Académique Documents
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1
Water supply schemes
• Diamter of pipe – 0.4 m to 2.5 m
• Length 5 km to 150 km
• Discharge – 20 to 270 MLD
• Head – 30 m to 250 m
2
Cooling water systems
• Diamter of pipe – 2 m to 3.2 m
• Length 1-2 km
• Discharge – 6 to 16 m3/sec
• Head – 10 m to 20 m
Source
3
4
Design parameters
Discharge required - Diameter of pipe
Pipe material – Steel/PSC/DI/CI/BWSC/GRP
Thickness / pressure rating
Calculation of pump head
Static head + Frictional loss + Minor losses +
Pump house loss
Delivery
Static Lift
Source
5
Friction loss in pipe
Darcy-Weisbach L v2
Hf = f
D 2g
10.67 L Q1.852
Hazen-Williams Hf =
C1.852 D 4.87
Minor losses bends, valves etc.
Pump house loss
Valves, bends etc
6
Non-return valve
Butterfly valve
Isolation valve
Uniform clousure / dual speed closure
Single door / multi door
7
Dual Plate Check Valve
aV
ΔH =
g
Focus on upsurge only, no attention to down surge
8
Anomaly of the simple formula –
An example
Pressure wave velocity, a (approx.) =
981 m/sec
Flow velocity, V = 1 m/sec
∆H = (981 x 1)/9.81 = 100 m
This pressure rise is independent of static lift, pipe
length & pump head !
Same pressure rise for two schemes with 100 m
pump head, one 200 m long with 96 m static lift &
another 60 km long with 10 m static lift !!!
K ρ
a=
KD
1+
Et
9
Surge – The Phenomenon
Rapid Change in Discharge (Velocity) &
Associated Change in Pressure
Surge – The Causes
Operation of Valves (Closure & Opening)
Starting of Pumps
Stopping of Pumps
Power Failure
Single Pump Failure
10
Phenomenon of Power Failure
• Power supply cut; Pump speed starts dropping
from rated speed
• Discharge & pressure (head) starts reducing
• Pressure wave (down surge) transmits through
the rising main
• At delivery reservoir, down surge wave gets
reflected as upsurge wave and moves towards
pump end
• At some reduced pump speed, flow starts
reversing at pump
• NRV at pump closes due to flow reversal
causing a pressure rise or upsurge
11
Surge – The Problems
¾Pressure rise due to NRV closure too high
(depends on type of NRV & closure pattern)
¾Pressure drop due to down surge immediately
following power failure causes negative pressure,
which may go down to vapour pressure
¾Column separation due to occurrence of vapour
pressure
¾Rejoining of separated columns causing pressure
rise (indirect upsurge)
12
Column Separation
Inflow Outflow
13
Effect of Column Separation
• At a peak location, pressure goes down to vapour pressure
• This location becomes a pressure control, that is
temporarily like a pseudo-reservoir
• Upstream & downstream water columns separate with
different flow velocities
• Initially outflow velocity more increasing vapour pocket
or cavity size
• Later inflow velocity becomes more (outflow velocity
changes direction – reverse flow) shrinking the cavity
• When cavity volume becomes zero, sudden pressure rise
due to column rejoining occurs
• Pressure rise travels on both sides of rising main
increasing pressure all through
14
Surge Analysis Program Version 2 Software Developed at department has been
acquired by 44 organizations through Technology Transfer and also used for analysis
and design of surge protection systems for over 400 Consultancy Projects
15
Phenomenon of Single Pump Failure
• Two or more pumps working in parallel;
• One pump suddenly trips due to a fault;
• The pressure in the manifold drops slightly, but the running
pumps control the drop (more the running pumps, less the drop
in pressure at manifold);
• Running pumps get slightly over-loaded;
• Water from running pumps flows through the failing pump;
• NRV on failing pump closes with associated pressure rise;
• Pressure rise depends on type of NRV, delivery pipe size, and
extent of pressure drop at manifold;
• Pressure rise local to pump house, endangering NRV and BFV
or sluice valve.
16
N/Nr
Q/Qr
17
Parameters Influencing Surge Picture
General Trends
18
19
Non-return Valves - Types
20
Interpretation of Surge Results
The Pipe Material Aspect
• Pipe material
(MS,DI,CI,PSC,BWSC,AC,GRP,PVC)
• Pressure class or wall thickness
• Vulnerability to upsurge or pressure rise
(PSC,AC,PVC,CI)
• Vulnerability to down surge or pressure drop
(large size MS pipe,GRP,PVC)
• D/t issue for MS pipes (6 mm for 1000 mm dia
thumb rule)
21
Interpretation of Surge Results
(contd.)
Pump House & Rising Main
• Use more conservative design criteria for pump house pipes
• Manifold design to be atleast as conservative as rising main
design
Valves
• Pressure rating of valves in the pump house
• Type of NRVs
• Pressure rating of valves along rising main
HP & LP Reaches
• Pros & cons
Down surge
• No sub-atmospheric pressure
• Sub-atmospheric pressure upto (-) 5 m
• Vapour pressure allowed, but upsurge due to column
separation to meet upsurge limit (criterion: check pipe strength
to withstand full vacuum)
22
Control of Surge - Principles
23
Control of Surge (contd.)
24
Zero Velocity Valve
25
Surge Protection Devices
• Controls upsurge and down
• Air vessel surge
• Controls down surge directly,
• One way surge tank upsurge indirectly
26