Answers/Solutions of Exercise 9 (Version: February 3, 2010)

1. See the solution of Q1 of Tutorial 1.

2. (Since we are using the usual addition and multiplication of real numbers, the zero
element, the identity element, additive inverses and multiplication inverses are the
same as that of real numbers.)
√ √
(F1) Take any a + b 2, c + d 2 ∈ K where a, b, c, d ∈ Q. As a + c, b + d ∈ Q,
√ √ √
(a + b 2) + (c + d 2) = (a + c) + (b + d) 2 ∈ K.
√
(F4) As 0 ∈ Q, 0 = 0 + 0 2 ∈ K.
√ √
(F5) Take any a + b 2 ∈ K where a, b ∈ Q. As −a, −b ∈ Q, −(a + b 2) =
√
(−a) + (−b) 2 ∈ K.
√ √
(F6) Take any a + b 2, c + d 2 ∈ K where a, b, c, d ∈ Q. As ac + 2bd, ad + bc ∈ Q,
√ √ √
(a + b 2)(c + d 2) = (ac + 2bd) + (ad + bc) 2 ∈ K.
√
(F9) As 0, 1 ∈ Q, 1 = 1 + 0 2 ∈ K.
√
(F10) Take any a + b 2 ∈ K where a, b ∈ Q and not both a, b are zero. Since a, b
√ √
are rational numbers and 2 is not a rational number, a 6= ±b 2 and hence
a −b
a2 − 2b2 6= 0. As 2 , 2 ∈ Q,
a − 2b a − 2b2
2
√
√ −1 1 a−b 2 a −b √
(a+b 2) = √ = √ √ = 2 + 2 ∈ K.
a+b 2 (a + b 2)(a − b 2) a − 2b2 a2 − 2b2
Since K satisfies all the axioms, it is a field.

3. See the solution of Q2 of Tutorial 1.

4. See the solution of Q1 of Homework 1.

5. (a) The operations do not satisfy (V3), (V4), (V5) and (V10).
(b) See the solution of Q3 of Tutorial 1.

6. (V1) For all (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ R2 , (x, y) + (x0 , y 0 ) = (x + x0 + 1, y + y 0 − 2) ∈ R2 .

(V2) For all (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ R2 ,

(x, y) + (x0 , y 0 ) = (x + x0 + 1, y + y 0 − 2)
= (x0 + x + 1, y 0 + y − 2) = (x0 , y 0 ) + (x, y).

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 (V3) For all (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ), (x00 , y 00 ) ∈ R2 ,

(x, y) + ((x0 , y 0 ) + (x00 , y 00 )) = (x, y) + (x0 + x00 + 1, y 0 + y 00 − 2)

= (x + (x0 + x00 + 1) + 1, y + (y 0 + y 00 − 2) − 2)
= ((x + x0 + 1) + x00 + 1, (y + y 0 − 2) + y 00 − 2)
= (x + x0 + 1, y + y 0 − 2) + (x00 , y 00 )
= ((x, y) + (x0 , y 0 )) + (x00 , y 00 ).

(V4) For all (x, y) ∈ R2 , (x, y) + (−1, 2) = (x, y). Thus (−1, 2) is the zero vector.
(V5) For all (x, y) ∈ R2 , (x, y) + (−x − 2, −y + 4) = (−1, 2) and hence
(−x − 2, −y + 4) is the negative of (x, y).
(V6) For all c ∈ R and (x, y) ∈ R2 , c(x, y) = (cx + c − 1, cy − 2c + 2) ∈ R2 .
(V7) For all b, c ∈ R and (x, y) ∈ R2 ,

b(c(x, y)) = b(cx + c − 1, cy − 2c + 2)

= (b(cx + c − 1) + b − 1, b(cy − 2c + 2) − 2b + 2)
= (bcx + bc − 1, bcy − 2bc + 2) = bc(x, y).

(V8) For all (x, y) ∈ R2 , 1(x, y) = (1x + 1 − 1, 1y − 2 + 2) = (x, y).

(V9) For all c ∈ R and (x, y), (x0 , y 0 ) ∈ R2 ,

c((x, y) + (x0 , y 0 ))
= c(x + x0 + 1, y + y 0 − 2)
= (c(x + x0 + 1) + c − 1, c(y + y 0 − 2) − 2c + 2)
= ((cx + c − 1) + (cx0 + c − 1) − 1, (cy − 2c + 2) + (cy 0 − 2c + 2) − 2)
= (cx + c − 1, cy − 2c + 2) + (cx0 + c − 1, cy 0 − 2c + 2)
= c(x, y) + c(x0 , y 0 ).

(V10) For all b, c ∈ R and (x, y) ∈ R2 ,

(b + c)(x, y))
= ((b + c)x + (b + c) − 1, (b + c)y − 2(b + c) + 2)
= ((bx + b − 1) + (cx + c − 1) − 1, (by − 2b + 2) + (cy − 2c + 2) − 2)
= (bx + b − 1, by − 2b + 2) + (cx + c − 1, cy − 2c + 2)
= b(x, y) + c(x, y).

Thus R2 is a vector space with the given addition and scalar multiplication.

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7. We make uses of the properties of vector spaces U and V to prove (V1)-(V10). For
example,

(V2) For all (u, v), (u0 , v 0 ) ∈ U × V ,

(u, v) + (u0 , v 0 ) = (u + u0 , v + v 0 )
= (u0 + u, v 0 + v) (by the property (V2) for U and V )
= (u0 , v 0 ) + (u, v).

The proofs of the other axioms are similar. Note that the zero vector of U × V is
(0U , 0V ) where 0U and 0V are the zero vectors of U and V respectively.

8. W in (b), (c), (f), (i), (j), (k), (o) are subspaces.

9. (a) Assume W1 ∪ W2 = V .
Since W1 6= V and W2 6= V , W1 * W2 and W2 * W1 .
Take u ∈ W1 − W2 and v ∈ W2 − W1 . Since W1 ∪ W2 = V and u + v ∈ V , we
have u + v ∈ W1 or u + v ∈ W2 . If u + v ∈ W1 , then v = (u + v) − u ∈ W1
which contradicts our choice of v. If u + v ∈ W2 , then u = (u + v) − v ∈ W2
which contradicts our choice of u.
Thus W1 ∪ W2 6= V .

(b) (i) Assume W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 = V .

Note that W1 * W2 ∪ W3 ; otherwise, W2 ∪ W3 = W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 = V which
contradicts our result in Part (a). Similarly, W2 * W1 ∪ W3 .
Take u ∈ W1 − (W2 ∪ W3 ) and v ∈ W2 − (W1 ∪ W3 ). Note that u + cv ∈ /
W1 ∪ W2 for all nonzero c ∈ F. (Otherwise, u + cv ∈ W1 ∪ W2 implies
u + cv ∈ W1 or u + cv ∈ W2 . If u + cv ∈ W1 , then v = c−1 [(u +
cv) − u] ∈ W1 which contradicts our choice of v. If u + cv ∈ W2 , then
u = (u + cv) − cv ∈ W2 which contradicts our choice of u.)
Since F has at least three elements, there exists nonzero a, b ∈ F with
a 6= b. As W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 = V and u + av, u + bv ∈ V − (W1 ∪ W2 ),
u + av, u + bv ∈ W3 . But then v = (a − b)−1 [(u + av) − (u + bv)] ∈ W3
which contradicts our choice of v.
Thus W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 6= V .
(ii) Let V = F22 = {(0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)}, W1 = span{(1, 0)} = {(0, 0), (1, 0)},
W2 = span{(0, 1)} = {(0, 0), (0, 1)}, W3 = span{(1, 1)} = {(0, 0), (1, 1)}.
Then W1 ∪ W2 ∪ W3 = V .
(c) Yes. Assume the contrary that W1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn = V where W1 , . . . , Wn are
proper subspaces of V . Note that if there are any Wi such that Wi ⊆ W1 ∪

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 · · ·∪Wi−1 ∪Wi+1 ∪· · ·∪Wn , we can remove it from the list because in this case,
W1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wi−1 ∪ Wi+1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn = W1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn = V . Thus, without lost of
generality, we can assume W1 * W2 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn and W2 * W1 ∪ W3 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn .
Take u ∈ W1 − (W2 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn ) and v ∈ W2 − (W1 ∪ W3 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn ). By the
proof of Part (b)(i), we have u + cv ∈
/ W1 ∪ W2 for all nonzero c ∈ F. Since F
has at least n − 1 nonzero elements, we have at least n − 1 vectors of the form
u + cv, with c 6= 0, in V .
As W1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wn = V , each u + cv must be contained in some Wi for
i = 3, . . . , n. Since there are at least n − 1 vectors but only n − 2 subspaces
Wi , at least two such vectors are contained in the same subspace, say, u +
av, u + bv ∈ Wj for some nonzero a, b, with a 6= b, and j ∈ {3, . . . , n}. But
then by the proof of Part (b)(i), we have v ∈ Wj which contradicts our choice
of v.
Thus V cannot be a union of n proper subspaces of itself.

10. (a) (i) Since w1 , w2 , w3 ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 }, W2 ⊆ W1 .

On the other hand, v1 = 21 (w1 − w2 + w3 ), v2 = 12 (w1 + w2 − w3 )
and v3 = 12 (−w1 + w2 + w3 ). Since v1 , v2 , v3 ∈ span{w1 , w2 , w3 },
W1 ⊆ W2 .
Thus W1 = W2 .
(ii) Let V = F23 .
• Let v1 = (1, 0, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 0) and v3 = (1, 1, 0). Then W1 = W2 .
• Let v1 = (1, 0, 0), v2 = (0, 1, 0) and v3 = (0, 0, 1). Then W1 6= W2 .
(b) Since w1 , w2 , . . . , wn ∈ span{v1 , v2 , . . . , vn }, W2 ⊆ W1 .
On the other hand, take any u = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bn vn ∈ W1 . Since A is
invertible, there exists c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ∈ F such that
    
a11 a12 · · · a1n c1 b1
 a21 a22 · · · a2n   c2   b2 
..   ..  =  ..  ,
    
 .. ..
 . . .  .   . 
an1 an2 · · · ann cn bn

i.e. 

 a11 c1 + a12 c2 + · · · + a1n cn = b1
 a21 c1 + a22 c2 + · · · + a2n cn

= b2
.. ..


 . .
am1 c1 + am2 c2 + · · · + amn cn = bm .


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 Thus

u = b1 v1 + b2 v2 + · · · + bn vn
= (a11 c1 + a12 c2 + · · · + a1n cn )v1 + (a21 c1 + a22 c2 + · · · + a2n cn )v2
+ · · · + (an1 c1 + an2 c2 + · · · + ann cn )vn
= c1 (a11 v1 + a21 v2 + · · · + an1 vn ) + c2 (a12 v1 + a22 v2 + · · · + an2 vn )
+ · · · + cn (a1n v1 + a2n v2 + · · · + ann vn )
= c1 w1 + c2 w2 + · · · + cn wn ∈ W2 .

So W1 ⊆ W2 and hence W1 = W2 .

11. (a) W (f1 , f2 )(x) = e2x for x ∈ [−1, 1].

(b) Suppose f1 , f2 , . . . , fn are linearly dependent. Thus there exists c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ∈
R, where not all ci ’s are zero, such that c1 f1 + c2 f2 + · · · + cn fn is the zero
function, i.e.

c1 f1 (x) + c2 f2 (x) + · · · + cn fn (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].

This implies for i = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1,

di f1 (x) di f2 (x) di fn (xi )

c1 + c 2 + · · · + c n = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].
dxi dxi dx
Therefore for all x ∈ [a, b], the columns of the matrix
 
f1 (x) f2 (x) ··· fn (x)
 
 df1 (x) df2 (x) dfn (x) 
 ··· 
 dx dx dx 
.. .. ..
 
. . .
 
 
 
 dn−1 f (x) dn−1 f (x) dn−1 fn (x) 
1 2
n−1 n−1
···
dx dx dxn−1
are linearly dependent and hence the determinant is 0.
(c) No. Define real-valued functions f1 and f2 such that

−x2 if −1 ≤ x < 0

2
f1 (x) = x for x ∈ [−1, 1] and f2 (x) =
x2 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.

Then f1 , f2 ∈ C 1 ([−1, 1]) and W (f1 , f2 )(x) = 0 for all x ∈ [−1, 1] but f1 , f2
are linearly independent.

12. See the solution of Q1 of Tutorial 2.

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13. (a) B is a basis for V .
(b) If n is odd, B is linearly dependent and hence B is not a basis for V .
If n is even, then B is linearly dependent and as |B| = n + 1 = dim(V ), B is
a basis for V .

14. (For each of the following, the given basis for W is only one of the many possible
answers.)

(a) {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1)} is a basis for W and dim(W ) = 2.

(b) {(1, i, i, 1)T , (0, i, i, 1)T } is a basis for V and dim(W ) = 2.
   
1 1 0 −1
(c) , is a basis for W and dim(W ) = 2.
−1 −1 1 0
(d) {Eii | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} is a basis for W and dim(W ) = |B| = n.
(e) {Eii | 1 ≤ i ≤ n} ∪ {Eij + Eji | 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} is a basis for W and
dim(W ) = |B| = n(n + 1)/2.
(f) {Eij − Eji | 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n} is a basis for W and dim(W ) = |B| = n(n − 1)/2.
(g) {Eii − Enn | 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1} ∪ {Eij | i 6= j} is a basis for W and dim(W ) =
|B| = n2 − 1.
(h) {1 + x + x2 , x − ix4 , −2x2 − ix3 + (1 + i)x4 } is a basis for W and dim(W ) = 3.
(i) {x − z, x2 − z 2 , . . . , xn − z n } is a basis for W and dim(W ) = |B| = n.
(j) {x, y, z}, where x = (xn )n∈N , y = (yn )n∈N , z = (zn )n∈N ∈ W such that
(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (1, 0, 0), (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = (0, 1, 0) and (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (0, 0, 1), is a
basis for W and dim(W ) = 3.
(k) {f1 , f2 , f3 , f4 } is a basis for W and dim(W ) = 4.

15. (a) (A)B = (4, −10, 2, 3).

(b) (A)B = (1, 2, −1, −2).
(c) A ∈
/ W.
(d) (A)B = (1, −1, −1, 3).
(e) A ∈
/ W.

16. (a) (p(x))B = (−3, 1, 1).

(b) p(x) ∈
/ W.
(c) (p(x))B = (0, −2, 2).

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17. (For each of the following, the given basis for V is only one of the many possible
answers.)
       
1 1 0 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 −2 0
For Question 9.15, , , , ,
−1 −1 0 0 −1 0 −1 −3 0 2 0 1
   
0 0 0 0 0 0
, is a basis for V .
1 0 0 0 1 0
For Question 9.16, {1 − x, 2 + x − x4 , 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 , x3 , x4 } is a basis for
V.

18. Since V = span(B), every nonzero vector u ∈ V can be expressed as a linear

combination of vectors from B. We only need to show that the expression is unique.
Let u = c1 v1 + · · · + cm vm = d1 w1 + · · · + dn wn for some m, n ∈ N, c1 , . . . , cm , d1 ,
. . . , dn ∈ F and v1 , . . . , vm , w1 , . . . , wn ∈ B such that ci 6= 0, di 6= 0 for all i and
vi 6= vj , wi 6= wj whenever i 6= j.
First, we show that {v1 , . . . , vm } = {w1 , . . . , wn }. Take any vi . Assume vi ∈
/
{w1 , . . . , wn }. Then

vi = c−1
i (d1 w1 + · · · + dn wn − c1 v1 − · · · − ci−1 vi−1 − ci+1 vi+1 − · · · − cm vm )

and hence vi ∈ span{w1 , . . . , wn , v1 , . . . , vi−1 , vi+1 , . . . , vm } ⊆ span(B − {vi })

which contradicts that B is linearly independent, see Remark 9.4.9. So vi ∈
{w1 , . . . , wn }. Similarly, we can show that wi ∈ {v1 , . . . , vm } for every wi . Thus
{v1 , . . . , vm } = {w1 , . . . , wn }.
As {v1 , . . . , vm } = {w1 , . . . , wn }, we have m = n. Without lost of generality, we
can assume v1 = w1 , . . . , vm = wm . Then

c1 v1 + · · · + cm vm = d1 v1 + · · · + dm vm ⇒ (c1 − d1 )v1 + · · · + (cm − dm )vm = 0

Since {v1 , . . . , vm } is linearly independent, c1 − d1 = · · · = cm − dm = 0 and hence

c1 = d1 , . . . , cm = dm .
Thus we have shown that the expression is unique.

19. (a) See the solution of Q3(b) of Homework 1.

(b) For i = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1, AAi = Ai+1 = Ai A and hence Ai ∈ W .
Consider the equation c0 I + c1 A + · · · + cn−1 An−1 = 0. Then

c0 v + c1 Av + · · · + cn−1 An−1 v = (c0 I + c1 A + · · · + cn−1 An−1 )v

= 0v = 0.

Since {v, Av, . . . , An−1 v} is a basis for Fn , c0 = c1 = · · · = cn−1 = 0.

Thus I, A, . . . , An−1 are linearly independent.

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 (c) Take any B ∈ W . Since Bv ∈ Fn and {v, Av, . . . , An−1 v} is a basis for Fn ,
there exists b0 , b1 , . . . , bn−1 such that

Bv = b0 v + b1 Av + · · · + bn−1 An−1 v = (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 An−1 )v.

Then for i = 0, 1, . . . , n − 1,

B(Ai v) = Ai Bv = Ai (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 An−1 )v

= (b0 Ai + b1 Ai+1 + · · · + bn−1 Ai+n−1 )v
= (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 An−1 )(Ai v).

As {v, Av, . . . , An−1 v} is a basis for Fn , for any u ∈ Fn , there exists

n−1
X
c0 , c1 , . . . , cn−1 such that u = ci Ai v and hence
i=0

n−1
X
Bu = ci B(Ai v)
i=0
n−1
X
= ci (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 An−1 )(Ai v)
i=0
n−1
X
n−1
= (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 A ) ci A i v
i=0
n−1
= (b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 A )u.

This means B = b0 I + b1 A + · · · + bn−1 An−1 ∈ span{I, A, . . . , An−1 }.

Since Ai ∈ W for all i, W = span{I, A, . . . , An−1 }.
Together with Part (b), {I, A, . . . , An−1 } is a basis for W .

20. Take a basis {v1 , . . . , vn } for V , as a complex vector space.

For any u ∈ V , there exists c1 = a1 + b1 i, . . . , cn = an + bn i ∈ C, where
a1 , . . . , an , b1 , . . . , bn ∈ R, such that

u = c1 v1 + · · · + cn vn
= (a1 + b1 i)v1 + · · · + (an + bn i)vn
= a1 v1 + · · · + an vn + b1 iv1 + · · · + bn ivn ∈ spanR {v1 , . . . , vn , iv1 , . . . , ivn }.

Thus V = spanR {v1 , . . . , vn , iv1 , . . . , ivn }.

On the other hand, consider the vector equation

x1 v1 + · · · + xn vn + y1 iv1 + · · · + yn ivn = 0 (∗)

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 over R (i.e. we want the real number solutions for x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yn ). Note that
(∗) is equivalent to

(x1 + y1 i)v1 + · · · + (xn + yn i)vn = 0. (∗∗)

Since v1 , . . . , vn are linearly independent over C, (∗∗) implies x1 + y1 i = 0, . . . ,

xn + yn i = 0. As x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yn are real numbers, we can only have x1 = 0,
. . . , xn = 0, y1 = 0, . . . , yn = 0, i.e. the equation (∗) has only the trivial solution
over R. Hence {v1 , . . . , vn , iv1 , . . . , ivn } is linearly independent over R.
We have shown that {v1 , . . . , vn , iv1 , . . . , ivn } is a basis for V , as a real vector
space. So dimR (V ) = 2n.

21. (a)(V1) Take any (u, v), (u0 , v 0 ) ∈ W 0 with u, v, u0 , v 0 ∈ W . Since u + u0 ∈ W

and v + v 0 ∈ W , (u, v) + (u0 , v 0 ) = (u + u0 , v + v 0 ) ∈ W .
(V2) Take any (u, v), (u0 , v 0 ) ∈ W 0 with u, v, u0 , v 0 ∈ W .

(u, v) + (u0 , v 0 ) = (u + u0 , v + v 0 )
= (u0 + u, v 0 + v) = (u0 , v 0 ) + (u, v).

(V3) Take any (u, v), (u0 , v 0 ), (u00 , v 00 ) ∈ W 0 with u, v, u0 , v 0 , u00 , v 00 ∈ W .

(u, v) + ((u0 , v 0 ) + (u00 , v 00 )) = (u + (u0 + u00 ), v + (v 0 + v 00 ))

= ((u0 + u) + u00 , (v 0 + v) + v 00 )
= ((u0 , v 0 ) + (u, v)) + (u00 , v 00 ).

(V4) Let 0 be the zero vector in W . Since (u, v) + (0, 0) = (u + 0, v + 0) =

(u, v) for all (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W , (0, 0) is the zero vector in W 0 .
(V5) Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W . Since (u, v) + (−u, −v) = (u −
u, v − v) = (0, 0), the negative of (u, v) is (−u, −v) in W 0 .
(V6) Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W . For any c = a+bi ∈ C with a, b ∈ R,
since au − bv ∈ W and bu + av ∈ W , c(u, v) = (au − bv, bu + av) ∈ W .
(V7) Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W . For any c = a + bi, c0 = a0 + b0 i ∈ C
with a, b, a0 , b0 ∈ R,

c(c0 (u, v)) = c(a0 u − b0 v, b0 u + a0 v)

= (a(a0 u − b0 v) − b(b0 u + a0 v), b(a0 u − b0 v) + a(b0 u + a0 v))
= ((aa0 − bb0 )u − (ab0 + ba0 )v, (ab0 + ba0 )u + (aa0 − bb0 )v)
= ((aa0 − bb0 ) + (ab0 + ba0 )i)(u, v) = (cc0 )(u, v).

(V8) Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W .

1(u, v) = (1 + 0i)(u, v) = (1u − 0v, 0u + 1v) = (u, v).

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 (V9) Take any (u, v), (u0 , v 0 ) ∈ W 0 with u, v, u0 , v 0 ∈ W . For any c = a + bi ∈
C with a, b ∈ R,
c((u, v) + (u0 , v 0 )) = c(u + u0 , v + v 0 )
= (a(u + u0 ) − b(v + v 0 ), b(u + u0 ) + a(v + v 0 ))
= (au + au0 − bv − bv 0 , bu + bu0 + av + av 0 )
= (au − bv + au0 − bv 0 , bu + av + bu0 + av 0 )
= (au − bv, bu + av) + (au0 − bv 0 , bu0 + av 0 )
= c(u, v) + c(u0 , v 0 ).
(V10) Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W . For any c = a + bi, c0 = a0 + b0 i ∈ C
with a, b, a0 , b0 ∈ R,
(c + c0 )(u, v) = ((a + a0 ) + (b + b0 )i)(u, v)
= ((a + a0 )u − (b + b0 )v, (b + b0 )u + (a + a0 )v)
= (au + a0 u − bv − b0 v, bu + b0 u + av + a0 v)
= (au − bv + a0 u − b0 v, bu + av + b0 u + a0 v)
= (au − bv, bu + av) + (a0 u − b0 v, b0 u + a0 v)
= c(u, v) + c0 (u, v).
(b) Take a basis B = {w1 , . . . , wn } for W over R.
We claim that B 0 = {(w1 , 0), . . . , (wn , 0)} is a basis for W 0 over C and hence
dimC (W 0 ) = n.
Proof: Take any (u, v) ∈ W with u, v ∈ W . There exists a1 , . . . , an , b1 , . . . , bn ∈
R such that u = a1 w1 + · · · + an wn and v = b1 w1 + · · · + bn wn . Then
(u, v) = (a1 w1 + · · · + an wn , b1 w1 + · · · + bn wn )
= (a1 w1 , b1 w1 ) + · · · + (an wn , bn wn )
= (a1 w1 − b1 0, b1 w1 + a1 0) + · · · + (an wn − bn 0, bn wn + an 0)
= (a1 + b1 i)(w1 , 0) + · · · + (an + bn i)(wn , 0).
Thus W 0 = spanC (B 0 ).
Consider the complex equation
z1 (w1 , 0) + · · · + zn (wn , 0) = (0, 0). (†)
Let z1 = x1 + y1 i, . . . , zn = xn + yn i with x1 , . . . , xn , y1 , . . . , yn ∈ R. Then (†)
becomes
(x1 + y1 i)(w1 , 0) + · · · + (xn + yn i)(wn , 0) = (0, 0)
⇔ (x1 w1 , y1 w1 ) + · · · + (xn wn , yn wn ) = (0, 0)
⇔ (x1 w1 + · · · + xn wn , y1 w1 + · · · + yn wn ) = (0, 0)
⇔ x1 w1 + · · · + xn wn = 0 and y1 w1 + · · · + yn wn = 0.

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 Since B is linearly independent (over R), we have x1 = 0, . . . , xn = 0 and
y1 = 0, . . . , yn = 0. Thus z1 = 0, . . . , zn = 0. As (†) has only the trivial
solution, B 0 is linearly independent (over C).
So we have shown that B 0 is a basis for W 0 .

22. See the solution of Q2 of Tutorial 3.

23. See the solution of Q4 of Tutorial 2.

24. (a) No. For example, consider the subspaces W1 = {(x, 0) | x ∈ R2 }, W2 =

{(0, x) | x ∈ R2 } and W3 = {(x, x) | x ∈ R2 } of R2 . Then W1 ⊕ W2 = R2 =
W1 ⊕ W3 but W2 6= W3 .
(b) (i) By the result of Question 9.23, we have

dim(W1 + W2 + W3 ) = dim(W1 + W2 ) + dim(W3 ) − dim((W1 + W2 ) ∩ W3 )

= dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) − dim(W1 ∩ W2 )
+ dim(W3 ) − dim((W1 + W2 ) ∩ W3 ).

It is given that dim(W1 + W2 + W3 ) = dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) + dim(W3 ). We

have dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) + dim((W1 + W2 ) ∩ W3 ) = 0 which implies dim(W1 ∩
W2 ) = 0 and hence W1 ∩ W2 = {0}. Similarly, we have W1 ∩ W3 = {0}
and W2 ∩ W3 = {0}.
(ii) Using the example in Part (a), W1 ∩ W2 = W1 ∩ W3 = W2 ∩ W3 = {(0, 0)}
and dim(W1 + W2 + W3 ) = dim(R2 ) = 2 but dim(W1 ) + dim(W2 ) +
dim(W3 ) = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3.

25. (a) We use the result of Problem 9.3.5 to show that U 0 is a subspace of U ×V : Since
U is nonempty, U 0 is nonempty. For any b, c ∈ F and (u, 0V ), (u0 , 0V ) ∈ U 0 ,
b(u, 0V ) + c(u0 , 0V ) = (bu + cu0 , 0V ) ∈ U 0 . Thus U 0 is a subspace of U × V .
The proof for V 0 is the same.
(b) For any (u, v) ∈ U × V ,

(u, v) = (u, 0V ) + (0U , v) ∈ U 0 + V 0 .

Thus U ×V = U 0 +V 0 . Furthermore, it is easy to see that U 0 ∩V 0 = {(0U , 0V )}.

So the sum is a direct sum.
(c) dim(U 0 ) = dim(U ), dim(V 0 ) = dim(V ) and dim(U × V ) = dim(U ) + dim(V ).

26. (a) Take any u ∈ (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ), i.e. u = v + w where v ∈ U ∩ V and

w ∈ U ∩ W . Since both v, w ∈ U , u ∈ U . On the other hand, v ∈ V and

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 w ∈ W implies u ∈ V + W . So u ∈ U ∩ (V + W ).
This means (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ) ⊆ U ∩ (V + W ).
Take any u ∈ U + (V ∩ W ), i.e. u = v + w where v ∈ U and w ∈ V ∩ W .
As w ∈ V , u ∈ U + V . On the other hand, w ∈ W implies u ∈ U + W . So
u ∈ (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ).
This means U + (V ∩ W ) ⊆ (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ).
(b) In general, both (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ) = U ∩ (V + W ) and (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ) =
U + (V ∩ W ) are not true. For example, let U , V , W be three lines in R2 such
that U ∩ V = V ∩ W = U ∩ W = {0}. Then (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ) = {0} = 6 U=
2
U ∩ (V + W ) and (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ) = R 6= U = U + (V ∩ W ).
(c) By part (i), U ∩(V +(U ∩W )) ⊇ (U ∩V )+(U ∩(U ∩W )) = (U ∩V )+(U ∩W ).
Take u ∈ U ∩ (V + (U ∩ W )), i.e. u ∈ U and u = v + w where v ∈ V and
w ∈ U ∩ W . Since w ∈ U , v = u − w ∈ U and hence v ∈ U ∩ V . So
u ∈ (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ).
This means U ∩ (V + (U ∩ W )) = (U ∩ V ) + (U ∩ W ).
By Part (i), U +(V ∩(U +W )) ⊆ (U +V )∩(U +(U +W )) = (U +V )∩(U +W ).
Take u ∈ (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ), i.e. u = x + v = y + w where x, y ∈ U , v ∈ V
and w ∈ W . Since v = (y − x) + w where y − x ∈ U , v ∈ U + W and hence
v ∈ V ∩ (U + W ). So u ∈ U + (V ∩ (U + W )).
This means (U + V ) ∩ (U + W ) = U + (V ∩ (U + W )).

27. (a) dim(W ) = 2 and dim(V /W ) = 2.

(b) There are four distinct cosets of W in V .

28. Let W + h be a coset of W in C 2 ([a, b]), where h ∈ C 2 ([a, b]). Define a function
g ∈ C([a, b]) such that

d2 h(x) dh(x)
g(x) = 2
−3 + 2h(x) for x ∈ [a, b].
dx dx
Let S ⊆ C 2 ([a, b]) be the solution set of the differential equation

d2 f (x) df (x)
2
−3 + 2f (x) = g(x) for x ∈ [a, b].
dx dx

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 Take any f 0 ∈ W + h, i.e. f 0 = f + h for some f ∈ W . Then for x ∈ [a, b],
d2 f 0 (x) df 0 (x)
2
− 3 + 2f 0 (x)
dx dx
d2 (f (x) + h(x)) d(f (x) + h(x))
= 2
−3 + 2(f (x) + h(x))
 2 dx dx  2 
d f (x) df (x) d h(x) dh(x)
= −3 + 2f (x) + −3 + 2h(x)
dx2 dx dx2 dx
= 0 + g(x) = g(x).

This implies f 0 ∈ S. So we have W + h ⊆ S.

Take any s ∈ S. Let f = s − h. Following the similar calculation as above, we have
d2 f (x) df (x)
2
−3 + 2f (x) = 0 for x ∈ [a, b]
dx dx
and hence f ∈ W . As s = f + h, s ∈ W + h. So S ⊆ W + h.
Thus we have shown that S = W + h.

29. Each coset of W in RN is a solution set of a difference equation (or a recurrence

relation)
an+3 − 2an = bn for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
for some (bn )n∈N ∈ RN .

30. (In part (iv) for each of the following cases, the bases given are only examples of
many possible answers.)

(a) (i) dim(W1 ) = 1, dim(W2 ) = 3, dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = 0 and dim(W1 + W2 ) = 4.

(ii) W1 + W2 is a direct sum.
(iii) V = W1 + W2 .
(iv) {W1 + (0, 1, 0, 0), W1 + (0, 0, 1, 0), W1 + (0, 0, 0, 1)} is a basis for V /W1
and {W2 + (0, 0, 0, 1)} is a basis for V /W2 .
(b) (i) dim(W1 ) = 2, dim(W2 ) = 3, dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = 1 and dim(W1 + W2 ) = 4.
(ii) W1 + W2 is not a direct sum.
(iii) V = W1 + W2 .
(iv) {W1 + x2 , W1 + x3 } is a basis for V /W1 and {W2 + x3 } is a basis for V /W2 .
(c) (i) dim(W1 ) = 2, dim(W2 ) = 2, dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = 1 and dim(W1 + W2 ) = 3.
(ii) W1 + W2 is not a direct sum.
(iii) V 6= W1 + W2 .
(iv) {W1 + x, W1 + x3 } is a basis for V /W1 and {W2 + x2 , W2 + x3 } is a basis
for V /W2 .

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 (d) (i) dim(W1 ) = 2, dim(W2 ) = 1, dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = 0 and dim(W1 + W2 ) = 3.
(ii) W1 + W2 is a direct sum.
(iii) V 6= W1 + W2 .
    
0 0 0 0
(iv) W1 + , W1 + is a basis for V /W1 and
1 0 0 1
      
0 1 0 0 0 0
W2 + , W2 + , W2 + is a basis for V /W2 .
0 0 1 0 0 1
(e) (i) dim(W1 ) = 3, dim(W2 ) = 1, dim(W1 ∩ W2 ) = 0 and dim(W1 + W2 ) = 4.
(ii) W1 + W2 is a direct sum.
(iii) V = W1 + W2 .
(iv) {W1 + v4 } is a basis for V /W1 and {W2 + v1 , W2 + v3 , W2 + v4 } is a basis
for V /W2 .

31. (a) (i) Take any u ∈ V . Since V = U + W , u = v + w for some v ∈ U and

w ∈ W . As {v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } spans U , v = a1 v1 + a2 v2 + · · · + ak vk for
some scalar a1 , a2 , . . . , ak . Then u = w + a1 v1 + a2 v2 + · · · + ak vk implies

W + u = W + (a1 v1 + a2 v2 + · · · + ak vk )
= a1 (W + v1 ) + a2 (W + v2 ) + · · · + ak (W + vk ).

Hence we have V /W = span{W + v1 , W + v2 , . . . , W + vk }.

(ii) Note that

c1 (W + v1 ) + c2 (W + v2 ) + · · · + ck (W + vk ) = W
⇒ W + (c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk ) = W
⇒ c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk ∈ W.

On the other hand, c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk ∈ U . Since U ∩ W = {0},

c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + ck vk = 0.

As v1 , v2 , . . . , vk are linearly independent, c1 = c2 = · · · = ck = 0. Hence

we have shown that W +v1 , W +v2 , . . . , W +vk are linearly independent.
We have shown that {W + v1 , W + v2 , . . . , W + vk } is a basis for V /W .
(b) If U is infinite dimensional and B is a basis for U , {W + v | v ∈ B} is a basis
for V /W . The proof is more or less the same as the finite dimensional case.

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