COVID-19 VIRUS UNCOATING AND
TREATMENT
Shivani Pande
shivanipande1999@gmail.com
L.A.D college, Nagpur
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious
disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will
experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and
recover without requiring special treatment. Older
people, and those with underlying medical problems
like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic
respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to
develop serious illness. Coronavirus are the second
leading cause of the common cold (after
rhinoviruses) and until recent decades, rarely
caused any disease more serious than a common
cold in humans.The first coronavirus was isolated
in 1937. Some cause illness in people and others
circulate among other animals, including camels,
cats and bats. Since its discovery, related
coronaviruses have been found to infect cattle, pigs,
horses, turkeys, cats, dogs, rats, and mice. The first
human coronavirus was cultured in the 1960s from
nasal cavities of people with the common cold. The
new SARS-CoV-2 virus which is responsible for
recent outbreak in Wuhan,China is also from
Coronavirus family.As per most of reports uptil
now,this virus is transmitted to humans through
Bats from Wuhan's raw meat market.World health
organization [WHO] has declared this,as pandemic
disease on 11 March 2020.Today many countries all
over the world are facing this pandemic crisis and
researchers all across the world are trying to
vaccine or antidote of it.Here we have given the
details of SARS-CoV-2 and idea of vaccination and
Amit Bhoyar
ahbhoyar@gmail.com
NSA India, Nagpur
treatment. Though the vaccines are not yet
available,but can be made using genetic material of
virus as like vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), in
oral polio vaccine(OPV) contains an attenuated
(weakened) vaccine-virus,activating an immune
response in body,so by using the concept we can
make an antidote of COVID-19 .An another way to
stop COVID-19 in humans is increase the humoral
immunity of humans by Supplements or any
medicine,which resists against the virus. In short,
reducing the activity of virus increasing the
strength of immunity. Or by reverse transcripting
the genetic material of the virus as it contains single
stranded RNA as genetic material,by reverse
transcripting RNA and modifying it into double
stranded DNA,which will disable the activity of the
virus .When this artificially modified DNA will
comes in contact with the cells ,the golgi bodies of
cell starts to replicate this DNA,so this can reduce
or stop the activity of SARS-CoV-2.
Keywords: CoronaVirus, Covid_19,SARS-CoV-2.
1. INTRODUCTION
SARS-CoV-2 is a new virus which belongs to the
coronavirus family. coronaviruses were only thought
to cause mild, self-limiting respiratory infections in
humans. Two of these human coronaviruses are α-
coronaviruses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63)
while the other two are β-coronaviruses (HCoV-
OC43 and HCoV-HKU1). HCoV-229E and HCoV-
OC43 were isolated nearly 50 years ago while
HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 were only recently
identified following the SARS-CoV outbreak . These
viruses are endemic in the human populations,
causing 15–30% of respiratory tract infections each
year. They cause more severe disease in neonates, the
elderly, and in individuals with a greater incidence of
lower respiratory tract infection in these populations.
HCoV-NL63 is also associated with acute
laryngotracheitis (croup) . One interesting aspect of
these viruses is their differences in tolerance to
genetic variability. HCoV-229E isolates from around
the world have only minimal sequence divergence
while HCoV-OC43 isolates from the same location
but isolated in different years show significant
genetic variability . This likely explains the inability
of HCoV-229E to cross the species barrier to infect
mice while HCoV-OC43 and the closely related
bovine coronavirus, BCoV, are capable of infecting
mice and several ruminant species. Based on the
ability of MHV to cause demyelinating disease, it has
been suggested that human CoVs may be involved in
the development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
However, no evidence to date suggests that human
CoVs play a significant role in MS.
Fig 1: 3D modelling of Coronavirus
1.1. SARS-CoV
SARS-CoV, a group 2b β-coronavirus, was identified
as the causative agent of the Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak that
occurred in 2002–2003 in the Guangdong Province of
China. It is the most severe disease caused by any
coronavirus. During the 2002–2003 outbreak
approximately 8098 cases occurred with 774 deaths,
resulting in a mortality rate of 9%. This rate was
much higher in elderly individuals, with mortality
rates approaching 50% in individuals over 60 years
of age. The outbreak began in a hotel in Hong Kong
and ultimately spread to more than two dozen
countries. During the epidemic, closely related
viruses were isolated from several exotic animals
including Himalayan palm civets and raccoon dogs .
However, it is widely accepted that SARS-CoV
originated in bats as a large number of Chinese
horseshoe bats contain sequences of SARS-related
CoVs and contain serologic evidence for a prior
infection with a related CoV . In fact, two novel bat
SARS-related CoVs were recently identified that are
more similar to SARS-CoV than any other virus
identified to date . They were also found to use the
same receptor as the human virus, angiotensin
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), providing further
evidence that SARS-CoV originated in bats.
Although some human individuals within wet animal
markets had serologic evidence of SARS-CoV
infection prior to the outbreak, these individuals had
no apparent symptoms . Thus, it is likely that a
closely related virus circulated in the wet animal
markets for several years before a series of factors
facilitated its spread into the larger population.
SARS-CoV primarily infects epithelial cells within
the lung. The virus is capable of entering
macrophages and dendritic cells but only leads to an
abortive infection . Despite this, infection of these
cell types may be important in inducing pro-
inflammatory cytokines that may contribute to
disease . In fact, many cytokines and chemokines are
produced by these cell types and are elevated in the
serum of SARS-CoV infected patients . The exact
mechanism of lung injury and cause of severe disease
in humans remains undetermined. Furthermore,
animals infected with rodent-adapted SARS-CoV
strains show similar clinical features to the human
disease, including an age-dependent increase in
disease severity . These animals also show increased
levels of proinflammatory cytokines and reduced T-
cell responses, suggesting a possible
immunopathological mechanism of disease .
1.2. SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2),previously known by the provisional
name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), is a
positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. It is
contagious in humans and is the cause of the ongoing
pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
that has been designated a Public Health Emergency
of International Concern by the World Health
Organization [WHO]. SARS-CoV-2 has close
genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses, from which it
likely originated. An intermediate animal reservoir
such as a pangolin is also thought to be involved in
its introduction to humans. From a taxonomic
perspective, SARS-CoV-2 is classified as a strain of
the species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related
coronavirus (SARSr-CoV).
disease, lung disease and diabetes, for example —
The strain was first discovered in Wuhan, China, so it seem to be at higher risk of developing serious
has sometimes been referred to as the "Wuhan virus" COVID-19 illness.From a study ,it seems that people
or "Wuhan coronavirus". Because the World Health with 45+ age group are at high risk .
Organization discourages the use of names based
upon locations and to avoid confusion with the
disease SARS, it sometimes refers to the virus as "the
virus responsible for COVID-19" or "the COVID-19
virus" in public health communications.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like

MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these
viruses have their origins in bats.Early on, many of
the patients at the epicenter of the outbreak in
Wuhan, Hubei Province, China had some link to a
large seafood and live animal market, suggesting Graphical representation of risk factor in age groups.
animal-to-person spread. Later, a growing number of
patients reportedly did not have exposure to animal SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne disease and spreading
markets, indicating person-to-person spread. Person- rapidly among all the countries of the world like
to-person spread was subsequently reported outside forest fire,daily new cases are reported.Apart from
Hubei and in countries outside China, including in this a relief news is that,although cure or treatment is
the United States. Some international destinations not yet discovered,some patients are recovering
now have ongoing community spread with the virus succesfully.
that causes COVID-19, as do some parts of the
United States. Community spread means some people
have been infected and it is not known how or where
they became exposed.

The complete clinical picture with regard to COVID-

19 is not fully known. Reported illnesses have ranged
from very mild (including some with no reported
symptoms) to severe, including illness resulting in
death. While information so far suggests that most
COVID-19 illness is mild, a report external icon out
of China suggests serious illness occurs in 16% of
No.of increasing cases and recovery and death cases
cases. Older people and people of all ages with
severe chronic medical conditions — like heart
 electron microscopy, is the protein responsible
for allowing the virus to attach to the membrane
of a host cell.

Fig 2 CoronaVirus Structure with RNA and protein

Spikes

Protein modeling experiments on the spike protein of

A report and graph by the World Health Organization [WHO],upto
25th March.
1.3. INFECTION THROUGH SARS-
CoV-2.
The exact origin of infection is not known but
according to previous reports,the infection was first
transmitted from Bats to human and then human to
human. And Human-to-human transmission of
SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed during the 2019–
20 coronavirus pandemic. Transmission occurs
primarily via respiratory droplets from coughs and
sneezes within a range of about 2 metres (6 ft 7
in).Indirect contact via contaminated surfaces is
another possible cause of infection. Preliminary
research indicates that the virus may remain viable on
plastic and steel for up to three days, but does not
survive on cardboard for more than one day or on
copper for more than four hours, and is inactivated by
soap.Viral RNA has also been found in stool samples
from infected people.
1.4. UNCOATING THE VIRUS
the virus soon suggested that SARS-CoV-2 has
sufficient affinity to the angiotensin converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors of human cells to use
them as a mechanism of cell entry. By 22 January
2020, a group in China working with the full virus
genome and a group in the United States using
reverse genetics methods independently and
experimentally demonstrated that ACE2 could act as
the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Studies have shown
that SARS-CoV-2 has a higher affinity to human
ACE2 than the original SARS virus strain. SARS-
CoV-2 may also use basigin to gain cell entry.
Initial spike protein priming by transmembrane
protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for entry
of SARS-CoV-2. After a SARS-CoV-2 virion
attaches to a target cell, the cell's protease TMPRSS2
cuts open the spike protein of the virus, exposing a
fusion peptide. The virion then releases RNA into the
cell, forcing the cell to produce copies of the virus
that are disseminated to infect more cells.[better
source needed] SARS-CoV-2 produces at least three
virulence factors that promote shedding of new
virions from host cells and inhibit immune response.

Each SARS-CoV-2 virion is approximately 50–

200 nanometres in diameter.Like other
coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has four structural
proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope),
M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins;
the N protein holds the RNA genome, and the S,
E, and M proteins together create the viral
envelope. The spike protein, which has been
imaged at the atomic level using cryogenic
 Fig.3 Corona Population under lungs cells genome.

The new SARS-CoV-2 sequence was compared to

existing genomes using online NCBI BLAST
1.5. Coronavirus Replicate Protein (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).
Expression and Processing
The final genome of sequenced SARS-CoV-2
The proteinase activities for all coronaviruses include consists of a single, positive-stranded RNA that is
both papain-like proteinase (PLP) and picornavirus 29,811 nucleotides long, broken down as follows:
3C-like proteinase activities that are encoded within 8,903 (29.86%) adenosines, 5,482 (18.39%)
the replicase polyproteins and mediate both cis and cytosines, 5,852 (19.63%) guanines, and 9,574
trans cleavage events (Ziebuhr et al., 2000). Because (32.12%) thymines.
of the parallel evolution of the proteinases, their
cleavage sites, and the hierarchical cleavage The sequence of BetaCoV/Nepal/61/2020 from
processes, the proteolytic processing of the coordinates 1 to 29811 is identical to the sequence of
coronavirus replicase proteins may serve as distinct isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 (GenBank accession number
regulatory and genetic elements (Ziebuhr et al., NC_045512) from 16 to 29826 (29810/29811),
2001). Specifically, there are both conserved and except at site 24019, with the same substitution of a
divergent regions of the replicase polyproteins by C from isolate Wuhan-Hu-1 for T.
amino acid identity and similarity, with the sequences
The C24019T mutation corresponds to C24034T if
and predicted mature proteins beginning with the 3C-
we use the sequence located under GISAID strain
like proteinases through the carboxy terminus of the
identifier EPI_ISL_405839 as a reference. This was a
replicase polyprotein retaining higher identity and
silent mutation at the spike gene (codon AAC to
similarity across the predicted proteins. In contrast,
AAT). Based on the reference sequence, the
the amino-terminal third of the replicase
following five mutations were also identified:
demonstrates the most variation in proteins, cleavage
T8782C (in ORF1a, codons AGT to AGC, silent
site locations, and the number of proteinases that
mutation), T9561C (in ORF1a, codons TTA to TCA,
mediate maturation processing. SCoV appears to
non silent mutation), C15607T (in ORF1b, codons
have the general organization of, and similar protein
CTA to TTA, silent mutation), C28144T (in ORF8b,
sizes to, the group 2 coronaviruses such as MHV in
codons TCA to TTA, non silent mutation), and
this part of the genome (Snijder et al., 2003).
T29095C (in nucleocapsid, codons TTT to TTC,
However, SCoV likely uses only one PLP to mediate
silent mutation).
the cleavages, similar to the group 3 coronavirus
infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Thus this region of
1.7. Data availability.
the replicase may experience the most variability,
suggesting either the encoding of accessory functions This sequence has been deposited in GenBank under
that are flexible and tolerant of changes, or the accession number MT072688 and at the GISAID
conversely group or host-specific roles that are EpiCoV newly emerging coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
subject to pressure for more rapid change. platform under identifier EPI_ISL_410301. The
accession numbers for the Illumina MiSeq sequence
1.6. Genetic seqeuencing
raw reads in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive
The new virus responsible for COVID-19 has (SRA) are PRJNA608651 (BioProject),
genomic sequence of 29,811 bp with no gap and high
average coverage (>77,000×). Primer binding sites at
the 5′ and 3′ ends were removed, resulting in this
genome being 59 nucleotides (nt) shorter than a
reference genome in GenBank (accession number
NC_045512), excluding the poly(A) tail of the
 Fig 4.
Genome
Code of
CoronaVirus
Data taken from ASM journal.”Complete Genome
Sequence of a 2019 Novel Coronavirus (SARS-
CoV-2) Strain Isolated in Nepal”
2. REVIEW LITERATURE
As COVID-19 is a new outbreak,obviously
we don’t have any treatment or cure uptil
now. Researchers all over the world are
working on getting the solution to this. we’ll
look to the reference for the general idea for
antidote or vaccine , maybe it will not be
enough for it but it can be the beginning of
it.From the past research ,which have done
on vaccination for viral disease or anti-viral
vaccines,it has seen that curcumin present in
turmeric have antiviral properties,for like
HIV, HCV ,HBV and etc.
(reference:HIV,Sui et al.1993, Mazumder et
al.1995,Barthelemy et al.1998.
HCV:Anggakusuma et al.2014. HBV:Wei et
al.2017,kim et al.2009,2011.) Curcumin’s
antiviral properties are yet not discovered
for COVID-19, but it can be effective if
research is conducted on it.(reference: Lisa
kirchoff et al.2019)
In Medical Terms,the concept of viral
infections are related and dependent on
immunogenicity."Knowing the
immunogenicity of certain viral regions,
or in other words, which parts of the
virus the immune system reacts to and
how strongly, is of immediate relevance
for the design of promising vaccine
candidates and their evaluation,"
explained principal Investigator
Alessandro Sette, Dr Biol Sci
(reference:kenneth bender et al.March
20,2020).
SARS-CoV can be efficiently grown in cell
culture and rapidly spread from person to
person . It can survive in feces and urine at
room temperature for >2 days
(http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en) and may
cause serious, even fatal, disease. SARS-
CoV, a National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases Biodefense Category C
priority pathogen
(http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/Biodefense/band
c_priority.htm) could be used by
bioterrorists as a biological weapon.
Therefore, development of effective and safe
vaccines is urgently needed to prevent a new
SARS epidemic and for biodefense
preparedness.
Currently, 3 major classes of SARS vaccines
are under development:
1) inactivated SARS-CoV
2) full-length S protein
3) those based on fragments containing
neutralizing epitopes .
Another way is the prevention from
disease.Though we don’t know the cure ,but
prevention we know. Many countries all
over the world has announced the lockdown
including India ,USA, Russia,and etc.and
peoples are strictly advised to follow the
quarantine .Patients affected with
COVID-19 are kept in isolation and given
proper care.Increase rate in new cases and
death rate is the matter of concern but world
health organizations [WHO] and
governments ,medical staff and
services,researchers and investigators all
over the world are trying their best.
 3. IDEAS OF TREATMENT
Currently, there are no antiviral therapeutics that
specifically target human coronaviruses, so
treatments are only supportive. In vitro, interferons
(IFNs) are only partially effective against
coronaviruses . IFNs in combination with ribavirin
may have increased activity in vitro when compared
to IFNs alone against some coronaviruses; however,
the effectiveness of this combination requires further
evaluation . The SARS and MERS outbreaks have
stimulated research on these viruses and this research
has identified a large number of suitable anti-viral
targets, such as viral proteases, polymerases, and
entry proteins. Significant work remains, however, to
develop drugs that target these processes and are able
to inhibit viral replication.
We have only limited options for coronavirus.
Vaccines have only been approved for IBV, TGEV,
and Canine CoV, but these vaccines are not always
used because they are either not very effective, or in
some cases have been reported to be involved in the
selection of novel pathogenic CoVs via
recombination of circulating strains. Vaccines for
veterinary pathogens, such as Porcine epidemic
diarrhea virus [PEDV], may be useful in such cases
where spread of the virus to a new location could
lead to severe losses of veterinary animals. In the
case of SARS-CoV, several potential vaccines have
been developed but none are yet approved for use.
These vaccines include recombinant attenuated
viruses, live virus vectors, or individual viral proteins
expressed from DNA plasmids. Therapeutic SARS-
CoV neutralizing antibodies have been generated and
could be retrieved and used again in the event of
another SARS-CoV outbreak. Such antibodies would
be most useful for protecting healthcare workers. In
general, it is thought that live attenuated vaccines
would be the most efficacious in targeting
coronaviruses. This was illustrated in the case of
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus [ TGEV], where
an attenuated variant, Porcine respiratory coronavirus
[ PRCV], appeared in Europe in the 1980s. This
variant only caused mild disease and completely
protected swine from TGEV. Thus, this attenuated
virus has naturally prevented the reoccurrence of
severe TGEV in Europe and the U.S. over the past 30
years . Despite this success, vaccine development for
coronaviruses faces many challenges . First, for
mucosal infections, natural infection does not prevent
subsequent infection, and so vaccines must either
induce better immunity than the original virus or
must at least lessen the disease incurred during a
secondary infection. Second, the propensity of the
viruses to recombine may pose a problem by
rendering the vaccine useless and potentially
increasing the evolution and diversity of the virus in
the wild . Finally, it has been shown in Fractional
dose of inactivated poliovirus [ FIPV] that
vaccination with S protein leads to enhanced disease .
Despite this, several strategies are being developed
for vaccine development to reduce the likelihood of
recombination, for instance by making large deletions
in the nsp1 or E proteins , rearranging the 3" end of
the genome , modifying the TRS sequences , or using
mutant viruses with abnormally high mutation rates
that significantly attenuate the virus .
As we know,that SARS-CoV 2 affects the human
respiratory system,which is directly related to lungs
and pulmonary body parts,due to which the patients
suffering from disease faces problem in breathing and
other respiratory functions.Though the vaccines are
not yet available,but can be made using genetic
material of virus as like vaccine-derived poliovirus
(VDPV), in oral polio vaccine(OPV) contains an
attenuated (weakened) vaccine-virus,activating an
immune response in body,like this the vaccine for
covid-19 can be made.
Fig 6:Strategy for designing vaccines for severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) using inactivated
SARS-associated coronavirus. This virus expresses
several structural proteins, including nucleocapsid
(N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S).
 Another way to stop SARS-CoV in humans is
increase the humoral immunity of humans by
supplements or any medicine,which resists against
the virus. In short, reducing the activity of viruses
and increasing the strength of immunity.
3.1. The curcuminoids were detected as
curcumin, desmethoxy curcumin, and
bisdesmethoxy curcumin,present in turmeric
have anti inflammatory effects.Also
turmeric contains curcumin oil,which have
antibacterial ,antiviral ,antimicrobial and
antifungal uses.
3.2. In ayurveda,turmeric is said to be a Golden
spice which can cure various diseases
including common cold and pneumonia,so
curcumin abstracts can be used to increase
immunal strength.
2.4 In traditional way vaccines,the genetic
material from weakened virus is injected in
the body so that the immunal cells recognize
it and destroys it,and the other way is to
insert the modified genetic material into the
body ,so that the immunal cells produce that
kind of molecule that destroys or disable the
virus.or by reverse transcripting the genetic
material of the virus as it contains single
stranded RNA as genetic material,by reverse
transcripting RNA and modifying it into
double stranded DNA,which will disable the
activity of the virus .when this artificially
modified DNA comes in contact with the
cells ,the golgi bodies of cell starts to
replicate this DNA,so this can reduce or stop
the activity of SARS-CoV-2.
2.5 Antidote can be made from the
genetic material of animals who don't
get affected by SARS-CoV-2,or the
ones who have survived from SARS-
CoV-2.
2.5. Patients of SARS-CoV-2 at pneumonial
stage can be treated with anti-pneumonial
supplements like Macrolide
antibiotics,Fluoroquinolones,Tetracyclines
groups medicines which include
ciprofloxacin,levofloxacin, doxycycline and
tetracycline.
2.6. Another way of treatment is to maintain a
little higher temperature than normal room
temperature,as the virus is less stable at high
temperature and high humidity.Avoid using
air conditioned places .
Owing to the lack of effective therapeutics or
vaccines, the best measures to control human
coronaviruses remain a strong public health
surveillance system coupled with rapid diagnostic
testing and quarantine when necessary. For
international outbreaks, cooperation of governmental
entities, public health authorities and health care
providers is critical.
CONCLUSION
The above study concludes the information of human
coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 ,the past outbreak
history and ideas of treatment ,vaccination and
antidote. We hope it will help in discovering the ideal
cure or vaccine for COVID-19. 1)An ideal vaccine
should be able to deactivate the activities of viruses
in the human body. 2)It should be able to provide the
immunity strength to the cells of the body.
3)Currently many countries all the world have started
their clinical trials of inactivated COVID -19
vaccines like USA,China and Russia .4) Recent
studies have demonstrated that recombinant RBD
consists of multiple conformational neutralizing
epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing
antibodies against SARS-CoV (9,26,35–38). Unlike
full-length S protein, RBD does not contain
immunodominant sites that induce non neutralizing
antibodies. RBD sequences are relatively conserved.
Thus, recombinant RBD or vectors encoding RBD
may be used as safe and efficacious vaccines for
preventing infection by SARS-CoV with distinct
genotypes.
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