Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Chapters
1. Introduction
2. Enrolling Waste Managers to Take Action
3. Planning to Get Started
4. Implementing the C&D Waste Management Process
5. Summary
Appendices
Tables
Purpose
The broad purpose of the Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste
Management Guide is to assist readers involved in the management of C&D
wastes to track and divert the C&D portion of the total solid waste stream.
Specifically, the goals of the Guide are to:
• Explain how C&D waste management can lower disposal cost and support Air
Force goals for solid waste reduction.
• Show design and construction project managers how to manage C&D waste
and support solid waste reduction goals.
• Identify and explain how to comply with environmental concerns, such as
asbestos and lead-based paint, when managing C&D waste.
• Identify and provide tools, as well as their sources, for C&D waste
management, such as spreadsheets and templates for specification writing.
Preview of Chapters The Guide meets the specific goals with five chapters, beginning with this
Introduction, that recaps the purposes of the Guide and provides a preview for
subsequent chapters, and ending with a Summary of how the specific goals are
met. The substantive chapters of the Guide include Enrolling Waste Mangers to
Take Action, Planning to Get Started and Implementing the C&D Waste
Management Process. Each is previewed below.
People who read and use this chapter will take committed action toward the
possibility of safe and cost effective C&D waste management. Enrollment is
defined as generating a possibility in the consciousness of others such that they
accept the possibility, commit and act. Enrollment is accomplished by:
The scope of the Guide was purposely narrowed. Important aspects of the science
of sustainable buildings involve waste prevention, as well as reducing waste,
energy, and resources. While prevention and reduction are closely linked,
comprehensive details of preventing C&D waste as part of design and
construction of sustainable buildings is outside the scope of the Guide. However,
the Guide does provide an overview of generally available waste prevention
techniques.
Opportunities for C&D Waste Management. Given that the possibility exists for
safe and efficient C&D waste management, can we capitalize on the
opportunities? The Guide uses a total of 26 case studies to answer this question
with a resounding “yes.” The case studies cover the gamut of work expected on
installations: new construction, renovation, and demolition for both residential
and non-residential projects. The case studies clearly demonstrate the feasibility of
lower cost alternatives to C&D waste management.
The Challenge. Chapter 2 ends with a challenge to C&D waste managers to make
a commitment to action. The Guide provides readers with the background
knowledge, tools, resources, and step by step directions for taking action
immediately.
PLANNING STEP 2 - Identify existing local resources and determine what they
bring to the C&D waste management challenge.
PLANNING STEP 4 - Quantify and characterize the potential annual C&D waste
stream on the installation.
Common background
Reading and using the Guide will enroll the reader ensuring committed action and
safe and cost effective C&D waste management are taken. This is accomplished
by four steps:
SCOPE
It is important to define the scope of the Guide, what it isn't as well as what it is.
There is a current focus on constructing resource efficient buildings. The science
of resource efficient buildings allows us to sustain environmental resources
despite heavy demand by a rapidly growing and advancing society. An important
part of this science involves preventing waste and reducing energy, resources, and
waste, specifically C&D waste. While prevention and reduction are closely linked,
details of preventing C&D waste as part of the sustainable design process is
outside the scope of this Guide. The Guide will, however, provide an overview of
general prevention techniques available.
DEFINITIONS
C&D waste is material produced during the construction, renovation, demolition,
or deconstruction of structures. Structures include residential and commercial
buildings and their infrastructure. Components of C&D waste typically include
concrete, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard, asphalt, and roofing material. Experts
vary on whether land-clearing debris such as soil, stumps, and rocks are C&D
waste. For the purposes of this Guide, materials are C&D waste if they would
normally be hauled away for disposal. A full list of definitions is provided in
Appendix A.
The Guide uses the phrase “C&D waste managers” or just “waste managers”
freely throughout the text. This may cause some confusion. Planning Step 2 in
Chapter 3 identifies two teams responsible for C&D waste management. The
phrases either refer to the entire team or are meant to capture the appropriate
members of these teams according to an installations interpretation. The phrases
do NOT refer only to the individual in the Environmental Flight assigned solid
waste management responsibility. Successful C&D waste management requires
the efforts of varied team members each using their areas of expertise.
The estimated magnitude of the C&D waste stream varies greatly because of
several factors. These factors include the differing definitions of C&D waste
across states, the varied types of generating sources and activities from year to
year and the range of accurate sampling procedures found in both research and
practice. In the end, some researchers concede and theorize it may be equal to or
even greater in quantity to the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream. But most
researchers report C&D waste quantities within a range of 10-30% of the quantity
of MSW. According to the most recent Environmental Protection Agency
research C&D waste is generated in the United States at a rate of 2.8 pounds per
person per day or 136 million tons per year. Because of the variability factors, Air
Force installations may experience rates lower or higher than the national rate.
Regardless, with this huge potential resource, the question arises: Why haven't we
vigorously pursued waste diversion as a management option?
2. There are limited recycling markets. Markets often either don't exist locally or
recyclers do not accept the broad spectrum of C&D waste. For example:
asphalt and gypsum wallboard can only be recycled in a few parts of the
country at this time. Some specialized recyclers only accept one type of waste
and this often makes waste management costly and inconvenient. Also, many
recyclers to not provide pickup and transport service adding to the cost and
inconvenience.
3. There is limited market awareness. Many building contractors are simply not
aware of all the reuse and recycling opportunities available.
Second, diverting C&D wastes can be cheaper than landfilling. The tipping fees
for landfills continue to skyrocket, making traditional land disposal methods
costly. Studies show that over the past twenty years the national average for C&D
tipping fees has risen from $4.90 to $32.00/ton. Similarly, the national average for
MSW tipping fees has risen in the past ten years from $17.00 to $70.00/ton. Not
surprisingly most C&D waste can be delivered to a recycler for fees ranging from
$0 to $35.00/ton.
Third, there is a growing public awareness of C&D waste and a moral concern
about having to live with what we discard. Efficient C&D waste managers can
take credit for being responsible resource conservationists and good neighbors.
There can be incredible value in creating and maintaining positive public
relations.
Finally, there is an increase in state and local legislation mandating specific goals
and actions for waste stream reduction. California now requires cities to reduce
their waste streams by 50% by 2000. McHenry County, Illinois, has proposed an
amendment to their building code. The amendment would make a building permit
contingent upon preparing a waste separation plan and building occupancy
contingent upon proving at least three waste materials were recycled on the job.
With 50% of our landfills projecting closure by 2000, it is only a matter of time
before our C&D waste management behavior is legally driven. Action now will
prevent compliance requirements later.
Commercial Residential
Predominant Materials (10% or greater)
Wood 20-30% 20-35%
Concrete and block 10-20%
Drywall 5-10% 10-20%
Cardboard 5-10% 5-15%
The C&D waste stream may also contain regulated materials. Regulated materials
typically found on a construction site may include, but are not limited to, waste
solvents, waste paints and coatings, adhesives, sealer tubes, and waste oils and
greases. Regulated materials typically found on a demolition site may include but
are not limited to asbestos, lead-based paints and coatings, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). A more comprehensive list of
all C&D waste materials, including regulated materials, is provided as a useful
checklist in Appendix C.
Burning
Project planners and designers can prevent C&D waste in the asset management,
design, and construction phases. While expanded details of these actions are
beyond the scope of this Guide, it is worthwhile to provide a brief overview.
Landfill
During the asset management phase, planners assess existing buildings and
properties against project needs. Optimally, existing buildings are used to avoid
new construction and demolition wherever possible. During the design phase, the
source reduction concept is used to consume less materials, use less toxic
materials, and reduce or eliminate subsequent waste at the source. Project
designers can accomplish this with the following techniques:
During the construction phase, builders can further prevent waste through the
following efficient purchasing techniques:
Tight Estimating - Ensure only the correct amount of materials are purchased
and delivered to the site.
The focus of this Guide is the options for managing C&D wastes that have already
been generated at the job site. Referring again to the Waste Management
Hierarchy, C&D managers can take action to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes
during the planning, design, demolition, and construction phases of a project life.
During the Planning Phase, waste managers should develop a C&D Waste
Management Strategy and establish overall waste diversion goals. During the
Design Phase, designers should specify builders be required to design a Waste
Management Plan for each construction project. Designers should also tailor C&D
waste management model specifications for each project. The details of the
strategy, plan, and model specifications are covered in Chapter 3, Planning to Get
Started.
During the Demolition and Construction Phases, waste managers can use the
following methods for efficiently managing C&D waste:
Explain Established Goals - Ensure strategic and project specific reuse and
recycling goals are clearly explained to the builders and their sub-contractors.
Reduce Job Site Waste - Store and handle materials carefully to prevent
wasteful damage. Centralize material cutting operations to promote reuse of
off-cuts.
Recycle Waste Materials - Waste materials can be sorted for recycling at the
job site for hauling to or pick-up by a material handling facility. They can also
be commingled for delivery to a materials recovery facility where they are
sorted for recycling. As a third option, waste materials can be separated and
picked up for recycling during a specific construction stage. This is called
time-phased recycling. For example, recycling of wood and gypsum
wallboard can be optimized during the framing and sheet-rocking stages of
construction, respectively.
C&D waste managers must be aware that there are five categories in which
construction and demolition can be accomplished on an installation.
Waste managers only have direct control over construction and demolition
accomplished under category 1. They have indirect control over C&D
accomplished under categories 2, 3, and 4; and they have little to no control over
C&D accomplished under category 5. Therefore, waste managers must recognize
the importance of establishing and widely communicating the installation-
approved C&D Waste Management Strategy. It becomes a team effort to ensure
that builders outside the waste managers’ direct control are aware of the strategy,
are required to use or submit Waste Management Plans, and are required to track
and report on their success with diverting C&D waste.
Possibilities for
Diverting C&D Waste
Efficient C&D waste management hasn't traditionally been a possibility because
of the five previously mentioned barriers. In general, installation personnel have
not been motivated to efficiently manage C&D waste because the evolving
incentives vary greatly across installations, regions, and states.
C&D waste diversion is only a part of the MoM. If the research is accurate and
C&D waste equates to between 25% and 100% of MSW quantities, then reliable
C&D diversion can be achieved. But what impact can successful C&D waste
diversion have on achieving the AF MoM? The impacts of diverting C&D waste
only are shown in Table 4 for a range of C&D waste diversion rates. C&D wastes
have been assumed to equate to 25%, 50%, or 100% of MSW and MoM values
were calculated assuming MSW remained constant and no other waste diversion
occurred.
Opportunities for
C&D Waste Management
While the possibilities for efficient C&D waste management are clear, are the
opportunities achievable? The following seven case studies are summarized to
illustrate the answer is a resounding “yes” across all six construction categories.
The Guide includes additional nineteen case studies in Appendix D. CAVEAT: A
number of the case studies count incineration of waste as a boiler fuel as
recycling. This type of incineration does not count as recycling in calculating the
AF MoM.
The contractor successfully recycled 6.4 tons of material and disposed only 0.5
tons of mixed waste. Drywall scraps were recycled into new gypsum wall board;
solid and composite wood scraps were recycled into boiler fuel and building
materials; cardboard was recycled into new cardboard; and concrete was used as
The cost to recycle, including additional labor for job-site separation and self-
hauling was $600. The budgeted cost for waste hauling and landfill tipping fees
was $1,000. Recycling saved the client $400.
The contractor recycled a total of 8.7 tons of materials. Only 0.9 tons of
construction waste required landfilling. Solid and composite wood scraps were
recycled into boiler fuel; drywall scraps were recycled into new gypsum
wallboard; and cardboard was used in manufacturing new cardboard. Below is the
breakout of recycled materials:
The total cost to recycle for both houses was $710, compared to standard hauling
and disposal cost estimates of $1,403.
It appears from this example C&D waste managers would benefit from using a
recycling specialty contractor for constructing new residential housing. The
specialty contractor diverted 47% more construction waste by weight and
increased savings from recycling by 88%. The diversion rate was approximately
the same under both options. The substantial difference in construction time is
misleading and should not necessarily be considered justification for not using a
specialty contractor. The shorter time can be explained for Case Study #1 because
the construction contractor had previous experience in building this tract housing.
The contractor in Case Study #2 was building two custom homes incorporating
several unique environmental measures beyond construction waste recycling.
The primary contractor audited the weight and type of wastes generated during
each project. The auditor also identified waste that could be diverted and then
recorded their ultimate disposition. The remodeling contractors estimated the cost
of their standard C&D waste management practices and these costs were
compared to their costs for separation and diversion. Metro defined diversion as
source separation, salvage and reuse, and recycling. None of the remodeling
contractors used any sustainable design techniques to further prevent C&D waste.
The contractor for Project A remodeled the 275 square-foot kitchen in a 1940’s
vintage home in suburban Portland. The kitchen square footage remained the
same and the existing built-in cupboard and most cabinet frames remained. The
contractor removed island cabinets, floor-to-ceiling cabinets with built-in oven,
wall and floor coverings, trim, one window, sink, light fixtures, some soffits and
lath and plaster finish, and appliances. New project items included wood flooring,
drywall, cabinet doors and drawers, sink, garden window, island, appliances,
recessed ceiling lights, built-in storage shelves, and a total repainting.
The contractor for Project B altered and added a 550 square-foot kitchen and
family room area in a 10-year old home also located in suburban Portland. The
remodeler completely gutted the existing kitchen and an exterior wall to make
room for the addition. The project also included replacement of a 250 square-foot
exterior deck. New items included additional floor area and walls, windows and
doors, floor coverings, cabinets and countertops, sink, large island, appliances,
built-in storage shelves, and a total repainting. The contractor purchased very high
quality appliances, fixtures, and materials.
The contractor for Project C remodeled two bathrooms totaling 90 square feet in a
1950’s ranch-style home. The remodeler removed the shower stall, vanity with
sink, and toilet in one bathroom and replaced a window with a skylight in the
second. The shower had leaked and caused extensive dry rot on the supporting
frame so most of these materials were not recycled.
The table on the next page summarizes the waste audit weight in pounds for this
demonstration project:
The results of the demonstration project show the economic viability of diverting
rather than landfilling C&D waste. The contractors for each renovation project
were able to pay for added labor hours for source separation, for the auditors’
labor, and for additional fees for multiple diversion sites and still save money.
NOTE: The author estimated (e) the recycling revenues and diversion savings for
Project C by extrapolating the figures from the audit results in the table above.
The following key findings also resulted from this demonstration project:
• Labor costs required to remove and separate salvageable items were
comparable to costs of standard demolition practices.
The Office of Economic Development provided initial project funding through the
EBCRC. Region 9 of the Environmental Protection Agency provided subsequent
funding once the initial source was expended. The team explored obtaining
project funds from the military operations and maintenance account but found
deconstruction couldn’t compete for this highly constrained resource. They also
explored using what the Navy calls “lay-away funds,” but could not implement
the test in time to capitalize on this funding source. Lay-away funds are those
budgeted for placing a building into an unused state, where operations and
maintenance costs are minimized.
The BOSS crew recovered 10,850 pounds of usable material and sent only 1,100
pounds of debris to the landfill. This was a project diversion rate of nearly 91%.
There were no figures available on revenues earned for the recycled and reused
metals and wood. During project planning, the team estimated the cost of
demolition at $8,506. The cost of deconstruction was estimated higher at $14,404,
but all labor costs were avoided by using the BOSS crew. Therefore, the team
safely stated that deconstruction was an economically sound decision over
conventional demolition.
The EBCRC report included the results of deconstruction projects at two other
Bay Area installations. These projects were also used in defining the lessons
learned outlined below. The first project was a 9,180 square-foot building at the
Presidio and the second was a 120,000 square-foot warehouse at the Port of
Oakland. Both buildings were wood construction. The following tables compare
deconstruction versus demolition:
Deconstruction Demolition
Presidio Building #901
Activity Time 690 hours 80 hours
Deconstruction Expenses $53,000 0
Revenue from Sales $43,000 0
Total Cost $9,340 $16,800
Diversion Rate 87% 93%
NOTE: This project was not complete when the study was published, so some
data were unknown or estimated (e) by extrapolation.
The concrete was used as clean fill for roads and other projects. Useable lumber
and metal building components were salvaged and used for the second phase of
the project. Wood debris was recycled by a material recovery facility for boiler
fuel or the manufacture of composite particle board. Drywall scraps and cardboard
from material packaging were recycled locally. Traditional disposal costs were
estimated at $2,455 while actual costs to recycle were $220 (estimated savings do
not include the reuse of wood and metal components or recycled drywall).
The same subcontractor replaced 3,000 square feet of carpet and padding in a
Federal Way, Washington office building. The carpet and padding were six years
old. Usable portions were sold for reuse and unusable carpet padding was recycled
through a local material recycling facility. A total of 4.6 tons of carpet and
padding were diverted from the landfill.
The Challenge Installations should develop and implement a C&D waste diversion strategy if
they do not already meet the Air Force Measure of Merit for Non-Hazardous
Solid Waste Diversion Rate. This management guide provides readers with the
background knowledge, tools, resources, and steps for taking immediate action.
But don’t bite off more than you can chew. Select a local construction or
demolition project on which you can run a pilot of your strategy. Follow the steps
outlined in subsequent sections and determine what will work at your installation
and what local factors will impact your waste management plans.
First, installations must know exactly what can be accomplished locally and
regionally in the areas of sustainable building design, recycling, and reuse. It
is important to determine what the capabilities and interests of contractors
are, because contractors accomplish most construction and demolition at
installations. Most contractors have some experience in salvage and reuse.
But this step involves determining exactly who has or is willing to fully
implement an installation's diversion strategy.
There are several sources and methods for obtaining these data:
• Get a list of the most frequently used design, build, and demolition
contractors from the installation engineering and contracting offices.
Contact each contractor and ask whether they are experienced in
sustainable building design, job-site waste diversion, and deconstruction
techniques. If they indicate they have little or no experience in these
areas, then ask whether they would be interested in employing these
techniques on future installation test projects.
• Contact the local chapters of the Associated General Contractors,
National Society of Professional Engineers, and American Institute of
Architects. Ask for their help with identifying design firms and building
and demolition contractors with experience and interest in C&D waste
management.
• Place a solicitation in the Commerce Business Daily asking for the data
outlined above. The solicitation should be clear that it is not a guarantee
for specific work, but only a request for information to be used for
soliciting and awarding future contracts.
Second, C&D waste managers need to identify the local and regional
salvage, reuse, and recycling markets and material handling contractors and
There are several sources and methods for obtaining these data:
Enter the detailed lists of items for reuse, materials for recycling, and any
special conditions on C&D Waste Management Planning Spreadsheet A in
Appendix E.
Project designers, in-house work force managers, and waste managers, with
assistance from their command and state counterparts, should spend some
time exploring the Internet for other exchanges. Waste managers can also
use exchanges for help in defining the reuse and recycling markets, since
some receive, as well as sell, diverted C&D waste. Enter the names,
descriptions, and web sites of useful material exchanges on C&D Waste
Management Planning Spreadsheet A, Part 4, in Appendix E.
Finally, waste managers must provide persistent direction and seek effective
cooperation as well as financial and labor assistance through available
partnerships in order to successfully implement their C&D waste
management strategy and plans. Here are several examples of opportunities
worth pursuing:
Planning Step 2 IDENTIFY EXISTING LOCAL RESOURCES AND DETERMINE WHAT THEY
BRING TO THE C&D W ASTE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE
The next important planning step involves two parts. First, waste managers
must obtain copies of the existing plans and programs that impact the safe
and efficient management of C&D waste. At a minimum, each installation
should have the following plans and programs available:
The first team is the “Steering Group for C&D Waste Management.”
Installation middle managers with the following oversight responsibilities
should be on this team:
This team should meet at least annually and use the data gathered in
Planning Steps 1 and 3 for establishing and getting Wing Commander
approval of the installation C&D waste management strategy. Key team
members include:
The second team is called the “C&D Waste Management Execution Team.”
The composition of this team varies widely depending on the size of the
C&D project generating waste, how it is being accomplished, and what other
organizations are involved. For example, if the project is accomplished
through the installation's self-help store, representatives from the store and
the requesting customer could form the team. The store representative
provides the customer with the installation strategy and the generic C&D
waste management plan for self-help projects. The customer is responsible
for following the plan and providing documentation for the files. The team
members are those who are directly involved with the project and can
collectively influence all aspects of C&D waste management. For larger
projects key team members may include (recommended core members are
indicated by an asterisk*):
• Waste manager*- This is the person responsible for the safe and efficient
management of an installation’s solid waste and is normally a member
of the Environmental Flight Staff.
• Project manager*- This could be a CE shop superintendent, self-help
store manager, installation project engineer or representative of a
contract construction agent like the Corps of Engineers.
• Project designer*- This could be a planner from the CE Operations
Flight or self-help store; a design engineer/architect from the
Engineering Flight, the construction agent or a contractor; or a designer
from other agencies like the tenants, Air National Guard or Defense
Commissary Agency.
• Project inspector*- This could be an in-house inspector, a contractor’s
internal inspector, or both.
Waste managers who complete Planning Steps 1 and 2 have a clear picture
of the sustainable design and waste diversion opportunities for their
installation and the team memberships and responsibilities needed for the
process. They must next obtain a general understanding of the compliance
requirements and best management practices associated with managing
C&D waste containing regulated material.
1. Friable ACBM.
2. Category I ACBM that has become friable due to destructive handling.
3. Category II ACBM that has been or will become friable due to sanding,
grinding, cutting, or abrading.
Various lead chemical compounds have been and are used to provide
pigment for paint. These compounds also have a chemical affinity for paint
that reinforces the paint film making it tough yet flexible and usually
resistant to becoming brittle. LBPs are oil-based paints used in industrial
facilities on steel structures like water towers, pipelines, etc. and in airfield
and roadway pavement markings. LBPs have excellent stain resistant and
anti-corrosion properties and are resistant to ultraviolet light. They were
primarily applied in kitchens and bathrooms and on interior and exterior
wood trim and siding.
The rules for storing, handling, keeping records on, and disposing of LBP
debris may be changing should rule changes proposed in December 1998
become effective. Under current rules, the disposal of LBP debris, from
buildings that have not otherwise been exempted, is based on a hazardous
waste determination by the generator or by sampling and testing. If LBP
debris is determined to be hazardous (equaling or exceeding 5 mg/liter lead
according to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure), then the waste
is strictly managed from identification to disposal. Should the proposed
changes to rules become effective, C&D waste containing LBP debris or
LBP architectural components (LBPAC) may be disposed as non-hazardous
waste in a C&D waste landfill. LBPAC have lead paint or coatings equaling
or exceeding 1.0 mg/cm2 or 0.5% by weight. Note: In many states, family
housing is exempt from the disposal rules. Always check with the
environmental, bioenvironmental engineering, and judge advocate offices for
current exemptions and compliance requirements.
The waste management team must be familiar with the latest LBP laws and
regulations and ensure the following compliance requirements are met:
1. Review the Installation LBP Management Plan and ensure current LBP
rules have been incorporated.
2. Identify potential LBP materials and components in facilities scheduled
to be renovated or demolished and determine the most cost effective
handling and disposal alternative.
3. Segregate, if cost effective, LBP debris and LBPAC in the waste stream
to reduce the amount of C&D waste classified as hazardous or requiring
disposal in C&D landfills.
4. Use, if cost effective and not a violation of state regulations, Blastox or
other LBP stabilizing products during abatement projects to render the
waste non-hazardous.
5. Use, if cost effective and not otherwise affected by proposed LBP rule
changes, demolition methods like grinding buildings for significantly
reducing waste volumes.
6. Design the Project to:
a) Minimize the cost of handling and disposing of LBP debris or C&D
waste containing regulated LBP.
b) Cover compliance requirements in the specifications.
c) Require a LBP handling and disposal cost analysis and compliance
plan.
d) Limit or prohibit the use of LBP in new or replacement materials.
7. Track LBP compliance milestones by inspection and periodic status
meetings.
Scientists have not found conclusive evidence that either background levels
or even very high levels of PCBs in some occupational groups result in acute
or carcinogenic effects. Scientists have found a strong association between
chloracne, changes in skin pigmentation and chronic skin and eye irritation
and populations exposed to unusually high levels of PCBs and other
chemicals known to be skin sensitizers.
The EPA and risk assessors have classified PCBs as probable human
carcinogens and toxicants based largely on the evidence derived from the
animal studies.
Materials containing less than 5 ppm PCB are classified as non-PCB or “No
PCB.” While TSCA regulates materials containing concentrations of PCB
between 50 and 500, some states regulate down to 5 ppm.
The law requires mixtures like construction and demolition debris that
include PCB-containing materials be regulated to the requirements of the
highest classification of PCB concentration. For example: if you demolish a
building known to contain TSCA-regulated PCB capacitors and light
ballasts, then all of the demolition debris is regulated under TSCA. The law
prohibits diluting PCB-containing materials simply to reduce PCB
concentrations below regulated thresholds.
Lumber treated with chemicals and preservatives and considered for disposal
or reuse in a project may also be a hazardous waste. Treated lumber includes
marine piling and fenders, utility poles, rail ties, and other dimensional
lumber that has been coated or impregnated with pentachlorophenol,
creosotes, and arsenic compounds. Waste managers can reduce treated
lumber waste by reusing it in landscaping, berms, parking barriers, retaining
walls, fencing, pole barns, and other applications calling for treated lumber.
Coordinate with environmental managers before reusing treated lumber in
situations where chemicals could leach into the ground. Otherwise it should
be characterized as hazardous or non-hazardous and disposed of accordingly.
There are other materials too numerous to cover here that are found in
buildings to be demolished that may be classified as hazardous waste. These
vary from building to building depending on the uses for those buildings. For
example: buildings where plating operations or extensive parts cleaning
occurred may have materials containing regulated heavy metals or solvent
chemicals that were spilled. Blue and yellow paints and coatings also may
contain regulated levels of cadmium and chromium. Other materials like
asphalt, heating oils, and storage tanks may also be present. Waste managers
should coordinate with environmental managers and obtain details from
Environmental Impact Analysis Process (EIAP) and Installation Restoration
Program (IRP) documents. Waste managers should ensure unspecified
materials are sampled, tested, and characterized as hazardous or not and
manage them accordingly.
Project designers and waste managers can and should use the following best
practices for achieving safe and economical hazardous waste management
by contractors and in-house work forces:
Project designers, in-house work force supervisors, and contractors have the
capability of reducing or preventing the generation of hazardous waste
before potentially hazardous materials are ever procured and used at the job
site. Designers must ensure many of the required steps identified above are
included in the project specifications. Quality assurance inspectors and
contracting officers must work with contractors and enforce the
specifications. Supervisors and contractors must ensure their material
purchasers understand and comply with the specifications.
Planning Step 4 QUANTIFY AND CHARACTERIZE THE POTENTIAL ANNUAL C&D W ASTE
STREAM ON THE INSTALLATION
Waste management teams must know in advance what the potential is for
reducing and diverting C&D wastes because these data govern subsequent
management activities. This is accomplished by first quantifying and then
characterizing the installation’s C&D waste stream and comparing these data
to the scope of reuse and recycling resources identified in Planning Step 1.
Two points about this methodology must be noted. First, it does NOT
include point source waste assessment data from roadway, bridge and land-
clearing projects. Second, this is the first time it has been used. This is
significant because the limited data available from point source assessments
nation-wide are cause for some uncertainty. Nonetheless, peer reviewers of
the methodology agree this is a credible estimating tool.
Waste managers can update the point source assessment data once they
implement their C&D waste management strategies and begin tracking
installation waste generation. Historical waste generation data can then be
used to refine the estimating calculations.
Residential Non-residential
New Construction New Construction
Renovation Renovation
Demolition Demolition
Waste management teams do not need the Census Bureau data used by the
EPA. Instead, teams can find these data from existing installation budget
Next, the amount of C&D waste generation can be calculated for each
project or work order so specific project goals can be set and tracked.
Worksheets for each of the six categories mentioned above are included in
Appendix E. The EPA calculated the weighted average C&D waste
generation rates in lb/sq ft for the new construction and demolition
categories as part of their methodology and these factors make the
worksheets easy to use. The rates (lbs/sq ft) for these two categories are
shown in Table 9:
Table 10. Average C&D Waste Generation Rates for Typical Residential
Renovation Scopes
The EPA has gathered detailed waste composition data by percentage for
each C&D waste category. These percentages fall within ranges because,
again, waste generation is dependent upon project scope. The rounded
average of the percent ranges of the most common components are
summarized in Table 12. A detailed table of percent ranges and average
percentages of other components may be referenced in Appendix B.
Non-residential
New Construction 31 23 10 33 3
Renovation 28 22 19 22 3
Demolition 21 10 7 53 3
(Source: Franklin Associates, “Characterization of Building-Related
Construction and Demolition Debris in the United States,” U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Jun. 98, p. A-10 to A-16 and the Author.)
Standard Contracts - These contracts are already in use and simply require
the addition of specifications tailored to implement the C&D waste
management strategy and ensure contractors employ C&D waste
management practices.
Finally, the strategy should identify the sustainability techniques that will
apply to work order and project design and other installation operating
procedures like ordering and shipping construction supplies.
The final step in planning for safe and effective C&D waste managements
entails developing a framework for generic C&D waste management plans
(WMPs). There should be a generic WMP for each of the C&D waste
generating categories identified in the installation’s C&D Waste
Management Strategy. For example, if an installation has a multi-year
program of new family housing construction and their strategy includes the
reduction, reuse, salvage, and recycling of wood, metals, and concrete, then
a generic WMP for these three materials should be developed for application
to each housing project.
This section describes and prescribes the step-by-step waste management process
for incorporating, executing, monitoring and documenting the diversion of
installation C&D waste.
Step 2. The team should review the installation C&D waste management strategy
and any generic waste management plans developed for the shops and in-house
work. If there are unique aspects to the work not covered in the generic WMPs,
then the team should revise the plans to fit the work.
Step 3. The team should also review appropriate installation plans and programs
and determine how those plans and programs may impact C&D management for
the job (refer to Chapter 3, Planning Step 2).
NOTE: Steps 1-3 can be streamlined once installation team members gain
experience with the process. Waste managers should use existing work order
planning and review groups as part of their execution team.
Step 4. The team should visit the job site to visualize site conditions, verify known
and identify new material types, discuss potential environmental issues, and
visualize whether the WMPs can be executed.
Step 5. Planners should incorporate the WMP into the work order as the job gets
planned. Planners should use the C&D Waste Worksheet and calculate an
estimate of C&D waste that can be diverted for the specific job.
Step 6. The environmental team representative should review the work order,
ensure all environmental requirements by others are going to be satisfied, and take
on-going actions required of the Environmental Flight/Squadron.
• Before work starts - Hold a meeting with the Waste Management Execution
Team, work force, and shop supervisors. Remind everyone of the C&D waste
Step 8. In-house forces should clear the site (if included in the job scope) and
stockpile soil for use as fill and grubbed trees and brush for composting or
mulching. Salvage materials for reuse, sale, or give-away.
Step 9. In-house forces should perform deconstruction if the job scope (demolition
or renovation work) calls for it. In-house forces may be augmented with outside
labor forces from partnerships as described in Chapter 3, pgs. 3-3 and 3-4.
Step 10. In-house forces should reuse C&D waste materials that were either
segregated at the job site or stored from previous jobs. Recycle C&D waste
materials segregated at the job site.
Step 11. In-house forces should backfill and finish the site, if the job scope
(demolition or renovation work) calls for it, using crushed concrete and stockpiled
soil.
Step 12. The O&M flight should account for completed C&D waste management
documentation and ensure it gets coordinated with waste managers and filed.
Step 2. The team should review the installation C&D waste management strategy
and any generic waste management plan developed for contractors and contracted
work.
Step 4. The team should visit the co ntract site to visualize site conditions, verify
known and identify new material types, and discuss potential environmental
issues.
Step 5. The team representative from environmental should review the project
scope, ensure all environmental requirements by others are identified to
engineering for inclusion in the design, and take on-going actions required of the
Environmental Flight.
Step 7. The team representatives from design engineering and contracting should
include appropriate C&D waste management specifications in the Statement of
Work, Statement of Requirements, Delivery Order, Performance Specification,
Source Selection, and bid request documents. Designers should use one of the
model specifications available in the industry.
Step 8. The team should also review appropriate installation plans and programs
and determine how those plans and programs may impact C&D management by
the contractor (refer to Chapter 3, Planning Step 2). Design engineers should
specify that these plans and program documents will be made available to the
contractors.
NOTE: Steps 6 - 8 may actually occur simultaneously or overlap. Teams are not
constrained in the order they choose to follow.
Step 9. The team should present and discuss the C&D waste management strategy
and waste management goals for the project at any pre-bid meetings and site visits
with prospective contractors and subcontractors.
Step 10. The team should be expanded after contract award to include
representatives from the winning contractors and subcontractors.
Step 11. The expanded team should make a site visit to clarify for the contractors
and subcontractors the C&D waste management goals and requirements of the
contract.
Step 12. The contractors should monitor execution of the WMP throughout
accomplishment of the work. The following milestones are good points at which
to monitor the work:
• Before work starts - Hold a meeting with the Waste Management Execution
Team, contractor, work force, and inspectors. Remind everyone of the C&D
Step 13. The contractors should clear the site (if included in the contract scope),
stockpile soil and crushed concrete for use as fill, and grub trees and brush for
composting. The contractors should salvage materials for reuse, sale, or give-
away.
Step 14. The contractors should perform deconstruction if the contract scope
(demolition or renovation work) calls for it.
Step 15. The contractors should reuse C&D waste materials that were either
segregated at the job site or stored from previous jobs. The contractors should
recycle C&D waste materials segregated at the job site.
Step 16. The contractors should backfill and finish the site, if the job scope
(demolition or renovation work) calls for it, using crushed concrete and stockpiled
soil.
Step 17. The project inspector should account for completed C&D waste
management documentation and ensure it gets coordinated with waste managers
and filed.
The safe and economic management of C&D waste has been an unrealized
opportunity for many years. Despite the common sense value in reducing, reusing,
and recycling C&D waste, the barriers to implementing waste management
techniques have been a convenient excuse to continuing the traditional practices
of burning and landfilling.
The Air Force policy letter and MoM now requires at least a 40% diversion rate
for non-hazardous solid waste by 2005 and provides renewed focus on our waste
management efforts. The policy and MoM create the possibility, where before
only opportunity existed. But the leverage of the policy and MoM are insufficient
alone to achieve the AF goals and comply with its waste management policy.
Some practical “how to” guidance is also required.
The “C&D Waste Management Guide” was written to provide the missing
guidance. The Guide is a “how to” document intended to satisfy four goals in
supporting solid waste diversion. First, it explained how C&D waste management
could lower disposal cost. Second, it showed design and construction project
managers and other waste management team members how to manage C&D
waste. Third, it identified and explained how to comply with environmental
concerns when managing C&D waste. And fourth, it identified and provided
C&D waste management tools that installation managers will need to be
successful.
For the first goal, readers were shown in Chapter 2 that C&D waste has value in
two ways. There is the inherent value of specific material, as was illustrated in
Table 1 on page 2-3 and there are the savings that accrue through a
comprehensive waste management process. The Case Studies provided in Chapter
2 and Appendix D repeatedly demonstrated how following the waste management
options hierarchy on page 2-5 and using sustainable design and construction
techniques resulted in lower disposal costs than those experienced under
conventional disposal methods.
Chapters 3 and 4 showed installation managers how they can safely and
effectively manage C&D waste under the second goal. The Guide outlined seven
planning steps in Chapter 3 and walked waste managers through a process of
identifying all of the resources and requirements critical to preparing specific
C&D waste management plans. The planning steps lay the foundation for
developing the specific plans and the specific plans then guide waste managers
through implementation. Chapter 4 then prescribed, step-by-step, C&D waste
management implementation processes for both in-house and contracted C&D
work and projects. By following these processes, waste managers could
successfully incorporate, execute, monitor, and document the diversion of
installation C&D waste.
Planning Step 3 in Chapter 3 of the Guide covered the third goal. The primary
environmental concerns with C&D projects were identified. Then the Guide
Finally, the Guide is filled with C&D waste management tools to satisfy the
fourth goal. Formatted spreadsheets, worksheets, and example waste strategy and
management plans were provided to assist waste mangers in completing the
planning steps. The Guide identified websites as possible resources and provided
website excerpts to serve as examples for obtaining potential material exchanges.
Guide specifications were referenced and excerpts were included to serve as
examples for project designers and work planners. While the tools provided by no
means exhaust what is available, they are sufficient to allow waste managers to
take immediate action.
List of Abbreviations
Metro Metropolitan Solid Waste Department of Portland, Oregon
mg/cm2 milligrams per square centimeter
ppm parts per million
List of Acronyms
Appendix A - 1
Appendix A
List of Definitions
Associated General Contractors – The Associated General Contractors (AGC) is the nation's
largest and oldest construction trade association, established in 1918 after a request by President
Woodrow Wilson. Wilson recognized the construction industry's national importance and desired
a partner with which the government could discuss and plan for the advancement of the nation.
AGC has been fulfilling that mission for the last 80 years. AGC is dedicated to improving the
construction industry daily by educating the industry to employ the finest skills, promoting use of
the latest technology and advocating building the best quality projects for owners--public and
private. AGC is committed to three tenets of industry advancement and opportunity: Skill,
Integrity and Responsibility. Source: www.agc.org/agc_overview/index.asp.
Back-haul – The use of empty containers or vehicles to return waste packaging from delivered
materials and supplies. May also refer to the return of damaged materials and supplies in the
containers and vehicles used for their delivery.
Berms – A bank of earth or stone or timbers placed against an exterior wall or used to define a
specific landscaped area. Source: Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary and the
Author.
Blastox ® – A granular chemical abrasive blasting media additive that is available pre-blended
from licensed blenders with slags, sands or other media for use in the removal of lead based paint.
Standard blasting equipment is used with no change in efficiency or profile. The spent residue is
non-hazardous and can be disposed of in a local Subtitle D landfill.
Builders – The broad term used in this document when referring to those work forces who
construct or demolish all or parts of buildings and infrastructure. The term includes the in-house
forces of the Civil Engineer Squadron/Group, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve Center,
tenants and organizations performing Self-Help projects. The term also includes the work forces
of all contractors. Source: The Author.
Appendix A - 2
Appendix A
C&D landfills – MSW landfills that also accept C&D waste (characterized as non-hazardous)
and landfills designated to accept only C&D waste (characterized as non-hazardous). Source: Air
Force Instruction 32-7042 and the Author.
Chloracne – Chloracne is a rare skin condition typically caused by workplace exposure through
the skin or by inhalation - to certain halogenated aromatic organic chemicals. The condition
involves an increase of keratin in the skin and a reduction in its capacity to produce sebum. This
typically leads to the development of acne-like spots or lesions on the face and neck and
sometimes other parts of the body. Chloracne can take from several months to several years to
clear, depending on the level of exposure and the speed with which the causative agent(s) can be
expelled from the body. (Chem. Br., April 1998, p68.)" Source: Dr A. R. MacKenzie, Director,
Discovery Chemistry and S. Brooks, Head of Research, Safety and Environmental group, Pfizer
Central Research.
Commerce Business Daily – The Commerce Business Daily (CBD) lists notices of proposed
government procurement actions, contract awards, sales of government property and other
procurement information. A new edition of the CBD is issued every business day. Each edition
contains approximately 500-1,000 notices. Each notice appears in the CBD only once.
Construction and Demolition (C&D) Debris – Waste material that is produced in the process of
construction, renovation, or demolition of structures. Structures include buildings of all types
(both residential and non-residential) as well as roads and bridges. Components of C&D debris
typically include concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, gypsum wallboard and roofing. Land clearing
debris, such as stumps, rocks and dirt, are also included in some state definitions of C&D debris.
Source: “Characterization of Building-Related Construction and Demolition Debris in the United
States,” EPA Report, June 1999.
Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste – Waste building materials, dredging materials,
tree stumps and rubble resulting from construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of homes,
commercial buildings and other structures and pavements. May contain lead, asbestos, or other
hazardous substances. Refer also to definition of C&D debris above. Source: "Terms of
Environment," USEPA, http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/ and the Author.
Dimensional Lumber – Lumber that when reused still has its original sawed size. The value of
this lumber is it may still be marketed as reused as originally intended. Source: Basic Carpentry
by John Capotosto.
Appendix A - 3
Appendix A
Grubbed – The clearing of roots, stumps, etc. from the surface of a construction area. Source:
Webster’s New Universal Unabridged Dictionary and the Author.
Habitat for Humanity – Habitat for Humanity International is an ecumenical Christian non-
profit housing organization working in partnership with God's people in need to build simple,
decent and affordable houses. The organization is based in Americus, Georgia. There are over
1470 other affiliates in the United States and Habitat for Humanity builds in over 60 countries
worldwide.
Habitat for Humanity ReSTORE – The ReSTORE is a division of Habitat for Humanity
International. ReSTORES recycle overstocked, seconds, used, discontinued and salvaged
building materials donated by contractors and individuals. Donated items are used to build decent
houses for low-income families or re-sold to the general public to help finance building Habitat
for Humanity projects. The ReSTORE diverts tons of useable materials from landfills while
providing low-cost building materials to homeowners, landlords and businesses to maintain their
properties. Some ReSTORES operate a "deconstruction" crew, which salvages all types of re-
sellable material from buildings scheduled for renovation or destruction. Friable asbestos– Friable
asbestos material means any material containing more than 1 percent asbestos as determined
using the method specified in appendix E, subpart E, 40 CFR part 763 section 1, Polarized Light
Microscopy, that, when dry, can be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by hand pressure.
If the asbestos content is less than percent as determined by a method other than point counting
by polarized light microscopy (PLM), verify the asbestos content by point counting using PLM."
Source: Title 40 CFR 61.141.
Ladder Blocking – A carpentry technique for backing the unsupported ends of wall finishes. The
technique conserves wood by using wood blocks horizontally between studs instead of adding
another stud.
Lead-Based Paint – Paint or other surface coatings that contain lead equal to or in excess of 1.0
milligram per square centimeter or 0.5 percent by weight (5,000 ppm). Source: Air Force Policy
and Guidance on Lead-based Paint (LBP) Final Disclosure Rule, August 18, 1996.
Appendix A - 4
Appendix A
Municipal Solid Waste – Common garbage or trash generated industries, businesses, institutions
and homes." Source: "Terms of Environment," USEPA, http://www.epa.gov/OCEPAterms/.
Oriented Strand Board (OSB) – OSB panels are engineered, layered mats made of strands,
flakes or wafers sliced from small diameter, round wood logs and bonded with an exterior-type
binder. Exterior or surface layers consist of strands aligned in the long panel direction; inner-
layers consist of cross- or randomly-aligned strands. These large mats are then subjected to heat
and pressure to become a "master" panel and finally cut to size. OSB's strength comes mainly
from the uninterrupted wood fiber, interweaving of the long strands or wafers and the degree of
orientation of strands in the surface layers. Waterproof and boil proof resin binders are combined
with the strands to provide internal strength, rigidity and moisture resistance. OSB, as a
performance-based structural use panel, is recognized by all the major U.S. model code agencies.
Source: www.osbguide.com/sba.osb.info/sba.osbinfo.1.html.
Plasticizer – Liquids added to elastomer mixes in order to soften and plasticize the compound,
either in processing or later in use. For example, elastomers with high glass transition
temperatures (and correspondingly slow molecular motions) can be improved by adding low-
temperature plasticizers--i.e., compatible liquids that act as internal lubricants. Plasticizers must
have low vapor pressure and a high boiling point in order to be retained within the compound
Appendix A - 5
Appendix A
Polychlorinated Biphenyls – PCB and PCBs means any chemical substance that is limited to the
biphenyl molecule that has been chlorinated to varying degrees or any combination of substances
which contains such substance. Refer to A7761.1(b) for applicable concentrations of PCBs. PCB
and PCBs as contained in PCB items are defined in A7761.3. For any purposes under this part,
inadvertently generated non-Aroclor PCBs are defined as the total PCBs calculated following
division of the quantity of monochlorinated biphenyls by 50 and dichlorinated biphenyls by 5.
Source: Title 40 CFR 761.3.
Time-phased pick-up – The pick-up of materials from the waste stream for salvage, reuse, or
recycling at the time when the separation of materials at the construction or demolition site has
been completed. Phasing the time of pick-up activities reduces the transportation and storage
costs and reduces storage space on site.
Time-phased separation – The separation of materials from the waste stream for salvage, reuse,
or recycling at the time when those materials are being used at the construction site or removed
from the demolition site. Phasing the time of separation activities reduces the labor costs.
Appendix A - 6
Appendix A
WasteSpec – WasteSpec is a manual which provides architects and engineers with model
specifications and background information addressing waste reduction, reuse and recycling
before and during construction and demolition. The 114-page manual includes model
specifications tailored to all sixteen divisions of the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
system of specifications. WasteSpec comes in a three-ring binder with a computer disk containing
the model specifications in a generic format that can be electronically cut and pasted into a
specifier's standard specifications.
U-Fix-It Store projects – Construction and demolition projects accomplished by residents living
in Military Family Housing. These residents use the installation U-Fix-It Store for planning
projects and procuring materials and supplies. The U-Fix-It Store (other names may be used) is a
function within the Civil Engineer Squadron/Group that provides planning, materials and supplies
for these projects.
Volatile Organic Compound – Volatile organic compounds (VOC) means any compound of
carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or
carbonates and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical
reactions." Source: Title 40 CFR 51.100(s).
Waste managers – The broad term used in this document when referring to all who may be
involved with the management of C&D waste, regardless of individual functional area. The term
is NOT meant to refer only to the individual, usually in the Civil Engineer Squadron/Group,
specifically assigned waste management responsibilities for an installation. Source: The Author.
Appendix A - 7
Appendix B
Characterization Tables for C&D Waste
Table B1. Characterization of C&D Waste
from Commercial New Construction
(% of total waste volume)
Rough Percentages
Predominant Materials (10% or greater)
Wood 20-30%
Concrete and block 10-20%
Drywall 5-10%
Cardboard 5-10%
(Source: Innovative Waste Management, “Construction Materials Recycling Guidebook,” Mar. 93, p. 4)
Appendix B - 1
Appendix B
Characterization Tables for C&D Waste
Wood 20-35%
Drywall 10-20%
Corrugated Cardboard 5-15%
Shingles 1-8%
Concrete 1-8%
Fiberboard 1-8%
(Source: Innovative Waste Management, “Construction Materials Recycling Guidebook,” Mar. 93, p. 4-5)
Appendix B - 2
Appendix C
C&D Waste Materials Checklist
Demolition Materials Comments and Concerns
The following checklist will be useful when planning to salvage, reuse and recycle
demolition materials
Appendix C - 1
Appendix C
C&D Waste Materials Checklist
Demolition Materials Comments and Concerns
Fixtures: Electrical
Flooring: Carpet
Flooring: Vinyl
Flooring: Wood
Fuel storage tanks
Furniture: Metal
Furniture: Metal shelving
Furniture: Reusable
Furniture: System Can be remanufactured
Furniture: Wood
Glass: Interior and exterior
Glass: Plate
Glass: Wired, laminated
Glazing compound: Asbestos, lead possible Testing
Gutters and flashing
Gypsum blocks
Gypsum board
Hardwood
Hazardous materials
Heavy timbers
Insulation ACBM
Interior air handlers and controls
Kraft paper
Lamps: Fluorescent Mercury retrieval
Lead: Paint Testing, removal
Lead: Roofing
Lead: Flashing
Lead: Piping
Light bulbs
Light fixtures: Decorative
Light fixtures: Fluorescent and utility fixtures
Light fixtures: Vintage fluorescent, incandescent PCB Ballasts
Marble: Toilet partitions
Marble: Walls
Metal: Brass
Metal: Bronze
Metal: Cable
Metal: Cast iron
Metal: Conduit
Metal: Copper
Metal: Galvanized Steel
Metal: Miscellaneous
Metal: Steel
Mirrors
Paper
Partitions, demountable panels
Partitions: Aluminum tracks, misc framing
PBX/telephone equipment, conduit, cables
Petroleum products
Appendix C - 2
Appendix C
C&D Waste Materials Checklist
Demolition Materials Comments and Concerns
Photocopy machine
Piping
Plaster
Plastic: ABS
Plastic: Polyethylene
Plastic: Polystyrene
Plastic: PVC
Plumbing fittings, faucets, etc
Possible lead waste pipes
Pressure treated wood
Pre-cast concrete
Pumps
Radioactive materials
Raised access flooring
Rock
Roofing: Asphalt and stone
Roofing: Membrane, various
Roofing: Metal
Rubber
Sand
Sheathing
Sheet metal: Miscellaneous
Software, floppy disks Disks recyclable
Stainless steel
Standpipe
Steel
Steel: Heavy
Steel: Reinforcement
Steel: Sheet
Steel: Stairs, handrails
Steel: Structural
Steel: Studs and misc framing
Stone
Telecommunications equipment
Terrazo
Textiles
Toxic materials
Transformers PCB
Treated lumber
Trees
Vinyl
Water fountains
Windows: Steel frames
Windows: Wood frames, cast iron weights
Wiring
Wood
Appendix C - 3
Appendix D
Case Studies
CAVEAT: A NUMBER OF THE CASE STUDIES COUNT INCINERATION OF WASTE AS A BOILER FUEL AS
RECYCLING.
THIS TYPE OF INCINERATION DOES NOT COUNT AS RECYCLING IN CALCULATING THE AF MOM.
Results: The contractors complied with the C&D waste specifications with no increase in project costs and they
recycled 75 percent of the projects C&D waste.
Results: Contractors recycled 48 tons of construction waste (2 lbs/sf) and reduced disposal costs by 56 percent.
Results: The bids for this project were the same as those expected had traditional disposal methods been
allowed.
Results: Overall, the contractor recycled or reused 83 percent of the demolition waste at no additional cost to
the contract.
Appendix D - 1
Appendix D
Case Studies
Results: The house was deconstructed and the 170-ton foundation was demolished and recycled. Eighty percent
of the home was either salvaged or recycled.
The following hand-crafted home details totaled 45 tons and were salvaged:
• Entire library interior, stairwell, and wood interior siding and trim.
• Exotic hardwood shelves, paneling, and box-beam ceiling.
• Six sets of french doors, lighting fixtures, and marble mantle.
• All doors and windows and 1 ton of exterior siding and trim.
• Most plumbing fixtures and 18 tons of dimensional lumber.
Results: These subtler techniques kept 240 tons of waste material out of landfills and saved $9,000.
The following estimated material amounts were recycled from each house:
• Wood – 2,200 pounds
• Drywall – 2,200 pounds
• Cardboard – 17 pounds
• Copper – 7.5 pounds
Results: Waste management diverted nearly 133 tons of construction waste or 55% of C&D waste was recycled
and this saved $245 per house for a total project savings of $14,726.
Appendix D - 2
Appendix D
Case Studies
Results: One thousand board feet of dimensional lumber were saved when compared to traditional house design
and construction. Sustainable construction techniques nearly eliminated all waste wood.
Results: The savings from recycling instead of land disposal were $310. A C&D waste diversion rate of 98%
was achieved.
Appendix D - 3
Appendix D
Case Studies
Traditional C&D waste disposal would have cost $69,300 just for landfill tipping fees. Recycling cost $7,850
for fees and earned $19,600 from the sale of metal. Only 499 tons of mixed waste was disposed.
Results: Recycling savings totaled $81,000 and the C&D waste diversion rate was 98%.
The savings from recycling were primarily a result of the difference between tipping fees for traditional
landfilling and recycling fees when charged. The costs for hauling waste for disposal or recycling were very
nearly equal. The added cost of labor for on-site separation of recyclables was offset by the sale of metals and
lumber.
Results: Savings from recycling totaled $9,442 and the C&D waste diversion rate was 70%.
Results: Recycling saved $134,500 and the C&D waste diversion rate was 98%.
Results: A total of 686 tons of wood and drywall were recycled and the estimated savings was the difference
between the cost of traditional disposal fees and the cost of labor, transportation, and processing fees for
recycling. This difference was $16,000.
Appendix D - 4
Appendix D
Case Studies
wallboard; wood was processed for use as boiler fuel; and mixed metals and cardboard were recycled locally. A
total of 725 tons of materials were recycled as follows:
Remaining rubble was used as clean fill at a number of area sites. Only 265 tons of mixed waste was disposed
in landfills.
Results: Recycling saved $35,000, and the C&D waste diversion rate was 76%.
Results: Recycling saved $600, and the C&D waste diversion rate was 37%.
A total of 22.5 tons of materials were diverted for reuse or recycling as follows:
RECYCLE SALVAGE
Appendix D - 5
Appendix D
Case Studies
The bid range for conventional demolition was $8,000 to $10,000. The contractor avoided demolition
equipment costs and tipping fees. These avoided costs were more than offset by the added cost for hand labor to
deconstruct. Fifteen tons of concrete rubble were used off site as clean fill, leaving a total of 10.5 tons of mixed
waste for landfills.
Results:
It is interesting to compare the results of deconstructing a house in this case study to the conventional
demolition of a similar home in the next. Since both employed waste recycling, what might be the
distinguishing factors for choosing one method over the other? If you normalize appropriate data because of the
difference in square footage, then the following comparisons can be made:
In this example deconstruction has the advantage of producing a 30% greater savings but at the expense of
taking five times as long to complete the job. If time to complete the job is critical, then conventional
demolition with recycling may be the best option. Otherwise, the greater savings can be achieved with
deconstruction.
The cost to recycle, including added labor for source separation of materials and hauling them to recycling
processors, was $2,125. Traditional waste hauling and disposal in landfills was estimated at $3,000. The
savings occurred primarily from recycling the wood and shake roofing.
The contractor diverted a total of 14 tons of demolition waste for recycling or reuse as follows:
• Wood and Shakes 18,000 pounds
• Concrete and Asphalt 10,000 pounds
One and a half tons of mixed waste and drywall were disposed in landfills. The contractor would have saved an
additional $30 had the drywall been recycled.
Results: Recycling saved $825 and the C&D waste diversion rate was 76%.
Appendix D - 6
Appendix D
Case Studies
The contractor successfully recycled 6.4 tons of material and disposed only 0.5 tons of mixed waste. Drywall
scraps were recycled into new gypsum wall board; solid and composite wood scraps were recycled into boiler
fuel and building materials; cardboard was recycled into new cardboard; and concrete was used as clean fill.
The breakout by characteristics and quantity of the recycled waste was as follows:
The cost to recycle, including additional labor for job-site separation and self-hauling, was $600. The budgeted
cost for waste hauling and landfill tipping fees was $1,000.
Results: Recycling saved the client $400 and the C&D waste diversion rate was 93%.
Appendix D - 7
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
Part 1 – Material Exchanges
CBOT’s goal is to allow easy and immediate contact between Buyers and Sellers of recyclable
commodities, active on the market at any given time. Sellers post their sell listings in the
exchange while Buyers enter into the system their buy parameters for the commodities they are
interested in, and the system automatically delivers to them by e-mail, within minutes, copies of
all the matching sell listings as they are posted. Extensive information on materials such as:
definitions, specifications and sampling or test methods is freely available in the CBOT
Recyclables Exchange for your convenience.
WOOD (Wanted)
2`` x 4``, 2`` x 6``, 4`` x 4``, 4`` x 10``, and 6`` x 12`` longer than 6 ft. Plywood or any
thickness, full sheets, half sheets are acceptable. Please note that the telephone number is
in Mexico. Lou Hernandez - Ensenada, Mexico, - 011-526-177-4987
Region: 'Out of State' Listing ID: 10651-3
Users should click on Create Listings and follow instructions if they desire to post a
listing.
www.greenguide.com/exchange - This is the Salvaged Building Materials Listing page within the
Green Building Resource Guide homepage. This exchange is a free service. Users should click on
“Search The Listings” and follow instructions to obtain listings like the following sample request:
Appendix F - 1
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
Phone Number, Email: 218-727-2145, dtc@computerpro.com
Description: reclaimed timbers, 'as is', resawn beams, flooring, paneling, trim, mantels,
custom millwork, douglas fir, southern yellow pine, redwood decking, cypress, limited
quantities of other species.
Users should click on Add a Listing and follow instructions for adding a new record.
W0904106 - LUMBER
Wanted in Greater Seattle, Tacoma Area, :
I will haul your unwanted lumber away anytime. I am interested in "2 by anything" and
"1 by anything" lumber. No plywood. Wood can be wet, full of nails, or old and
weathered.
CONTACT: Tor Clausen, Phone: E-Mail: torlissa@olywa.net
A0900083 - PLYWOOD
Available in Spokane, WA :
200-300 pieces of ABX plywood, .290 thickness 5 ply x 6" wide x 12' to 24' lengths.
Available 4 times/year. Packaged by steel banding. Can be used for siding applications,
fascias, fencing, etc. Also, 1/2" by 8' and 1/2" x 10', 10" wide 5 ply ACX. Probably 300
sheets of each available.
CONTACT: Gary Bugbey, Stinson Manufacturing Co. Phone:(509)534-1509 E-Mail:
stinmfg@aol.com
Users should click on Online Listing Form and follow the instructions to enter a listing.
www.rbme.com - This is the homepage of the Reusable Building Materials Exchange (RBME).
RBME is a convenient way to easily exchange small or large quantities of used or surplus
building materials. You can post listings of materials you wish to get rid of or browse for
materials currently available in your area. Each listing contains a description of the materials
along with a name and telephone number and any cost or delivery information. The actual
exchange transactions are carried out directly between the interested parties.
Appendix F - 2
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
Users should click on one of six participating State of Washington counties and then click on
Browse Materials to obtain a summary of material type from which to choose. The number of
entries for Available and Sought materials follows each type. Selecting one of these numbers will
provide the following sample listings for available and sought materials, respectively:
Appendix F - 3
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
[Quantity: TRAILER LOADS] [TONS] [WEEKLY] [Price: BEST OFFER]
[TONS] [USA DOLLARS]
[Shipping Point: LOST CREEK W.VA]
www.ciwmb.ca.gov - This is the homepage for the California Integrated Waste Management
Board (CIWMB). The CIWMB is responsible for managing California's solid waste stream. The
Board is helping California divert 50 percent of its waste from landfills by 2000. The site
provides access to related programs like: Construction/Demolition Debris Recycling, Buy
Recycled Programs, and the California Materials Exchange. The site provides access to
publications, valuable links, important calendar events, and waste/waste handling databases.
Highly Useful
www.cdwaste.com - This is the C&D Waste Web for Canada. This site is being developed as a
repository of information for Canadian construction and demolition waste management and
options for reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The site provides access to case studies,
reference documents, training materials, a Province service directory, and related links. The
information provided may be used as reference material. Moderately Useful
Appendix F - 4
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
www.co.washtenaw.mi.us/DEPTS/EIS/constfs.htm - This site is the Waste Reduction and
Recycling Opportunities for Construction and Demolition Debris page of the Washtenaw County,
MI homepage. The site provides a useful primer for implementing C&D waste management at the
local level and may be used as reference material. Slightly Useful
www.nahbrc.org - This site is the homepage for the National Association of Home Builders
(NAHB) Research Center. The NAHB Research Center is a separately incorporated, wholly-
owned, not-for-profit subsidiary of the NAHB. The Research Center keeps U.S. homebuilders in
tune with new technology and changing needs. Their programs include testing and certification of
building products. The Research Center links the research and product development communities
with the practitioners who put methods into practice and products into use. The site has a Green
Building Activities page that provides access to “The Green Builder Guide,” construction waste
management publications, information on the 2000 National Green Building Conference, and
other resources. The site may provide help in minimizing new housing construction waste.
Slightly Useful
www.floridacenter.org - This is the homepage for the Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous
Waste Management. The Center provides leadership in the field of waste management research
and supports the Florida Department of Environmental Protection mission to preserve and protect
the state's natural resources. The Center's research program meets two major objectives: develop
and test innovative, low-cost, and environmentally sound methods and strategies for managing
Florida's solid and hazardous wastes; and transfer research results to the public and private
sectors for practical solutions to Florida's waste management problems. Principal areas of related
research include: construction and demolition debris, hazardous waste management, pollution
prevention, recycling and reuse, and waste reduction. The site provides access to conference
Appendix F - 5
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
information, brochures and bulletins, research publications and projects and helpful links.
Moderately Useful
www.redo.org - This is the homepage for the Reuse Development Organization (ReDO). ReDO is
a national and international tax-exempt, 501(c) (3) non-profit organization dedicated to promoting
reuse as an environmentally sound, socially beneficial, and economical means for managing
surplus and discarded materials. ReDo provides education, training, and technical assistance to
start up and operate reuse programs. ReDO is working to create a national reuse network and
infrastructure. The site contains access to reuse expertise in a variety of areas, identifies some
model programs, and provides a useful reuse fact sheet, current news, website links, and
publications. Moderately Useful
www.materials4future.org - This is the homepage for the Materials for the Future (MFF). MFF is
a nonprofit organization founded in 1992 by a group of San Francisco Bay Area financers and
recycling advocates. MFF supports community-based initiatives that integrate the environmental
goals of resource conservation through waste prevention, reuse, and recycling with the economic
development goals of job creation/retention, enterprise development, and local empowerment.
The site contains descriptions of MFF's granting programs;guidelines and current MFF grant
recipients; current MFF projects on deconstruction and profiles of 50 small business opportunities
using recovered materials; related publications; and links to other recycling and community
economic development organizations. Slightly Useful
www.smartgrowth.org - This is the homepage for the Smart Growth Network (SGN). SGN helps
create national, regional, and local coalitions to encourage metropolitan development that
is: environmentally, fiscally, and economically and socially smart. The site has a Smart Buildings
page that leads to information on deconstruction, deconstruction resources, related links, and
case studies. Moderately Useful
www.montana.com/CRBT - This is the homepage for the Center for Resourceful Building
Technology (CRBT). The CBRT is a non-profit corporation dedicated to promoting
Appendix F - 6
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
environmentally responsible practices in construction. Its mission is to serve as both catalyst and
facilitator in encouraging building technologies which realize a sustainable and efficient use of
resources. Through research, education, and demonstration, CRBT promotes resource efficiency
in building design, materials selection and construction practices. The site contains pages on
current research, education, and demonstration projects; and related publications and links.
Moderately Useful
www.rbme.com - This is the homepage for the Reusable Building Materials Exchange (RBME).
RBME is a convenient way to easily exchange small or large quantities of used or surplus
building materials for participating counties in WA. The site uses the International Material
Exchange (IMEX). Slightly Useful
www.greenguide.com - This is the homepage for the “Green Building Resource Guide.” The
Guide is a database of over 600 green building materials and products selected specifically for
their usefulness to the design and building professions. The site also provides access to the
Salvaged Building Materials Exchange. Highly Useful
www.cwc.org - This is the homepage for the Clean Washington Center (CWC). CWC is a not-
for-profit organization within the Pacific Northwest Economic Region (PNWER). PNWER is a
regional economic development and public policymaking entity based in Seattle. CWC develops
markets for recycled materials. CWC has worked in partnership with business, industry, and local
government to increase the manufacturing capacity for materials recovered from the waste
stream. The site provides phone contact for the following services: Business Development,
Recycling Technology, Product Marketing, and Policy Research & Analysis. It also provides
Internet access to the Chicago Board of Trades Recyclables Exchange. Slightly Useful
Appendix F - 7
Appendix F
Websites for Material Exchanges and
Related C&D Waste Information
around the world use INFORM reports. INFORM publishes its research in books, newsletters,
articles, and on the Internet. They have published more than 100 reports on how to avoid unsafe
uses of toxic chemicals, protect land and water resources, conserve energy, and safeguard public
health. Source for “Building for the Future: Strategies to Reduce Construction and Demolition
Waste in Municipal Projects.” Highly Useful
Appendix F - 8
Appendix G
List of Potential Asbestos Containing
Building Materials
Appendix G - 1
Appendix H
Part 1 - WasteSpec References for
Managing Hazardous Waste
Appendix H-1
Appendix H
Part 1 - WasteSpec References for
Managing Hazardous Waste
chloride, does not contain chlorinated hydrocarbons, does not contain or generate hazardous
or toxic waste, factory applied coatings”.
Appendix H-2
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
SECTION 01505
**OR**
PART 1 - GENERAL
RELATED SECTIONS
Appendix H-3
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
A. Document 00120-Supplementary Instructions to
Bidders-Resource Efficiency.
B. Document 00800 - Supplementary General Conditions.
C. Section 01010 - Summary of the Work.
D. Section 01030 - Alternates, or
Section 01031 - Waste Management / Recycling
Alternates.
E. Section 01060 - Regulatory Requirements.
F. Section 01094 - Definitions.
G. Section 01200 - Project Meetings.
H. Section 01300 - Submittals.
I. Section 01400 - Quality Control.
J. Section 01500 - Construction Facilities and
Temporary Controls.
K. Section 01505 - Construction Waste Management.
L. Section 01600 - Materials and Equipment.
M. Section 01630 - Substitutions.
N. Section 01700 - Contract Close-out.
Appendix H-4
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
whichever occurs sooner, the Contractor shall
submit to the Owner and Architect a Draft Waste
Management Plan.
a. Cardboard.
b. Clean dimensional wood.
c. Beverage containers.
d. Land clearing debris.
e. Concrete.
f. Bricks.
g. Concrete Masonry Units (CMU).
Appendix H-5
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
h. Asphalt.
i. Metals from banding, stud trim, ductwork,
piping, rebar, roofing, other trim, steel,
iron, galvanized sheet steel, stainless
steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, brass,
and bronze.
Appendix H-6
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
waste in the landfill(s).
Appendix H-7
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
out and label a specific area to facilitate
separation of materials for potential recycling,
salvage, reuse, and return. Recycling and waste
bin areas are to be kept neat and clean
and clearly marked in order to avoid contamination
of materials.
SPECIAL PROGRAMS
Appendix H-8
Appendix H
Part 2 - WasteSpec References for
Construction Waste Management
END OF SECTION
Appendix H-9
Appendix I
The government employees and residents of installation are committed to sustaining an economic
mission, healthy environment and vibrant economy. Consistent with this commitment, there has
been a fundamental shift in the way we view C&D waste. The Air Force has promulgated a waste
diversion policy that recognizes C&D waste is a resource that can save costs, generate revenues
and create jobs through cost effective and environmentally responsible management. The Air
Force measure of merit for diverting non-hazardous solid waste is 40% by FY 2004.
The installation is committed to achieving an overall objective of 50% C&D waste diversion by
the year 200X. In order to achieve this goal, the Installation has developed a forward-looking
strategy. The achievement of the strategic objective and goals will be monitored and assessed at
the periodic Environmental Safety and Occupational Health Committee meetings.
The C&D Waste Resource Management Strategy for installation includes the following goals:
o Require all contractors to analyze C&D waste diversion potential and submit C&D Waste
Management Plans for specific projects. This includes installation and family housing
maintenance contractors.
o Require all project designs to use a model specification like WasteSpec for reducing,
reusing and recycling C&D waste.
o Exploit existing markets for diverting wood, concrete, metals, reusable architectural
building components and drywall and identify new unused diversion markets for future
use.
o Require all in-house construction work forces to prepare and implement generic C&D
waste management plans. This includes the installation Self-Help and family housing U-
Fix-It Stores.
o Identify and use partnerships to maximize additional C&D waste diversion resources.
o Conduct one pilot project for deconstruction and compare it with conventional demolition
for costs, revenues and time.
The C&D Waste Resource Management Strategy for the installation will include these benefits:
o Reduced contract and in-house costs from material salvage, reuse and recycling.
Appendix I-1
Appendix I
1. This project shall target a C&D waste diversion rate of 75%. Work forces shall generate the
least amount of waste possible by planning and ordering carefully, following all proper storage
and handling procedures to reduce broken and damaged materials, and reusing materials
wherever possible. Waste materials generated shall be salvaged for donation or resale, or
separated for recycling to the extent that is economically feasible.
2. The Waste Management Chart identifies the waste materials expected to be generated on this
project, the disposal method for each material, and any handling requirements.
3. Waste diversion activities will be discussed at each safety meeting. Each contractor and
subcontractor will receive this WMP and be provided a tour of the job site. Each subcontractor
will be expected to make sure all work crews comply with the WMP. All containers will be
clearly labeled and lists of accepted/unaccepted materials will be posted throughout the site.
Appendix I-2
Appendix I
Appendix I-3
Appendix J
Bibliography
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National Center for Appropriate Technology, Missoula, MT, 1995.
Mumma, Tracy, “Cost-Effective Demolition Waste Management,” Good Cents Magazine (Summer),
1998.
O’brien & Associates and Palermini & Associates, “Residential Remodeling Waste Reduction
Demonstration Project,” Metro, Portland, OR, June 1993.
Palermini & Associates, “Construction Industry Recycling Project,” Metro, Portland, OR, July, 30,
1993.
Center for Economic Conversion, Materials for the Future Foundation and National Economic
Development and Law Center, “Building Deconstruction on Closing Military Bases,” The East Bay
Conversion and Reinvestment Commission, Oakland, CA, 1997.
Geller, Lisa, Joan Holtzman and Chris Thomas, “Case Study of the Naval Air Station Alameda
Deconstruction Project,” The East Bay Conversion and Reinvestment Commission, Oakland, CA,
1999.
U.S. Air Force Academy, “Draft Final – Environmental Quality Contractor Evaluation checklists,”
April 1997.
CH2MHill, “Final Draft – Environmental Contract Specification Guidebook,” U.S. Air Force
Academy, April 1997.
Pierquet, Patrick L. and Patrick H. Huelman, “Improving Your Bottom Line with Construction Waste
Management,” Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance, 1996.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register Part II Environmental Protection Agency,
“Management and Disposal of Lead-Based Paint Debris: Proposed Rule,” and “Temporary
Suspension of Toxicity Characteristic Rule for Specified Lead-Based Paint Debris; Proposed Rule,”
December 18, 1998.
Kincaid, Judith E., Cheryl Walker and Greg Flynn, “WasteSpec-Model Specifications for
Construction Waste Reduction, Reuse and Recycling,” Triangle J Council of Governments, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 1995.
Appendix J-1
Appendix J
Bibliography
Lehman, Carl, PRO-ACT Letter to Mr. Ken Kinjo, “PRO-ACT Technical Inquiry #19871 – LBP &
ACBM in Building Demolition,” HQ AFCEE, Brooks AFB, TX, April 28, 1999.
PRO-ACT Fact Sheet, “Lead-Based Paint, Technical Inquiry #16487,” HQ AFCEE, Brooks AFB, TX,
January 1998.
PRO-ACT Fact Sheet, Untitled Technical Inquiry #19430 on Lead-Based Paint, HQ AFCEE, Brooks
AFB, TX, April 1, 1999.
Department of the Air Force, DRAFT Air Force Instruction 32-1041, “Facility Lead-Based Paint
Hazard Management,” Pentagon, Washington DC, 1999.
Department of the Air Force, HQ USAF/ILEV Memorandum for ALMAJCOM/CEV et al, “Policy
and Guidance on Lead-Based Paint (LBP) Final Disclosure Rule, Pentagon, Washington DC, August
19, 1996.
Department of the Air Force, DRAFT Air Force Manual 32-1141, “Lead-Based Paint Processes and
Practices,” HQ AFCESA, Tyndall AFB, FL, July 15,1998.
Business and Industry Recycling Venture and King County Solid Waste Division, “Contractors’
Guide to Preventing Waste and Recycling-1998/99,” Seattle, WA, January 1999.
Department of the Air Force, DRAFT Air Force Instruction 32-7042, “Waste Management,”
Pentagon, Washington DC, February 1, 1999.
Metro, Job Site Recycling Fact Sheets [Case Studies], Call Metro Recycling Information at 1-206-
234-3000, or visit www.multnomah.lib.or.us/metro/rem/rwp/constrcy.html, Portland, OR, undated.
Triangle J Council of Governments (TJCOG), Case Studies #1-#10, Comes with WasteSpec, or call
TJCOG at 1-919-549-0551, or visit www.state.nc.us/TJCOG/cdwaste.htm, Research Triangle Park,
NC, undated.
Metro, “Generator Waste Analysis for the Building Industry,” Portland, OR, undated.
Goddard, Jim, “Developing a construction and Demolition Debris Recycling System for Disaster
Debris Management,” Metro, January 1994.
Goddard, Jim, “Promoting Building Industry Recycling: A How-To Guide,” Resource, Recycling,
December 1995.
Metro, “A List of Recycled Building and Construction Product Directories,” Metro Regional Services,
Portland, OR, June 1998.
Fishbein, Bette K., “Building for the Future: Strategies to Reduce Construction and Demolition Waste
in Municipal Projects,” www.informinc.org/cdreport.html, INFORM Inc., NY June 1998.
Appendix J-2
Appendix J
Bibliography
Metro, “Construction Site Recycling,” www.multnomah.lib.or.us/metro/rem/rwp/constrcy.html, 1-5,
Portland, OR, undated.
PRO-ACT Fact Sheet, “Asbestos, Technical Inquiry #19400,” HQ AFCEE, Brooks AFB, TX, March
1999.
PRO-ACT Fact Sheet, “Management of PCB Demolition Debris, Technical Inquiry #19430,” HQ
AFCEE, Brooks AFB, TX, January 1999.
Flynn, Leonard T. and Cindy F. Kleiman, “Public Health concerns About Environmental
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),” www.acsh.org/publications/reposts/pcupdate2.html, American
Council on Science and Health, Academic Press, 1997.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Background Information and Health Effects [PCBs],”
www.epa.gov/opptintr/pcb/, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Undated.
National Medical Services, “Test Information Sheet Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Test Code:
3370,” http://mail.odsnet.com/TRIFacts/92.html, May 1989.
Department of the Air Force, “Handbook on the 1998 Amended PCB Disposal Regulations,”
Unknown Publishing Source, Undated.
Hoyt, J. J., “DRAFT Demolition Waste Management Guide,” Command Naval Base, Norfolk, VA,
Undated.
Leroux, Kivi and Neil Seldman, “Deconstruction: Salvaging Yesterday’s Buildings for Tomorrow’s
Sustainable Communities,” Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington, DC, 1999.
WRITAR, LHB Engineers and Architects and Center for Resourceful Building Technology,
“Resource Efficient Building-Reducing Materials Use, Toxicity and Waste in Design,” Minnesota
Office of Environmental Assistance, St. Paul, MN, March 1995.
Townsend, Timothy G. and Charles Kibert, “The Management and Environmental Impacts of
Construction and Demolition Waste in Florida,” Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management, Gainesville, FL, June 1998.
Townsend, Timothy G., “Introduction, Overview of Demolition Waste Management and Location of
Hazardous Building Components,”
www.enveng.ufl.edu/homepp/townsend/Research/DemoHW/Guide/Dmgdintr.htm, Undated.
Townsend, Timothy G., “Removal of Hazardous Building Components from Demolition Waste-An
Information Sheet for Government Building Officials,”
www.enveng.ufl.edu/homepp/townsend/Research/DemoHW/Guide/DHWFSBOF.pdf, Undated.
Townsend, Timothy G., “Removal of Hazardous Building Components from Demolition Waste-An
Information Sheet for Government Building Officials,”
www.enveng.ufl.edu/homepp/townsend/Research/DemoHW/Guide/DHWFSDCT.pdf, Undated.
Appendix J-3
Appendix J
Bibliography
Appendix J-4