4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 11

2.11 FATS

1. Fats and oils are esters.

 Fats ; a natural ester found in animal and human tissue (solid at room temperature).
 Oils ; a natural ester found in fish tissue and plants (liquid at room temperature).
 Formed by esterification of glycerol (alcohol) / 1,2,3-propanetriol ( alcohol with
3 hydroxyl -OH) with fatty acid (organic acid with long carbon chain,
CnH2n+1COOH , n is about 10 to 20).

(i) Esterification reaction between glycerol and fatty acid :

 ………... + fatty acid oil or fat + water

H O H O

H C O H H O C R H C O C R
O O
H C O H + H O C R’ H C O C R’ + 3H2O
O O
H C O H H O C R” H C O C R”
H H

1 mol of glycerol 3 mol of fatty acid 1 mol of fat or oil 3 mol of water

(ii) R, R' and R" represent hydrocarbon chains (alkyl groups) that are the same or
different.
(iii) Fats are triesters (triglyceride).

2. The importance of oils and fats :

 Fats and oil provide energy for our bodies.
 Build membrane cell and certain hormones.
 Dissolve certain vitamins for absorption.

3. Source of fats and oils :

• Fats found in animals like cow and goat, are ………………… at room temperature.
Example of animal fats are butter, cheese and lard.

• Oils from plants are ………………… at room temperature. They are called ………
Example of oils are peanut oil, soya bean oil and corn oil.

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4. Saturated and unsaturated fat :

• Fat and oil molecules are made up of two parts i.e derived from ……………………….
and derived from ………………………..
• Saturated fats molecules are esters of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids contain
……………………….. carbon- carbon (- C - C - ) covalent bonds.

Example :
Glyceryl tristearate Derived from stearic acid (fatty acid)

H O
Derived from glycerol
H C O C (CH2)16 CH3
O
fatty acids contain single
H C O C (CH2)16 CH3 carbon- carbon (-C-C- )
covalent bonds
O
H C O C (CH2)16 CH3
H

• Unsaturated fats molecules are esters of unsaturated fatty acids that contain
……………………….. and ……………………….. covalent bonds between carbon
atoms in their hydrocarbon chain.

Example :
Glyseryl trilinolate Derived from linolic acid (fatty acid)

H O
Derived from glycerol
H C O C (CH2)7CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)4-CH3 fatty acids
O contain double
carbon-carbon
H C O C (CH2)7CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)4-CH3 (-C = C- )
O covalent bonds
H C O C (CH2)7CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)4-CH3
H

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 If there is only one double bond in a fatty acid molecule, the fats formed are
monounsaturated fat.
 If there are more than one double bonds in a fatty acid molecule, the fats formed are
polyunsaturated fats.

Example : [SPM 2008]

O
CH3 (CH2)14 C ………..…saturated
OH

O
CH3 (CH2)7 ………..…saturated
CH CH(CH2)7 C
OH

O
CH3 (CH2)4 CH CH CH2 CH CH(CH2)7 C ………..…saturated
OH

• The fats and oils are a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fats molecules.

 An oil or fat is classified as a saturated/unsaturated* if it has more saturated fat

molecules compared to unsaturated fat molecules; for example animal fats.
 An oil or fat is classified as an saturated/unsaturated* if it has more unsaturated
fat molecules compared to saturated fat molecules; for example vegetable oils
except coconut oil.

5. Converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats

 The double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in unsaturated fats are easily
oxidized. When this happen, the fat has turn rancid (sour).
 Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by ……………………………
process for example in the manufacture of margarine.

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Catalyst used is nickel /platinum .

It occurred at 180 oC.

H H H H
| | Ni/Pt | |
∼ C=C∼ + H2 ∼ C-C∼
180 oC | |
Double bond H H Single bond
Unsaturated fat (liquid) Saturated fat (solid)

 Sources of unsaturated fats are palm oil, soya bean oil, etc.

6. The effect of fats on health

There are two types of, LDL cholesterol and cholesterol HDL cholesterol :
 LDL cholesterol; causes plaque deposits on the walls of veins or arteries which
will lead to heart attack and stroke.
 HDL cholesterol; reduces deposit on the artery walls.

Animals fats (saturated fats) contain higher LDL cholesterol whereas vegetable oils
(unsaturated fats) contain higher HDL cholesterol.
Eating food high in animal fats increases the level of LDL in blood.

7. Palm Oil
• Palm oil is extracted from fresh oil palm fruits. The industrial extraction of palm
oil involves :

• Palm oil contains 49 % of saturated fats and 51% of unsaturated fats.

 It is classified as …………………………….. fats.
• Palm oil is used in cooking and manufacture of margarine, soap.

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2.12 NATURAL RUBBER

1. Natural rubber is a natural polymer.

 Natural polymers are polymers that exist in nature and are not man made.
Example :
Natural polymer Monomer
Protein Amino acid
Carbohydrate Glucose
Natural rubber Isoprene

2. The Structure of Rubber

• Rubber is formed from the monomer isoprene. Molecular formula of
isoprene is C5H8

• Isoprene molecules are joined together by addition

………………………….. process to form the polymer of natural rubber, polyisoprene :

. H H CH3 H H H CH 3 H
n is a large number
n

C = C–C = C C-C=C -C
n
H H H H

Isoprene (2-methylbut-1,3-diene) Polyisoprene

3. Coagulation of latex
• Latex is milk like liquid obtained from tapped rubber tree. Latex is a
…………… which contains suspension of rubber particles in water.
• The rubber particles are made up of long chain rubber polymers

[(C5H8)n] surrounded by a …………………………….. The protein membrane is

………… charged. The forces of repulsion between negatively charged particles
Protein membrane
prevent them from combining or coagulate.
Rubber molecule

Negative charge

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Repulsion force
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• Latex coagulates when :

 Acid is added to it such as methanoic acid (formic acid), ethanoic acid (acetic
acid) or any other weak acids.
or
 Left aside for 1 - 2 days due to bacterial action on latex. Bacteria produces acid
that contains hydrogen ions (H+) which causes coagulation of latex.
Coagulate latex is semi solid.

• When acid is added to latex, coagulation of latex occurs :

 Positively charged hydrogen ions from the acid neutralises the negative charges
on the surface of the protein membrane. A neutral rubber particle is formed.

 The neutral particles no longer repel each other. These neutral particles collide
with each other, causing the membrane to break. The rubber polymers are freed
and they coagulate by combining together to form large lump of rubber polymer
(solidified). The latex has coagulated.

Rubber polymer Positive charge Membrane Rubber polymers

chain carried by H+ break are coagulate

• Coagulation of latex can be prevented by adding alkali (ammonia) to

it. The ammonia solution (containing OH- ions) will neutralise any acids that may
be produced by the bacteria.

Activity 22 :-
Describe how the presence of an alkali can prevent the coagulation process of latex.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Properties and Uses of Natural Rubber

Activity 23 :-
Complete the following table :

Property Description Uses

When it is stretched, it straighten out.

Elastic It return back to its original shape once the
stretching force is released.
Not resistance Rubber tube, gloves,
The natural rubber polymers are easily rubber bands, shoe
to oxidation /
oxidised due to presence of double bonds. soles, natural latex
Easily oxidised
modified concrete and
When it is heated, it is soften and become natural rubberised
Effect of heat sticky. bitumen for surfacing
When it is cooled, it becomes hard and brittle. roads.
Effect of Natural rubber is soluble in organic solvents,
solvent alkaline and acidic solutions.

 The properties of natural rubber can be improved through the vulcanisation process.

5. Vulcanisation of rubber :
• Natural rubber is elastic.
(return to its original shape after stretching force released).
• When the rubber is over stretched, the rubber molecules do not return
to its original position. The rubber has lost elasticity.
• Natural rubber becomes more stronger and elastic after vulcanisation.

VULCANISATION

In industry In school laboratory

Sulphur is heated together Rubber stripe is soaked in

with natural rubber. sulphur monochloride solution in
methylbenzene for a few hours
and then dried.

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Activity 24 :-
Compare the properties of natural rubber and vulcanised rubber.

Natural rubber Vulcanised rubber

 In vulcanised rubber :
The sulphur atoms form cross link between the long rubber molecules.

S S
S S S
S S
S Cross
S S
link
S S
S S S
S S
S
S S

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 This reduces the ability of the polymers to slide over each other.
 The rubber molecules return back to its original positions after being
stretched.

END OF CHAPTER 11

Chapter 11 55 Carbon Compounds