Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953).

As
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice-president and the 34th Vice President of the United States, he succeeded to
the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt die
George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and
historian. He wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers. In the late 1940s, his
writings inspired the Truman Doctrine and the U.S. foreign policy of "containing" the Soviet Union.
Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was anAmerican general and Field Marshal of the Philippine
Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific
theater during World War II
Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer; as United
States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman during 1949–1953, he played a central role
in defining American foreign policy
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as
a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957. Beginning in 1950, McCarthy
became the most visible public face of the red hunt. He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of
Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere
Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg(September 28, 1915 – June 19,
1953) were American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage
Benjamin McLane Spock (May 2, 1903 – March 15, 1998) was an American pediatricianwhose book Baby and Child
Care, published in 1946, is one of the biggest best-sellers of all time.
James Strom Thurmond (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served as
the 103rd Governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator. He also ran for the Presidency of the United
States in 1948.
Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941–
1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933–1940), and theSecretary of Commerce (1945–1946). In the 1948 presidential
election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party.
Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the 47th Governor of New York (1943 – 1954).
In 1944 and 1948, he was the Republican candidate for President, but lost both times.
Adlai Ewing Stevenson II (pronounced /ˈædleɪ/; February 5, 1900 – July 14, 1965) was anAmerican politician, noted for
his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party. He served as
the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 and 1956; both times
he was defeated by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (pronounced /ˈaɪzənhaʊər/ EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)
was a five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969–1974
and was also the 36th Vice President of the United States(1953–1961). Nixon was the only President to resign the office.
The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and codenamedthe Argonaut Conference, was the
February 4–11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and
the Soviet Union—President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, andGeneral Secretary Joseph
Stalin, respectively—for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the
re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe.
The Cold War (Russian: Холо́дная война́) (1947–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension,
proxy wars, and economic competition existing afterWorld War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and
its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.
The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations (UN) is aninternational organization whose stated
aims are facilitating cooperation in international law,international security, economic development, social progress, human
rights, and the achieving of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace theLeague of
Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary
organizations to carry out its missions.
The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces ofWorld War II, most
notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi
Germany
Iron Curtain symbol of the ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end
of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.
Berlin Airlift Western Allies carrying supplies to the people in West Berlin
Containment was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread
of Communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect".
Truman Doctrine "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures
The Marshall Plan (from its enactment, officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary program,
1948–51, of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western
Europe, and repelling the threat of internal communism afterWorld War II.
The National Security Act of 1947 (Pub. L. No. 235, 80 Cong., 61 Stat. 496, 50 U.S.C. ch.15) was signed by United
States President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1947, and realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy,
and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II
The Labor–Management Relations Act, 80 Pub.L. 101; 61 Stat. 136, informally the Taft–Hartley Act, is a United States
federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor union
The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC or HCUA,[1] 1938–1975) was an investigative committee of
the United States House of Representatives
The Internal Security Act (a.k.a the Subversive Activities Control Act, McCarran Act or ISA) of 1950 is a United
States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the United States Attorney General and
established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities
or otherwise promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," fascist or communist.
Fair Deal In September of 1945, United States President Harry Truman addressed Congress and presented a 21 point
program of domestic legislation outlining a series of proposed actions in the fields of economic development and social
welfare.
The Point Four Program (also known as the Bold New Program) was a program for economic aid to poor countries
announced by United States President Harry S. Truman in his inaugural address on January 20, 194
Thirty-eighth parallel Line of demarcation between North and South Korea
National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page formerly-classified report issued by the United States
National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. Written during the formative stage
of the Cold War, it has become one of the most significant historical documents of the Cold War.
The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest (the
geographic southern United States).
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891– July 9, 1974) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African Americancivil rights activist whom
the U.S. Congress later called the "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement."
Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in
the American civil rights moveme
Hồ Chí Minh Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president
(1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).
Jean Baptiste Ngo Dinh Diem (January 3, 1901 – November 2, 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam (1955–
1963).
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the second President of Egypt from 1954 until his death.
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev[1] (April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971) was a Sovietpolitician during the Cold War era.
He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the
Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the
Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in
areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid
Brezhnev.
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a communist Cuban politician, one of the primary leaders of
the Cuban Revolution, the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then the President of the
Council of State of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of
the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since its inception in 1965.
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was
the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist and feminist. A leading figure in
the "Second Wave" of the U.S. Women's Movement, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is sometimes credited with
sparking the "second wave" of feminism.
McCarthyism is the politically motivated practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without
proper regard for evidence.
Desegregation is the process of ending racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to theUnited States
Feminism is a political, cultural and economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for
women
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was a landmark decision of theUnited States Supreme
Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black
children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of
the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly
railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Congress in
the United States since Reconstruction
The Geneva Conference (May 8 – July 21, 1954) was a conference between various countries that ended the French
Indochina War between France and the Vietminh
The Hungarian Revolution[4] of 1956 (Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the
government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10
November 1956.
The Suez Crisis was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956.[6][7]
The Eisenhower Doctrine was announced by President Dwight David Eisenhower in a message to the United States
Congress on January 5, 1957. Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance
and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state
The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960, during the presidency ofDwight D. Eisenhower,
when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union
Sputnik 1 (Russian: "Спутник-1" Russian pronunciation: [ˈsputnʲɪk], "Satellite-1", ПС-1 (PS-1, i.e. "Простейший
Спутник-1", or Elementary Satellite-1)) was the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite
The Feminine Mystique, published 25 February 1963, is a book written by Betty Friedan. According to The New York
Times obituary of Friedan in 2006, it “ignited the contemporary women's movement in 1963 and as a result permanently
transformed the social fabric of the United States and countries around the world” and “is widely regarded as one of the
most influential nonfiction books of the 20th century”.[1]
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was
an American politician, a Democratic Senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist. An icon of modern American
liberalism, he was a younger brother of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy and acted as one of his advisers during his presidency.
From 1961 to 1964, he was the U.S. Attorney General.
Robert Strange McNamara (June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009)[4] was an American business executive and the
eighth Secretary of Defense, serving under Presidents John F. Kennedy andLyndon B. Johnson from 1961 to 1968.

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] ( listen), English: /ˈ(t)ʃɑrlz dəˈɡɔːl/; 22
November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World
War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.[1]
Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to three government investigations,
the assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, served as the 36th President
of the United States from 1963 to 1969 after his service as the37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.
He served in all four federal elected offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and Presiden
Barry Morris Goldwater (January 1, 1909 – May 29, 1998) was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona (1953–
1965, 1969–1987) and the Republican Party's nominee for Presidentin the 1964 election.
Malcolm X was anAfrican-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist.[2][3][4][5] To his admirers, he
was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms
for its crimes against black Americans.[6] His detractors accused him of racism and black supremism.
Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy In the 1968 presidential election, McCarthy was the first candidate to challenge
incumbentLyndon B. Johnson for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States, running on an anti-
Vietnam War platform.
George Corley Wallace, Jr. was the 45th Governor of Alabama, serving four terms: 1963–1967, 1971–1979 and 1983–
1987. "The most influential loser" in 20th-century U.S. politics
Flexible response was a defense strategy implemented by John F. Kennedy in 1961 to address the Kennedy
administration's skepticism of Dwight Eisenhower's New Look and its policy ofMassive Retaliation.
The term New Frontier was used by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential
election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as theDemocratic just a slogan to
inspire America to support him, the phrase developed into a label for hisadministration's domestic and foreign programs.
The Peace Corps is an American volunteer program run by the United States Government, as well as a governmental
agency of the same name. Started by JFK.
1961 Vienna Summit (Vienna, Austria on June 4, 1961) was where President John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev met at a summit conference.
The Viet Cong (Việt Cộng), or National Liberation Front (NLF), was a political organisation and army in South
Vietnam and Cambodia that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War (1959-
1975).
The Alliance for Progress initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation
between North and South America.
The War on Poverty is the name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during
his State of the Unionaddress on January 8, 1964
The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative
ofPresident Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and
racial injustice.
The Tonkin Gulf Resolution (officially, the Southeast Asia Resolution, Public Law 88-408) was ajoint resolution of
the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's
Torpedo Squadron 135[1] and the destroyer USS Maddox on 02 August 1964, and an alleged second naval
engagement between North Vietnamese torpedo boats and the US destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy on 04
August 1964, in the Tonkin Gulf; both naval actions are known collectively as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Tonkin Gulf
Resolution is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a
formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, July 2, 1964) was a landmark piece of legislation in the United
States that outlawed unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the
workplace and by facilities that served the general public
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, andCuba in October 1962,
during the Cold Wa
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a large political rally that took place inWashington, D.C. on
August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at
the Lincoln Memorial during the marc
The Twenty-fourth Amendment (Amendment XXIV) prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right
to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax.
The National Voting Rights Act of 1965 (42 U.S.C. § 1973–1973aa-6)[1] outlawed discriminatory voting practices that
had been responsible for the widespreaddisenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States
USS Pueblo (AGER-2) is an ELINT and SIGINT[1] Banner-class technical research ship (Navy intelligence) which was
boarded and captured by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) on January 23, 1968 in what is known as
the Puebloincident or alternatively as the Pueblo crisis or Pueblo affair. This is considered one of the major incidents
in the Second Korean War.
The Tet Offensive was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31, 1968. Forces of the
National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (NLF, orViet Cong), and the People's Army of Vietnam (the North Vietnamese
army), fought against the forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the United States, and their allies. The
purpose of the offensive was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam and to
spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a
single blow
The Bay of Pigs Invasion (known as La Batalla de Girón, or Playa Girón in Cuba), was an unsuccessful attempt by a
CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow
the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.