN
; ghu; kdjpy; ,Utpj tho;fi
; fj;
njuptpw;F ,lk; tpl;L tpLfpd;wJ.
1. nja;tPff; fhjy; - [Pthj;kh gukhj;kh If;fpak;
2. khDlf; fhjy;
,e;epiyik ntspg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik njhlu;ghf
MrpupaUk; khztUk; fye;JiuahLtu;.
• ehlf vOj;JUf;fisf; fw;gjd; Clhfj; jd; tho;tpy;

fhZk; ghj; j puq; f is milahsq; f hzTk; xg; G
Nehf;fTk; gofpf; nfhs;tu;.
fzpg; g P L : • jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpapy; tUk; tre;jty;ypapdJk;>

rpq;fpapdJk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfis kjpg;gpLf.


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : ehlfg; gilg; G f; f is myrpg; Gjpa tho; f ; i ff;

fz;Nzhl;lj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpw;$lhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; tho;T

gw;wpa nra;jpapd; rhuj;jpidf; $Wjy;.
• Jd; g q; f spd; ,Ue; J kP s ; t jw; f hd ek; g pf; i fAk;
cWjpAk; Vw;gLjy;.
nraw;ghL 5.3.5 : ~~myq; f hu&gd; ehlfj; j pw; $ lhf ntspg; g Lk;

tho;Tf;Fupa rpe;jidfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.||
ghlNtis : 04
ju cs;sPL : ~myq;fhu&gd;| (gjpg;G - Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jd;)

ehlf vOj;JU
mwpKfk; : ehlfg; gilg;Gf;fisg; gapYtjhy; khztuplj;Nj ehlf

mwpit khj;jpukd;wp tho;fi; ff;fhd gy;NtW gbg;gpid
fisAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd;gjidAk; myq;fhu
&gd; %ykhfg; gz;ila r%fj;jpdUf;F toq;fg;gl;l
nra; j p ,d; W k; nghUj; j Kilajhf ,Uf; f pd; w J
vd;gjidAk; czu;jJ ; tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • fye;Jiuahly;> FOKiw> ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;.

: • myq; f hu&gd; ehlfj; i j eag; g jD}lhf mjpy;
ntspg;gLk; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisAk; gbg;gpidf
isAk; mwptjD}lhfj; jdpkdpju;fs; jkJ tho;fi
; ff;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpid nrOikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;
vd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• vkJ kuG topr; r%fj;jpdupd; Kiwrhuhf; fy;tp

Kiwahf md;iwa $j;Jf;fs;> tha;nkhop
,yf;fpaq;fNs ,Ue;jd vd;gjid tpsf;Fjy;.
• myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpw;Fs; fpilf;fpd;w tho;tDg

tq;fisf; FOthfr; Nru;eJ
; fye;JiuahLtjD}lhfg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jjy;.

• myq;fhu&gDf;Fk;> mofty;ypfF ; k; Vw;gLk; Jd;gq;fs;

rpiwtho;fi; f> mq;fk; ,oj;jy;> ehL ,oe;J nry;Yjy;
vd; w gy; N tW neUf; f P L fs; rkfhy tho; t pay;
Jauq;fNshL Mw;Wg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;F
kPsTk; fpilf;Fk; tho;T vkf;F ~ek;gpf;if| jUtjhf
Tk; cs;sJ vd;gjidAk; fye;Jiuahb czu;e;J
nfhs;Sjy;.
• r%fj;ijr; rPuopj;J Vw;wj; jho;Tfis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w

Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf ,Ug;gJ ~rhjp> tu;f;f|
gpur;rpidahFk;. ,d;W ehfupfk; vt;tsNth tsu;e;j
gpdD; k; ,g;gpur;rpid ,Uf;fpdw
; #oypy; nrfjidahsp
kd;dd; jhd; cau;rhjpnad;Wk;> mjptPu #ud; Fiwe;j
rhjpnad;Wk; Nehf;fp> Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w mopTfSk;>
jpUkz kWg;Gk; ,Wjpapy; nja;t rpjj; nkd;W mwpej ; jd;
gpd;du; rhjp kwe;J> myq;fhu&gDf;Fk; myq;fhu
&gpf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;fpd;w rk;gtj;jpD}lhf
rhjpa /tu;f;fg; ghFghLfSf;fg;ghy; kdpj;Jtj;ij
kjpgg; jw;fhd kdgf;Ftj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpdw ; J vd;gijf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• nrfjidahsp jdJ kfisj; jpUkzk; nra;J itf;f

tpUk; g hky; vs; s p eifahbdhd; vd; g jw; f hfg;
nghWikapd;wp cld; Nghu; njhLf;Fk; mjptPu #ud;
kd;dd; ,Wjpapy; jhDk; ,we;J> ehfNjrj;ijAk;
gwpnfhLj; J kidtp kf; f Sk; rpiw nry; y f;
fhuzkhfpdw ; hd;. ,r;rk;gtq;fspD}lhf mjpf NfhgKk;
czu;rr ; p trg;gLjYk; nghWik ,d;ikAk;> Muhahky;
nra; A k; NghUk; > mopTf; N f toptFf; F k; vd; w
cz;ikia czu;jJ ; fpdw; J vd;gij khztu;fSld;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• myq;fhu&gDk;> jha; mofty;ypAk;> nrfjidahsp

apdhy;; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;L> myq;fhu&gdpd; iffs;
ntl;lg;gl;Lj;; Jd;gg;gl;lhYk; mtu;fspd; nja;t
ek;gpf;ifAk; ,iw gf;jpAk; myq;fhu&gdpd; ifia
tsur; nra;jJld; mtu;fspd; kWtho;Tf;Fk; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jikia mwptjD}lhf> ,iw ek;gpf;ifAk;
gf; j pAk; kdpjDf; F mtrpakhdnjd; g jidf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.

• myq; f hu&gd; ,sturdhf ,Ue; j hYk; > gQ; R

nkj;ijapy; gLj;Jwq;Fgtdhf ,Ue;jhYk;> ,Wjpapy;
kuj; j pd; fP o ; gLj; J wq; f pdhYk; tWikapdhy;
thbdhYk; rypg;Gf; nfhs;shky; tpwF ntl;b tpw;Wr;
rPtpak; elj;j Kay;tjpYk; ,Ue;J Jd;gq;fis vjpu;
nfhs;sj; jaq;ff; $lhnjd;Wk; cioj;J tho
Kw;gLjy; tho;tpd; mbg;gilj; Njit vd;gjidAk;
fye;Jiahbj; njspjy;.
fzpg; g P L : • myq;fhu&gd; ehlfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jj;Jtq;fis

Ak; gonkhopfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• myq; f hu&gd; ehlfk; rkfhyj; j pw; F g; ngupJk;

nghUe;jp tUfpd;w xd;whFk;. Muha;f.
crhj; J iz : • myq;fhu&gd; - Nguhrpupau;. tpj;jpahde;jd;

• Kiwik rhuhf; fy;tpKiwahf
ehl;Lf;$j;J - fyhepjp jzpfhryk; gps;is

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : ehlfk; kw;Wk; muq;fpaypd; Nfhl;ghLfis /

vz;zf;fUf;fis nra;Kiw %yk; ifahz;L
ghu; g ; g jD}lhfg; gilg; g hf; f r; rpe; j idia
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : FW ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf> ehlf ghlnkhd;iw vOJtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • FW ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd

tplaq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;.
• FW ehlf tbtj;jpidg; gl;lwptpD}lhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
nraw;ghL 6.1.1 : ~~FW ehlfnkhd;wpid vOjp kfpo;Nthk;||
ghlNtis : 08
ju cs;sPL : • FWehlfk; njhlu; g hf ntspte; j fl; L iufs; >

tiutpyf;fzq;fs;.
• ehlf xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;
- FWehlfq;fs;> FWk;glq;fs;
(ntt;NtW tiffisAk;> NkhbfisAk; cs;slf;fpa
jhf miktJ rpwe;jJ.)
• xspg;glq;fs;> glq;fs;> jl;LKl;Lf;fs;
• nrhw;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs;> ftpijfs;> fijfs;
• #oikTfs;> czu;Tfs;> clw;gbkq;fs; (jdp/$l;L)
• ,ir> xypfs;> ghly;fs;
• fhl;LUf;fshfr; rpy ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
mwpKfk; : khztu;fs;> Rakhff; FWehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpidg;

gilg;gjw;fhd #oiy cUthf;fpf; nfhLg;gJk;> FW
ehlfnkhd; w pid vOJtjw; F mj; j patrpakhd
tplaq;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;s itg;gJNk ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> rpe;jidf; fpswy;> Mf;fr;
nraw;ghL

: • rpwpa fijg; g pd; d iyf; nfhz; l Jk; > Fiwe; j
ghj;jpuq;fs;> Fiwe;j ghj;jpu tpUj;jp Nghd;wtw;Wld;
10 epkplj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj FW ehlf mikg;Gg; gw;wpf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.

• FW ehlf vOj; J Unthd; w pid Mf; F tjw; f hd

fUg;nghUs;> #oikT> ghj;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
toq;fp> MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk; $l;lhf ,ize;J
ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid Mf;Fjy;.
cjhuzk; 1:
#oikT (ajhu;j;j Nkhb) - ~~md;W ghlrhiyf;Fr;
nry;y KbahJs;s khztd;...||
ghj;jpuq;fs; - jha;> je;ij> kfd;> kfs;
fUg;nghUs; - ,yl;rpaf; FLk;gk;
cjhuzk; 2:
#oikT (Nkhbikg;ghzpapy;) - ~~tPl;Lf;Fs; GFe;j
vypf;FQ;R..||
• khztu;fis ehd;F NgUf;F Nkw;glhj FOf;fshfg;

gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; xt;nthU #oikTfis
toq;fp> ghj;jpuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia tiuaWj;J
(4 md;Nwy; 5) FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; FWehlf
vOj;JUnthd;wpid Mf;fr; nra;jy;.
• khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa xt;nthU

FWehlfq; f is Mf; f j; j f; f tifapy; Mrpupau;
tplaq;fis toq;fp Mf;fj;jpy; <LgLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk;: (tplaq;fs;)
tu;zq;fs;> nghUs;fs;> thf;fpaq;fs;> nrhw;fs;> egu;fs;>
glq;fs;> xypfs;.
(njhlu;e;JtUk; nraw;ghL rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JU
Mf;fkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; FWehlf vOj;JU Mf;fj;jpy;
rpWtu; ehlfk; mikahJ jtpu;j;jy; ed;W.)
fzpg; g P L : • 3 njhlf;fk; 5 tiuahd ghj;jpuq;fis cs;slf;fp

10 epkplq;fs; ebf;fj;jf;fjhd FWehlf vOj;JU
xd;wpid Mf;Ff.
• khztu;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUf;fs; mlq;fpa

rQ;rpif xd;wpidj; jahupj;J ntspapLf.
crhj; J iz : • ~ehlf tof;F| Foe;ij k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

• ehlfg;gilg;ghf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilj;jsq;fs;
- Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;Wf;fhf ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid

vOJtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd

tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
• rpWtu; ehlf tbtj;jpidg; gl;lwptpD}lhfg; Gupe;J
nfhs;Sk; jpwidg; ngWjy;.
nraw;ghL 6.1.2 : ~~rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOjp kfpo;Nthk;||
ghlNtis : 07
ju cs;sPL : • rpWtu; ehlfk; njhlu;ghf ntspte;j fl;Liufs;>

tiutpyf;fzq;fs;.
• rpWtu; ehlf xyp> xspg;Ngiofs;> xspg;glq;fs;
• fhl;^d;fs;> nghk;kyhl;lq;fs;
• fijfs;> gonkhopfs;> tpLfijfs;> ftpijfs;>
ghly;fs;
• fhl;LUf;fshfr; rpy ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
cjhuzk;: gQ;rtu;z eupahu; - Foe;ij rz;Kfypqf; k;
gy;yp - NtYrutzd;
jg;gp te;j jhb ML - nksdFU
kapy; - V.up. nghd;Dj;Jiu
Xl;L tPL - uhjh fpU\;zd;
gps;is mOj fz;zPu; - n[a;rq;fu;
mwpKfk; : khztu;fSf;Fr; rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpidr;

Rakhfg; gilg; g jw; f hd #oypid cUthf; f pf;
nfhLg;gJk;> rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJtjw;F
mj; j pahtrpakhd tplaq; f is mwpe; J nfhs; s
itg;gJk; ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> rpe;jidf; fpswy;> Mf;fr;
nraw;ghLfs;.


: • rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;gJ> rpWtu;fspd; cs Kjpu;r;rpf;F
Vw;w vspikahd fijiaf; nfhz;lJk;> Mly;> ghly;>
tpisahl;L> tpNehjk; Nghd;wit tputpa rpWtu;fSf;F
kfpo;tspf;fty;yjhd> rpWtu;fis ,yf;Fg;ghu;it
ahsuhff; nfhz;l ehlfk; vd;gjidf; fye;Jiu
ahLjy;.
• Mly; ghly;fs; ,d;wpAk;> kfpo;tspg;G ,d;wpAk; rpWtu;

ehlfk; nra;ag;glyhk; vd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
• rpWtu; ehlfj;jpd; ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs; rpWtu;f

shf ,Ug;gpDk;> gpd;tUk; %d;W tifahd Mw;W
Nthiuf; nfhz; l jhf mJ ,Uf; F nkd; g jidf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
1. rpWtUf;fhfr; rpWtNu ebj;jy;
2. rpWtu;fSf;fhf tsu;e;jtu;fs; ebj;jy;.
3. rpWtUf;fhf rpWtUk; tsu;ej; tUk; fye;J ebj;jy;.
• rpWtu;fSf;fhd ehlfk; vOjg;gLk;NghJ rpWtu;fspd;

gpd;tUk; taJg; gbepiyfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lnkd;gjidAk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
gbepiy 1 - Muk;gKd;gs;sp (3> 4 taJ)

gbepiy 2 - Kd;gs;sp (5 taJ)
gbepiy 3 - juk; 1> 2 (6> 7 taJ)
gbepiy 4 - juk; 3 (8 taJ)
gbepiy 5 - juk; 4> 5 (9> 10 taJ)
gbepiy 6 - juk; 6> 7> 8 (11 - 13 taJ)
(ghlrhiy ehlfk; gbepiy 1)
gbepiy 7 - juk; 9> 10> 11 (14 - 16 taJ)
gbepiy 8 - juk; 12> 13 (17 - 18 taJ)
• ,g;gpupgG
; KiwahdJ nefo;Tj;jd;ikahdJ vd;gjid
Ak; ciuahLjy;.
• rpWtu; ehlf ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs;> rpWtu;fshf

,Ug;gjdhy; mtu;fspd; taJg; gbepiyapd; cs
Kjpur ; r
; pfN
; fw;gf; fUg;nghUs; njupT> nrhw;fspd; njupT>
nrhy;yhlypy; nrhw;fspd; vz;zpf;if> ghly;fspd;
nrhw; njupT> msT> nkhop> Mw;Wif Neuk; Nghd;wd
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gjidf; fye;JiuahLt
Jld; vijr; nra;jhYk; ,yf;Fg; ghu;itahsu;fs;
rpWtu;fNs vd;gjidAk; typAWj;Jjy;.

• khztu;fSf;Fr; RWRWg;Gk;> cw;rhfKk; Mde;jK

khd #oikit toq;fp rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUit
Mf;fj; J}z;Ljy;.
• khztu;fis ehd;F NgUf;F Nkw;glhj njhifiaf;

nfhz;l FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J> xt;nthU FOTf;Fk;
xt;nthU fijfis toq;fpg; gj;J epkplj;jpw;Fl;gl;l
rpWtu; ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vOJtjw;F mtu;fis
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
• khztu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpNa xt;nthU

rpWtu; ehlf Mf;fj;jpy; <LgLtjw;fhd tplaq;fis
Mrpupau; jpUTsr; rPlL
; %yk; toq;fp> ehlf vOj;JU
Mf;fj;jpy; <Lglj; J}z;Ljy;.
cjhuzk;: (toq;fg;gLk; tplaq;fs;)
fijfs;> rk;gtq;fs;> egu;fs;> nghUs;fs;> kpUfq;fs;>
gwitfs;> ,lq;fs;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;> xypfs;.
• khztu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l VjhtnjhU ehlfj;ijj;

njupe;J mjid thrpf;fr; nra;J me;j Mf;fk; gw;wp
khztu;fSk; MrpupaUk; fye;JiuahLjy;.
fzpg; g P L : • 15 - 20 epkplk; ebf;fj;jf;f rpWtu; ehlfnkhd;wpw;fhd

vOj;JUtpid Mf;Ff. mt;thW Mf;fpa ehlf
vOj;JUf;fisj; njhFj;Jr; rQ;rpifahf Mtzg;
gLj;Jf.
crhj; J iz : • ehlf tof;F - fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

fw;if newpahf muq;F - Nguhrpupau;. fh. rptj;jk;gp
(njhFg;G)
NjtNyhfahid - NtY rutzd;
rpWtu; muq;F - Kj;J ,uhjhfpU\;zd;
$j;juq;fk;
rpWtu; muq;F - rptFkhu;


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : ehlf vOj;JUnthd;wpid vOJk;NghJ vjpu;nfhs;sg;

gLk; gpur;rpidfisf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ehlf vOj;JUg; gw;wpg; g+uz mwpitg; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sjy;.
• gy;NtW tifahd ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vOJjy;.
nraw;ghL 6.2 : ehlfnkhd;wpid vOJk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis

Ak; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;TfisAk; ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 10
ju cs;sPL : • khztu;fspdhy; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;.

• njhlu;Gilajhd NtW ehlfg; gpujpfs;
• xsp> xypg;Ngiofs;
mwpKfk; : ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yfq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd;

%yk; g+uzkhd ehlf vOj;JUf;fis vk;khy; gilf;f
KbAk; vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.

: • FOKiw> fye;Jiuahly;> fz;lwpKiw

: • khztu;fspdhy; 6.1.2 nraw;ghl;by; Mf;fg;gl;l ehlf
vOj;JUf;fspy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy vOj;JUf;fis
thrpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ehlf vOj;JUtpd;
gpdt; Uk; %yfq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;
NghJ jhd; G+uzj;Jtkhd ehlf vOj;JUf;fs;
cUthFnkdf; fye;JiuahLjy;.
fij
fij vd;gJ epakkhd xd;whfNth md;Nwy; rk;gtk;>
gpur;rpid> neUf;fl
P L
; epiyikfs; rhu;ej ; itahfNth
,Uf;fyhk;. mitfSf;Fs; ntspgg ; lhj fU cs;Siw
ahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fsk;
Mw;Wif epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; ehlfj;jpd;
rk;gtk; epfOk; fsj;ijf; Fwpg;gjhfTk; mikAk;.

fUg; n ghUs;
ehlf vOj;JU %yk; nrhy;y tUfpd;w %y tplak;
fUg;nghUshFk;. mJ ntspg;gilahfNth> cs;Siw
ahfNth mike;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; mJ vg;NghJk;
njspthdjhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tplak; /tplag; n ghUs;

ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yk; nrhy;y te;j nghJthd
tplakhFk;.
cjhuzk;:
jpUkz epfo;r;rp xd;wid ehlfk; mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;bUj;jy; - tplak;
mjpy; tUfpd; w Kf; f pa gpur; r pidahfpa rP j dg;
gpur;rpid - fUg;nghUs;
fijg; g pd; d y;
ehlf epfo;Tfspd; njhlu; mikg;G fijg;gpd;dyhFk;.
,J fhuz> fhupa uPjpahdJk; ju;f;f uPjpahdJkhf
xt;nthU epfo;Tk; mLj;j fl;l epfo;Tf;F mioj;Jr;
nry;tjhd njhlu;rr; papd; tbtkhFk;. ,J Nky; njupAk;
fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk;> kiwKfkhd/ cs;Siwahd
fijg;gpd;dy; vd;Wk; ,Utifahff; fhzg;gLk;.
fl; l ikg; G
ehlf vOj;JUtpd; rl;lfk; Nghd;W fijf;fhd ngsjpf
epfo;Tfis md;Nwy; rk;gtq;fis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whff;
Nfhu;j;Jr; nry;tJ fl;likg;ghFk;. epak muq;fpy;
,J Muk;gk; - rpf;fy; -tsu;r;rp - cr;rk; - KbT vd
mikAk;. epakk; rhuhj ehlfq;fspy; rk;gtq;fspd;
Nfhu;itahf mikAk;. fij tsu;j;Jr; nry;yg;gLk;
NghJ vjpu;ghu;g;G epiyia> gjl;lj;jpid> fjpapid
tsu;j;Jr; nry;Ynkhd;whfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
rpf; f y; /neUf; f P L /Fog; g k;

ghj;jpuk; jdJ Nehf;fpid/Njitapid/tpUg;gpid
epiwNtw;w Kw;gLk;NghJ r%fj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;w
neUf;fbahd epiyik.
NkhJif /Kuz;
Vw;nfdNt nrhy;yg;gLk; neUf;fPLfspdhNy xU jdp
egUf;Fk; ,d;ndhU jdp egUf;Fk; md;Nwy; xU
jdp egUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; md;Nwy; jdp kdpjdpd;
Raj;Jf;Fs; vd Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;/NkhJif epiy.

cr; r fl; l k; /cr; r epiy

neUf;fPL gbg;gbahf mjpfupj;J Kuz;/NkhJif
epiyf;F te;J mk;NkhJif epiyikfspd; tsu;r;rp
cr;rf; fl;lj;ij mile;J KbT/tpisT ntspgg
; Lfpdw
;
epiyik. (me;epiyik ehlff; fijia epiwTf;Ff;
nfhz;L tUk;.)
cr; r fl; l tP o ; r ; r p /jP u ; T

cr;rfl;l tPor; r; papy; jPuT ; vl;lg;gLk;. jPuT
; ntspg;gLt
jhfNth> ntspg;glhjjhfNth mikayhk;. mj;jPu;T
rhjfkhdjhfNth ghjfkhdjhfNth mikayhk;.
ghj; j puq; f s;
ehlf Mrpupau; vLj;j tplaj;jpid efu;j;Jtjw;Fg;
gad; g Lj; J k; fUtpfNs ghj; j puq; f shFk; . ,it
milahsg; g Lj; j g; ngWgitahfTk; > xt; n thU
ghj;jpuq;fspdJk; jdpj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLgitahfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. (ghj;jpuk; rpijahky; gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.)
nraypaf; f k;
ehlf vOj;JUtpd; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghLfs; nraypaf;f
khff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; cs/kduPjpahd
nray;fs;/mirTfs;> fijapDila mirT> rk;gtj;
njhlu;r;rpfsha; tUk; mirT> rpe;jid tsu;r;rpahf
tUk; mirT> ghj;jpu tsu;r;rpapdhy; tUk; mirT>
ghj;jpu cwTfs;> khw;wq;fspy; tUk; mirTfs; vd>
#oy;> kdepiy> mkhD\;ak; vd;w gy;NtW epiyfsp
yhd mirTfs;> nraypaf;fk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
nkhop /nrhw; w pwd;

ehlfj;jpy; Ngrg;gLfpdw ; nkhopapd; jd;ikNa ,t;thW
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkhopahdJ Ngr;RnkhopahfNth>
nrk;nkhopahfNth mikayhk;. mt;thNw ciueil
rhu;e;jjhfNth ftpij rhu;e;jjhfNth mikayhk;.
mit ehlfj;jpd; ghzp/Nkhb rhu;eJ ; k;> ehlfr; rk;gtk;
epfOk; fhyk; > gpuNjrk; > r%fepiy rhu; e ; J k;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
nrhy; y hly; /ciuahly;

ghj;jpuq;fSf;fpilNaahd Clhl;lj;Jf;Fupa Kf;fpa
Clfkhf ciuahly; fhzg; g Lk; . ,J ehlf
tiff;Fk; Nkhbf;FNk mike;jpUf;Fk;.

ngUq; f hl; r p
ngUq;fhl;rp vd;gJ ntWkNd ehlfj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
tpisTfs; midj;ijAk; Fwpj;J epw;gJ. fij>
ghj;jpuk;> efu;T... vd xt;nthU tpistpD}lhfTk;
ghu;itahsupy; ntspg;gLk; gbkk; md;Nwy; $l;Lr;
nray;Kiw md;Nwy; xt;nthU $WfisAk; xd;W
gLj;jpajd; tpisT md;Nwy; ehlf vOj;JUtpd;
MSikr; rpwg;G vdf; $wyhk;.
Nkhb /ghzp
mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L tifahf mikAk;
(1) ajhu;j;jk; (2) ajhu;j;jk; mw;wJ/NkhbAw;wJ.
tif
,J gy;NtW jd;ikfs;> Nehf;fq;fs;> Mw;Wk; Kiwfs;
rhu;e;J tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
- ,d;gpay;> Jd;gpay;
- fhj;jpukhd ehlfk; (fhj;jpukhf vOjy;)
- vspikg;ghq;fhdJ (eifr;Ritg; ghq;Fld;
vOJjy;)
- $j;J> ,irehlfk;> ehl;ba ehlfk;...
Nkilf; F wpg; G f; f s;
ehlfj; j py; tUfpd; w Kf; f pakhd tplaq; f s;
midj;ijAk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
nray; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
czu;Tf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
Nkilj;jsf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
njhopy;El;gf; Fwpg;Gf;fs;
fzpg; g P L : • ehlf vOj;JUtpd; %yfq;fis ,dq;fz;L mit

gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
• ckf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $ba VjhtJ FWehlfj;jpid/
rpWtu; ehlfj;jpidj; njupTnra;J mjd; vOj;JU
%yq;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;f.
crhj; J iz : • ehlf tof;F - fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

muq;fg; gilg;ghf;f mbj;jsq;fs;
- Nguhrpupau; ,uhkhD[k;
• fw;if newpahf muq;F - Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

fiyfisf; fw; g jD}lhf thz; i k njhopy;
k/njhopy;
rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : njhopy; / thz; i kj; Jiwfis ehLtjw; f hd

gupr;raj;ijg; ngWtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • rpWtu; ehlf mspf;if xd;wpy; jahupg;G %yfq;fs;

ngWk; ,lj;jpid mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy;.
• rpWtu; ehlfj; jahupg;G xd;wpy; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl
Ntz;ba mk;rq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 7.1.1 : rpWtu; ehlfk; xd;wpidj; jahupg;Nghk;.
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : • rpWtu; ehlfj; jahupg;Gj; njhlu;ghd fl;Liufs;>

E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;
• rpWtu; ehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspg;
Ngiofs;.
• rpWtu; muq;F njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;
mwpKfk; : ve;j xU Mw;Wif tbtKk; midj;J %yfq;fisAk;

,izj;Jf;nfhz;l fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy> mirtpaf;ff;
fiytbtk; MFk;. rpWtu; ehlfq;fs; jkf;NfAupjj ; hd
jahupg;Gld; ,ize;j %yfq;fisg; gpuj;jpNafkhf
vjpu;ghu;jJ
; epw;fpd;wd vd;gjid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tNj

: • FO> fye;Jiuahly;> nra;Jfhl;ly;
tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;;

: • 6.1.2 ,y; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JUtpidg; gFg;gha;T
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (,J jdpahfNth> FOf;fshfNth
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glyhk;.)
• gy jlitfs;> gytpj czu;r;rpj; jsq;fspy; epd;W

thrpg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. Kjypy; gilg;Gj; jUk;
czu;rr ; pfF
; s; nry;y Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJjhd; thrpfF
; k;
NghJ kdf; fz;fspYk;> kdf;fhJfspYk; njupe;J
nfhz; b Ue; j me; j mDgtj; i jj; jahupg; g py;
fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.

• mjd; gpdd ; u; XusT Gwtakhf epdW ; ehlf vOj;JUtp

idg; gFg;Gf;F cl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. thu;j;ijfSf;
$lhfg; gilg;gpd; mj;jpthuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;Jg;
gilg; g pd; Kfg; i g Nehf; f pf; fl; b naOg; G tjw; F
vitnait gad;gl;Ls;sd md;Nwy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gL
fpd;wd vd;gjidg; gl;baw;gLj;JtJ rpwe;jJ.
• nrhy;yhly;fs;> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nraypaf;fk;> mirTfs;>

jl;LKl;Lf;fs;> kl;lq;fs;> thu;ji; jfs;> fhz;gpaq;fs;>
,ir> NtlTLg;G> xg;gid Nghd;w gy tplaq;fisAk;
mit re;ju;gg; j;jpw;Nfw;gj; njhopw;gLk; Kiwikapid
Ak; gl;baw;gLj;JtJ rpwe;jJ.
• nrhy; y hly; f s; rpWtu; f sJ MSikfs; > gof; f

tof;fq;fs;> mtu;fsJ kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;gtw;Wf;F
Vw;wtifapy; mike;Js;sdth? nrhy;yhly;fSf;Fg;
gpd;dhy; kiwe;jpUf;fpd;w nraypaf;fk; ahJ/ahit
vd;gtw;iwf; fz;lwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• nraypaf;fq;fs; rpWtu;fSf;NfAupa Mly;> ghly;>

tpNehjk;> fij$wy; vd;gtw;Wf;F Clhf vt;thW
ntspgg
; l;Ls;sJ? ghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; rpWtu;fspd;
cs Kjpu;r;rpiag; Ngzf;$ba tifapYk;
rpWtu; ehlfk; NkhJiffs;> Kuz;epiyfs; ahTk; rpWtu;fSf;NfAupa
kdg;ghq;Fld; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdth? vd;gijf;
fye;JiuahLjy;.
• fhz;gpaq;fs;> xg;gidfs;> NtlTilg; gpuNahfk; ,ir/

ghly;fs; vd;gitfs; rpWtu;fspd; csj;njspit <L
nra;tdthf ehlff; fUtpw;F mOj;jk; jUtdthf
mike;Js;sdth vdg; gFg;gha;T nra;tJ jahupg;ig
nkUFgLj;Jk;.
• gilg;gpd; (vOj;JU epiyapy;) KOikia tpsf;fpf;

nfhz; l jd; gpd; d u; FOf; f shfNth md; N wy;
khztu;fs; midtiuAk; ,izj;j KiwikapNyh
jahupg;G Kaw;rpapy; <Lglyhk;.
• khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfj; jahupgg ; pd; nghWg;Gf;fis

Vw;fg; gzpg;gJ ~ehlfj; jahupg;G| ~$l;L ciog;G|
vd;w fUj;Jepiy gpwf;f top rikf;Fk;.
• FOf; f shfr; rk; g tq; f s; / fhl; r pfis xj; j pif

nra;tjw;F Mrpupau; topg;gLj;jyhk;. xj;jpiffisr;
rpWtu; f Sf; F g; gpbj; j khd tpisahl; L > Mly; >
ghly;fNshL Muk;gpg;gJ jahupg;ig MNuhf;fpag;
gLj;Jk;.

• xt;nthU rk;gtq;fspYk; ehlff; fUit Nehf;fpa

mOj;jq;fisf; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhd nraypaf;fk;>
ghly;fs;> mirTfs;> ,irfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fisg;
gpuNahfpj;J khztu;fis topg;gLj;jyhk;.
• xt;nthU rk;gt ,izg;gpYk; ehlf vOj;JUtpy;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;l vt;ntt; tplaq;fs; cjTfpd;wd
vd;gjidr; nrad;Kiwf;F Clhf topg;gLj;jyhk;.
• ehlf ntspia tiuaiw nra;J (vOj;JUtpy;

Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhy;) nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mf;Fwpj;j
ntspapy; rk;gtf; fhl;rpfis czu;Tg+u;tkhfTk;>
mofpay; g+u;tkhfTk; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,jw; F r; rpWtu; f spd; fw; g idahw; w iy mjpfk;
gilf;ff;$ba El;gq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;F Kaw;rp
vLf;fyhk;. jd;ndOr;rpahd mirTfisj; J}z;l
Ntz;Lk;.
• mspf;if ntspapy; gilg;G mirtpaf;f KOik

ngw;wjhapd; ,ju fhz;gpag; gbkq;fSk; FwpfSk;>
kl;lq;fSk; NkYk; gilg;gpwF
; f; fiyj;Jt Moj;ijf;
nfhLf;Fk; tifapy; jpl;lkplyhk;.
• ,ir> xg;gid> NtlTLg;G gilg;gpd; mofpaiyAk;>

gilg;G NgRk; tplaj;jpidAk; csj;njupitAk; <L
nra;fpd;wjh vd kjpg;gPL nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,yf; F g; ghu; g ; N ghu; rpWtu; jhd; . rpWtu; ehlf

mspf;ifapid mtu;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; Mw;Wif
nra;J ghUq;fs;.
• ghu;g;NghUk; gilg;Gld; gq;Fnfhs;s Kbfpd;wjh/

Kbe; j jh vd; g jidr; nra; K iw uP j pahf mDg
tpAq;fs;.
fzpg; g P L : • khztu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l ehlf vOj;JU xd;wpy;;

tUk; ghj;jpuq;fis> #oiy> nghUs;fis> NtlTil
xg;gidfis tiue;J tu;zk; jPl;Lf.
• ehlf vOj;JUtpy; tUk; ghly;fSf;F ,iraikj;J.

mirTfSld; ntspg;gLj;Jf.
• jahupg;G %yfq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lf.
• MrpupaUk; - khztUk; ,ize;J jahupg;Gg; ghlj;

jpid tbtikAq;fs;.

Nju;r;rp 7.0 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

fiyfisf; fw; g jD}lhf thz; i k njhopy;
k/njhopy;
rhu;e;j jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : njhopy; / thz; i kj; Jiwfis ehLtjw; f hd

gupr;raj;ijg; ngWtu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; : • FW ehlfj; jahupg; G mDgtj; j pidg; ngw; W f;

nfhs;Sjy;.
• FWehlfk; xd;Wf;fhd jahupgG
; %yfq;fis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sjy;.
nraw;ghL 7.1.2 : FWehlfk; xd;iwj; jahupj;J kfpo;Nthk;.
ghlNtis : 05
ju cs;sPL : FWehlfk; njhlu;ghd rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;

FWehlf Mw;Wiffs; njhlu;ghd xyp> xspgN ; giofs;
mwpKfk; : ehlfk; vd;gJ $l;Lf; fiyfspd; ,izg;G MFk;.

FW ehlfj; jahupg;G xd;wpy; <LgLtjd; Clhff;
$l;Lf;fiyfs; ahTk; ,ize;J fiyahf;fkhf
vt;thW ntspg;ghL milfpd;wJ vd;gjid mwpe;J
nfhs;tNj ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

ghl tplaq; f s; : • vOjg;gl;l ehlf ghlj;ij thrpj;jy;. (jdpahfNth>

FOthfNth)
• ehlf vOj;JUg; gFg;gha;tpid Nkw;nfhs;sy;. khztu;

fisf; FOf;fshf tFj;J xt;nthU rk;gtq;fs;/
fhl; r pfs; NjhWk; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L s; s ehlf
%yfq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;j Mrpupau; topg;gLj;jyhk;.
• FW ehlf vOj;JUtpy; tUk; ghj;jpu ,ay;Gfs;> ghj;jpu

NkhJiffs;> mjd; tsu;r;rp epiyfis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tJk; mtw;iw tiuGfSf;F Clhf ntspgg ; Lj;
JtJk; J}z;lg;glyhk;.
• FW ehlf vOj;JUtpd; czu;r;rp NtfkhdJ mjd;

fl;likg;G epiyapy; vt;tpjk; ntspg;gl;L cs;sJ
vd; g ij tiuGf; F Clhf ntspf; n fhzuyhk; .
czu;r;rpfs; mOj;jg;gLk; jsq;fisAk; Fwpj;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.

• rk;gtq;fs;/fhl;rpfisj; jd;ndOr;rpahfg; Gj;jspg;Gr;

nra;Jghu;f;f Mrpupau; khztu;fis topg;gLj;jyhk;.
jd; n dOr; r pahd mirTfspypUe; J ghj; j puj; j pd;
,ay;Gfis tsu;jn ; jLf;ff;$ba mirTfisAk; mjd;
gyj;ijAk; nra;Kiw uPjpahf khztu;fis czu
itf;fyhk;.
• ghj;jpu czu;r;rpfs; #o;epiyikfSf;Nfw;g tsu;j;

njLf;fg;gLtjw;F czu;Tj; J}z;lYf;Fupa gapw;rp
fisAk; nfhLj;J newpg;gLj;jyhk;.
• FWehlfkhapDk; rup> KO ePs ehlfq;fshapYk; rup

jahupgg
; py; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fSf;F
mOj;jk; jug;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpak; vd;gjid czu
itj;jy;.
• khztu;fs; jhk; tiue;J ghu;j;j fhz;gpaq;fs;>

fhl;rpfs;> kl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;J xj;jpif
nra;Jghu;f;f topg;gLj;jy;> mofpaypYk; czu;r;rp
ntspg; g hl; b Yk; mit ngWk; gq; f pid czu
itj;jy;.
• tiue;J ghu;jj; ghj;jpu xg;gidfisj; njupTf;Fl;gl;l

ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fr; (ebfu;fSf;F) nra;J ghu;g;gjw;F
,lkspj;jy;. xg;gidapd; Clhff; FW ehlff;fU
ntspg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gjid MrpupaUk; khztu;fSk;
gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.
• xg;gid nra;ag;gl;l ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

NtlTil tpjhdpgG; f;fisAk; nra;J ghu;ff
; yhk;. mit
ntWk; mofpaYf;fhftd;wpj; jahupg;gpd; xl;Lnkhj;j
czu;r;rpf;F Mw;Wk; gq;fspg;gpidAk; MrpupaUk;
khztu;fSk; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.
• nghUj;jkhd ,irf;Nfhyq;fis MrpupaUk; khztu;

fSk; ,ize;J tbtikj;jYk; ,izj;jYk;.
• Fwpj;j ntspapy; fhl;rpg;glkhf Mw;Wif njhopw;gLk;

Kiwikapidr; nra;Kiw uPjpahfr; nra;J ghu;j;J
mDgtpj;jy;.
• Fwpj;j ,yf;Fg; ghu;g;Nghu; Kd;dpiyapy; Kw;fhl;rp

(Pre-view show) xd; w pid epfo; j ; j pg; ghu; g ; g Jk; >
mtu;fsJ tpku;rdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; rpwe;jJ.
• jahupg; g pid Mw; W if nra; t jw; f hd tpsk; g u

tpjhdpg;gpid MrpupaUk; - khztu;fSk; ,ize;J
jpl;lkplyhk;.

• Mw;Wif xd;wpy; khztu;fs; midtiuAk; <LgLj;Jk;

tifapyhd jahupg;Gg; nghWg;Gf;fisg; gfpu;e;jsp
Aq;fs;.
• Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; Fwpj;j ,yf;Fg; ghu;gN

; ghu; Kd;dpiy
apy; FW ehlfj;jpid mspf;if nra;Aq;fs;.
kjpg; g P L : • jdpahs; jahupg;Gg; gjpNtl;bid tpjhdpf;Ff?
• jahupg;Gf; fhyq;fspYk;> Mw;Wifapd; NghJk; ePu;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fisj; njhFf;Ff.
• ~Mw;Wifapd; Kd;Dk; Mw;Wifapd; gpd;Dk;| ghu;g;

Nghuplk; Vw;gl;l kdg;gjpTfisj; njhFf;Ff.

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL

mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W

$WfshFk; vd;gJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpag; fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gl
P i
; l
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vy;yh Mrpupah;fSk; njspthf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba
xU tplakhFk;. mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis
xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ
Mrpupah;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j cz;ikahFk;. njhlh; (epjKk; epfOk;) kjpg;gPl;Lf;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;ff; fw;wy; eilngWk; NghNj kjpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;.
,J fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp> ,ilg;gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp
Mfpa ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupah;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xh; Mrpupah; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
kjpg;gPL Mfpad njhlh;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy; mtrpak;.
ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPl;ir

KiwNah Nrhjid elj;JtNjh md;W. mJ khzth;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupah;fsJ
fw;gpj;jiyAk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jiyaPlhFk;. Mjyhy;
khzth;fSf;F mUfpy; ,Ue;J mth;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk;
,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhuk; fz;lthW khzth;fis mth;fsJ cr;r tsu;rr ; p
kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj; jpl;lkhFk;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw %yk; Njlw; nrad;Kiwapd; ghy; khzth;fs;
topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;
jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa Mrpupah; rQ;rupj;J mth;fs;
nra;Ak; Ntiyfis mtjhdpj;J topfhl;liy toq;fpr; nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khzth;fs; njhlu;rr
; pahf kjpg;gl
P L
; f;F cs;shf;fg;gLt
NjhL khzth; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;jj
; thW eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztUf;Fj; jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khzth;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhf epfo Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL> mjw;Fj; jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;)
<Lgl;Ls;s Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis
toq;f KbAk;. mit nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly; / Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.
khzth;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;l ; wpe;jNghJ mth;fsJ fw;wy;

gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;
Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk;fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;FtJ
Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhfg; ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j

Nehf;fj;ij ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khzth;fSf;F
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kjpg;gPLfs; %yk; khzth;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisj;
jPu;khdpj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;>
Mrpupau;fs;> NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis
mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk;

nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;rr ; pahf khztiu kjpg;gPlL

; f;F cl;gLj;j tha;gg
; spf;Fk;
ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.
Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupah;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwiaAk;

khzth;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;wy; -fw;gpj;jw; kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,J njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFKiwg;
Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;) rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ePzl ; fhykhf Mrpupau;fSf;Fj;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpdhYk;> guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l
KiwfshFk;. vdNt mit njhlu;ghfg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;ej ; Mrpupau;fs;
Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk; ngw;wpUg;gh; vd vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Ngjq;fs; tUkhW@
1. xg;gilfs; 2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
3. mstha;Tfs; 4. Njbaha;Tfs;.
5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; 6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;
7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs; 8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;
9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs; 10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;
11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 12. nrtpkLj;jw; Nrhjidfs;
13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; 14. Ngr;Rf;fs;
15. Ra Mf;fq;fs; 16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;
17. vz;zf;fUg; glq;fs; 18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;
19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs; 20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;
21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs; 22. tpthjq;fs;
23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; 24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.
25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT 26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gl

P L
; Kiwfs; midj;ijAk;>
vy;yhg; ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff ; g;
gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd Ngjq;fisj;
njupT nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;gb Mrpupah; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jkJ khzth;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;

fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Ngjq;fs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtw;iwj;
jf;fthW gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ jtpu;;j;jy; khztu;
jkJ mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;fj; jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.

fzpg; g P L
ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; - juk; 13
fUtp - 01
01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : 2.1 mbr;nrhw;gjq;fSf;Fk; mbg;

gilahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;
nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspg;gu;.
02. tpla cs;slf;fk; : • newpahs;if gw;wpg; gapYNthk;.
03. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghL - FOKiw
04. Neuk; : • 2 ghlNtisfs;
05. Fwpf; N fhs; : • newpahs;if vd;Dk; gzpia tpsf;Ftu;.

• newpahs;ifj; jpwd;fisr; nrad;Kiwahff;
fw;Wf; nfhs;tu;.
06. fUtpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOf;fSf;
Fk; xt;nthU nraw;ghLfisr; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
FO 1: mgRuk; ehlf vOj;JUitg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;.
FO 2: ebfu; njupTk; mtu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;jYk;.
FO 3: mgRuk; ehlfj;jpd; Fwpj;j xU fhl;rpf;fhd xj;jpifia
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
FO 4: Jizf;fiy mk;rq;fisj; jpl;lkpLjYk; xUq;fpizj;jYk;.
FO 5: NkilNaw;wj;jpw;fhd xOq;Ffs; nra;jYk; NkilNaw;wKk;.
07. epajpfs; :
1. Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd jpl;lkply;fis vOj;J tbtpy;
rku;g;gpj;jy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
2. Fwpjj ; tplaj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; xt;nthUtupdJk; gq;Nfw;ig ntspf;

fhl;Ljy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
3. jj;jk; nraw;ghLfis tpgupj;jy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
4. rpj;jpug;Gj; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
5. gilg;ig NkilNaw;wpf; fhl;Ljy; (Gs;spfs; 04)
nkhj; j g; G s; s pfs; 20 Gs;spfs;

fUtp - 02
01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : ehlfj;ij Vida fiyfSld;
xg;gpLjy;.
02. tpla cs;slf;fk; : • ehlfKk; Vida fiyfSk;
03. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • FOr; nraw;ghL
05. Fwpf; N fhs; : • ehlff;fiy Vida fiyfspYk; ghu;f;f

NtWgl;lJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
• xt;nthU fiyapdJk; rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fis
,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.
• fiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfis ,dq;fz;L
$Wtu;.

• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff. xt;nthU FOf;fSf;
Fk; xt;nthU nraw;ghLfisr; nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.
FO 1 : ehlfj;ijAk; rpdpkhitAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd; rpwg;Gj;
jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk;
Kd;itj;jy;.
FO 2: ehlfj;ijAk; njhiyf;fhl;rp ehlfj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiy

fspd; rpwg;Gj;jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghL
fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.
FO 3: ehlfj;ijAk; ehtiyAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd; rpwg;Gj;

jd;ikfisAk; mtw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk;
Kd;itj;jy;.
FO 4: ehlfj;ijAk; thndhyp ehlfj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mf;fiyfspd;

rpwg;Gj; jd;ikfisAk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd NtWghL
fisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.
FO 5: ehlfj;ijAk; eldj;ijAk; xg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gj; jd;ik

fisAk; mtw;wpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisAk; Kd;itj;jy;.

07. epajpfs; :
1. fiyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwpjy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
2. rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fz;lwptjw;fhd Njly;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)
3. gq;Nfw;Gk; fye;JiuahlYk;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
4. fiyfSf;fpilapyhd NtWghl;il kjpj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)
5. tplaq;fisr; rku;g;gpj;jy;. (Gs;spfs; 04)

fUtp - 03
01. cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : 3.1: ehlfKk; muq;fpaNyhL
njhlu;Gila fiyfspd;
gad;ghl;il/gpuNahfj;ij
,dq;fz;L gilg;ghf;fk;
nra;aj; jiyg;gLtu;.
02. tpla cs;slf;fk; : • ebfupd; fiyf;Fj; Jiz epw;fpd;w muq;ff;

fiyfis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.
03. fUtpapd; jd;ik : • nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghL - FOKiw
05. Fwpf; N fhs; : • ebfupd; fiy Nkk;gLtjw;Fj; JizGupAk;

muq;ff; fiyfis ,dq;fz;L $Wtu;.
• muq;ff; fiyfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; gupr;rak;
ngWtijf; fhl;Ltu;.
• gilg;ghf;fj; jpwid ntspj;njupar; nra;tu;.

• tFg;gpYs;s khztu; njhFjpia 5 FOf;fshf;Ff.
• md;upf;fdp ehlfj;jpypUe;J ahjhapDk; xU gFjpia vy;yhf;
FOf;fSf;Fk; toq;Ff.
• mjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xt;nthU FOitAk; me;ehlfg; gFjpf;
Fupa muq;ff; fiyiag; gilg;ghf;fk; nra;AkhW topg;gLj;Jf.
FO 1 : Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd fhl;rp tpjhdpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
FO 2: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpapy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd Ntl cil

fis tpjhdpj;jy;.
FO 3: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghj;jpuq;fSf;fhd

xg;gidia tpjhdpj;jy;.
FO 4: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd xsp tpjhdpg;igj; jpl;lkpLjy;.
FO 5: Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;fhd ,ir tpjhdpg;igj; jpl;lkpLjy;.

07. epajpfs; :
1. Fwpj;j muq;ff; fiyia tpjhdpg;gjw;Nfw;g ehlfg; gFjpapYs;s
Kidg;ghd jd;ikfis ,dq;fhzy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
2. Fwpj;j ehlfg; gFjpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd muq;ff; fiyfspd; jstiuglk;>

gf;fj; Njhw;wk; vd;gtw;iw Mf;Fjy;. ,ir tpjhdpg;gpy; mjw;Fupa
ghly;fs;> Ruq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
3. fpilf;fpd;w tsq;fisf; nfhz;L muq;ff; fiyfisg; gilg;ghf;fk;

nra;jy;.
(Gs;spfs; 04)
4. gilg;ghf;fj; jpwidAk; fw;gidiaAk; ntspg;gLj;jy;.

(Gs;spfs; 04)
5. mofpay; kdg;ghq;Filatuhjy;. (Gs;spfs; 04)

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ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

mofpaw; fy; t pj; J iw

Nju;r;rpfis mbj;jskhff; nfhz;l fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;

Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaj; jahupfF

fyhepjp cghyp vk;. Nrju

fl;bsikg; gUtj;J khztu;fspd; cly;> cs rkepiyiaAk; rthy;fis

Vida Mw;Wiff; fiyfSs; ,g;ghlk; Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhd

ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; ghlj;ijf; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug; gj;jpu cau;

Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; Clhf ,Jtiuapy; ghl tplaq;fSf;F khj;jpuk;

vdNt ehlfKk; muq;ff; fiyfSk; ghlj;ijg; gapYk; khzt> khztpau;fs;

• #oypy; fhzg;gLk; ve;jnthU nghUspd; ClhfTk; ,urid ngwj;jf;f Mw;wy;

• gilg;ghw;wy; tpUj;jp: mofpaw; fiyfSs; ehlfj; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; fhj;jpukhd

• nrad;Kiwj;jpwd; tpUj;jp: ehlfk; rhu;e;j gapw;rpfspD}lhf ehshe;j

• tpku;rpf;Fk; jpwd; tpUj;jp: ,yf;fpa uPjpapYk;> Mw;Wif uPjpapYk; kw;Wk;

• ghlj;Jld; ,ize;j tifapy; cs;ehl;L - ntspehl;Lj; jdpj;jd;ik

gjq;fSf;Fk;> mbg;gil xg;gpLtu;. thndhyp ehlfk; 04

ghu;. • ehl;Lf;$j;J kuG - tlNkhb> njd;Nkhb> kfpb>

jkpof ehlf tuyhW

• fp.gp. 1300 - 1700 tiu

fye;JiuahLtu;. (tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpau;)

MNyhrid : fyhepjp vk;. Nrju

jpU. tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl

Nkw; g hu; i t: jpU. Rjj; rkurpq;` - gzpg;ghsu;

,izg; g hf; f k; : jpU. nr. nry;tFkhu;

ghlj;jpl;l epGzj;Jt MNyhrid:

jifepiyg; Nguhrpupau; Nthy;lu; khurpq;`

Nguhrpupau; Nuhyd;l; mNgghy

Nguhrpupau; rp. nksdFU

jpU. nf.[P. m[pj; &gNrd

ntspthup : fyhepjp k. rz;Kfypq;fk;

jpUkjp. n[auQ;rpdp Qhdjh];

jpU. v];. ujpjud;

jpUkjp. nr.v. itNjfp

jpU. Nah. N[hd;rd; uh[;Fkhu;

jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j;

jpU. [P. Nghy; md;udp

jpU. fpist; rhu;e;j

jpU. ghypj nyhFNghjhfk

jpU. uzrpq;` mjpfhup

jpUkjp. yypjh [auj;d

jpUkjp. rkd; f];J}u;uj;d

jpUkjp. [P. fUzhtjp

ml;ilg;glk; : jpU. utPe;j;u NjDtu

fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : jpUkjp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;

ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vii

vOj;jhf;f Kiw topapy; xvi

ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPlL

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : ehlfKk; muq;fpaYk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nfhl;ghLfs;/

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : cyfpd; ntt;NtWgl;l ehlff; Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpf;

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,aw;gz;Gthjk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; Fwpgg ; pLjy;.

nraw;ghL 1.1.1 : ~~,aw;gz;Gthjj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.||

jutpUj;jp cs;sPL : • ~vkpyp Nrhyh| ,dJ xspg;glk;

mwpKfk; : ,aw;gz;Gthj ehlf NkhbahdJ> fw;gpj/kNdhujpa>

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;

tpla cs;slf;f topfhl;ly;fs;

• md;Nuh md;nuhapd; (Andre Antoine) ,d; Xuq;f ehlf

Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b - juk; 13 1

• n`d;up ngf; (Henri Becque) (1837 - 1899) ,dJ j

• ,e;jg; Nkhbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;gG

n`d; u p ngf; • eilKiwapy; ,aw; g z; G thjkhdJ jho; j ; j g; g l; l

• ebfupd; nrhy;yhly;fs;> nka;ee ; piyfs; Nghd;wd ep[

• 1900 Mz;lstpy; ,aw;gz;Gthjk; ngUksTf;Fr;