New HVDC technology in Pan-European power
system planning
L. Michi, G. Donnini, C. Giordano, F. M. Pompili, S. Lauria, L. Calcara
Scavo, E.G. Luciano, B. Aluisio, Ch. Astronautic, Energetic and Electrical
Vergine Engineering Department
Dept. of Grid Planning and University of Rome “La Sapienza”,
Interconnection Rome, Italy
Terna S.p.A. luigi.calcara@uniroma1.it
Rome, Italy
chiara.giordano@terna.it
Abstract — High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology
will play a more central role in the future grid development
than it had in the past due to the technological developments,
the increasing use of renewable energy resources and the more
ambitious European goals. These evolutions introduce new
challenges in power transmission planning and have an impact
on the choices of technology and the geographical location of
interconnection projects. This paper will give a brief
introduction on the benefits that HVDC can provide to the
power system, focusing on their penetration in the European
system, before dealing with a more detailed description of key
HVDC projects in the Italian network.
Keywords — HVDC, interconnection, Pan-European power
system, transmission planning
I. INTRODUCTION
Meeting the energy and climate policy targets set by the
European Union for 2030 and beyond will pose several
challenges towards the development of the European power
system. Concerning the European transmission grid, the
critical goal will consist in the optimal network integration of
massive amounts of electricity production from variable
renewable energy sources (RES), especially wind and solar.
This has to be framed towards the realization of the Energy
Union, while maintaining adequate levels of system
reliability, in a liberalized context [1]-[4]. To handle these
issues, the traditional approach, based on the realization of
new High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) transmission
assets, may not be sufficient any longer, also given economic
and socio-environmental constraints faced by overhead lines
(OHLs) infrastructures. Also, the need to increase system
flexibility has to be highlighted.
In this context, among various potential measures and
available technologies, a key role may be played by advanced
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission devices.
Because of their features, these technologies are already
widely used and preferred over HVAC for selected
applications.
Furthermore, HVDC assets may provide the system with
environmental benefits with respect to conventional HVAC
transmission technologies. The ongoing progress and fast
developments in power electronics, on top of the traditional
characteristics of HVDC, may impact to further extend the
typologies of HVDC applications in the European system.
This trend makes HVDC emerge as boosting technology in a
mid-to-long term horizon in Europe: this concerns especially
the most advanced self-commutated VSC (Voltage Source
Converter)-HVDC systems due to their characteristics [5]; in
978-1-7281-2071-3/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
A. L’Abbate
Energy Systems Development Dept.
Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE)
S.p.A.
Milan, Italy
angelo.labbate@rse-web.it
parallel, also classic line-commutated CSC (Current Source
Converter)-HVDC technologies are expected to be further
applied in Europe.
Given this background, after recalling the key benefits of
HVDC, the present paper provides an updated review related
to the HVDC evolution and developments that have been
undergone by European Transmission System Operators
(TSOs) in the latest years. Considering the transmission
expansion plans of ENTSO-E (European Network of
Transmission System Operators for Electricity) [7][27],
particular attention has been paid to describe the key HVDC
projects in the Italian system.
The paper is organised as in the following. Section II recalls
the main features of HVDC technologies. Section III deals
with the environmental impact of these systems. Section IV
shows evolution and aspects for HVDC use. Moreover,
Section V reviews projects across the European system and
the Italian network. Finally, Section VI draws concluding
remarks and sets future outlooks.
II. KEY HVDC FEATURES
The first HVDC installations date back to 50ies; nowadays,
HVDC is a widespread and worldwide used transmission
technology, counting on a long operational experience. In
fact, this technology exhibits characteristics that have already
made it attractive and preferred over HVAC transmission for
selected applications, such as i) very long distance lines,
especially for bulk power transport, ii) longer submarine
cable links, and iii) interconnections of asynchronous
systems (in full or back-to-back scheme) [11]-[13].
Outside Europe, a large, rapid boost of HVDC development
and penetration is being experienced in the latest years in
several countries, especially in China and India [6][10]. The
most impressive evolution of this technology concerns the
ongoing development of Ultra High Voltage Direct Current
(UHVDC) overhead corridors at levels of ±800 kV and
±1100 kV voltage range for tie lengths spanning 2000 to
4000 km and transporting 6.4 to 12 GW power.
Thanks to its speed and flexibility, the HVDC technology
can provide the transmission system with different benefits
such as: transfer capacity enhancement, power flow control,
transient stability improvement, power oscillation damping,
voltage stability and control, rejection of cascading
disturbances, absence of reactive power.
The ongoing progress and fast developments in power
electronics, coupled with HVDC traditional features, may
lead to further deploy this technology to improve operation
and development of European transmission networks. This is
the case of the more and more emerging VSC-HVDC [5][9]:
it represents the state-of-the-art technology for connection of
offshore wind farms and for multi-terminal applications as
well as a real possibility to further extend its application
fields. Table I summarizes the key features of CSC-HVDC
and VSC-HVDC. The key plus of VSC-HVDC with respect
to CSC-HVDC is that it gives the possibility to feed reactive
power into a network and provide a smoother voltage
support. Furthermore, HVDC may represent also a better
environmental solution with respect to HVAC lines [8]. This
will be discussed in Section III in detail.
TABLE I. KEY FEATURES OF CSC-HVDC AND VSC-HVDC (2018)
III. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
The environmental impact of a new transmission line has to
be taken into account carefully both in defining its route and
in choosing its technology [14].
With respect to conventional HVAC transmission system,
the environmental impact of a line can be reduced by using
HVDC transmission technology, due to the lower visual
profile of its OHLs, the non-pulsating electromagnetic field
(EMF) emissions reduction, and its feasibility of partial
cabling where necessary for environmental, social, or
political reasons [8].
The potential effects on the environment caused by HVDC
transmission systems can include:
• health risks;
• land use and visual impact;
• corona effect and radio interference;
• audible noise;
• ground currents and corrosion effects.
The HVDC technology, in the past, has raised concerns
about the effects of the resulting electromagnetic fields on
the environment, including the impact on human and animal
life.
In this regard, a study has been carried out due to an
expressed public concern about an underground HVDC line
that was laid for power transmission between England and
Ireland. The resulting report states that the magnetic field at
1 meter from a HVDC line is not stronger than the Earth’s
magnetic field, which is approximately 50 μT [15].
This conclusion concurs with the independent assessment of
the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP), which has studied the potential hazards
of magnetic and electric fields associated with HVDC
transmission lines.
In 2009 the ICNIRP has asserted that there is a little
evidence to suggest physiological impacts due to a magnetic
field below 5 T. Nonetheless, they suggested short-term
exposure to strong magnetic fields, which should be less than
2 T for occupational workers and 400 mT for the public [16].
These limits are yet far above the magnetic field measured in
the proximity of an HVDC line: in case of siting in trench at
a depth of 1.5 m, the value is approximately 170 μT at
ground level and 110 μT at 1 m above the ground.
Another possible direct impact is presented by the electric
field or by charged air ions, which in turn are a product of an
electric field. The Health Protection Agency of the United
Kingdom recommended limiting exposure to static electric
fields to 25 kV/m [17].
The various effects of the electric field observed by humans
near HVAC lines are either greatly minimized for HVDC
lines or not observed at all, such as the electric discharge.
The ion current flowing through a human under an HVAC
line of +/−1000 kV is 200 μA, while a HVDC line of
comparable power transmission induces an ion current 100
times smaller than that [15].
The impact of necessary infrastructure to implement HVDC
solutions is more limited than traditional solutions HVAC.
Considering an equal infrastructure, the transmitted energy is
much higher for HVDC technology. Moreover, an HVDC
transmission line, compared to an equivalent HVAC one, can
reduce the land use by 33-50% [8]; it enables to go
underground without limitation in line length and it has
lower visual profile than HVDC OHL. These characteristics
may be quite important in the general case of long lines, or in
the particular ones of lines crossing densely populated areas,
national parks, or woodlands with valuable trees species.
For an OHL transmission system of 6.000MW at +/−800kV,
the required right-of-way (ROW) is about 183 m for HVAC
and 83 m for HVDC [18]. The adoption of HVDC
underground cables reduces the right-of-way at 15 or 12 m
according to technology (mass impregnated cables and CSC
technology or extruded cables and VSC technology) [19].
HVDC lines use a wide variety of both lattice and steel pole
tower designs. The T tower configurations and constrained
suspension configurations can reduce both tower height and
blow-out related ROW width. As for tower land use, the T-
pylon requires approximately at ground level 2.6 m2,
whereas the self-supporting lattice tower requires a footprint
of 61 m2 (Fig. 1) [20]. Consequently, public acceptance of
new HVDC lines can be enhanced by both compact and
aesthetically pleasing design.
On the other hand, the converter station for an HVDC
network requires a larger area than for HVAC. A converter
station for a 1,000 MW power line at a voltage rating of
+/−400 kV would require a plot of land 320 m × 270 m,
which is considerably larger than for an AC (Alternating
Current) substation [21]. With respect to visual impacts,
HVDC overhead transmission lines offer several advantages
over HVAC lines of the same capacity. A HVDC line needs
only two conductors (one in case of submarine transmission)
and not three as usually required by HVAC lines. HVDC
lines also need smaller tower heights in comparison with
HVAC lines of equal capacity.

Fig. 1. Comparison of HVDC Tower options with equal mid-span
ground clearance and thermal loading of 3800 MW at 500 kV [20]
The reduction of visual impacts is a major benefit of
underground lines with respect to OHL. However
underground lines also present some visual impacts, which
include (but are not limited to) the total removal of
vegetation along the route (during construction), the absence
of trees above the line (after construction), possible
vegetation changes due to temperature effects (surface
temperatures can rise up to 2°C), the presence of access and
haul roads during and after line construction [22].
Another possible environmental impact by HVDC
transmission lines is electromagnetic interference with the
radio frequencies. Such interference is related to the corona,
which is an electric discharge due to air ionization around a
conductor. Such corona effect exists for HVAC lines as well,
and it is generally of higher amplitude, in particular in case
of rain or wet weather conditions and high temperature.
Assuming equal capacity conductors and maximum levels of
electrical field intensity on the conductors’ surfaces, the
radio interference level of HVDC lines is typically lower by
6-8 dB than that for HVAC ones.
Audible noise is one of the important design parameters for
both overhead lines and substations. The audible noise in DC
(Direct Current) lines is due to an impulsive micro-discharge
with high energy content. Noise levels from a DC line will
usually decrease during bad weather, unlike the noise levels
on AC lines.
Another influence of HVDC on the environment is related to
ground currents associated with monopole operations.
Monopole HVDC systems are mostly used for submarine
power transmission systems. However, the use of the return
by sea creates corrosion problems for other metal objects
(such as pipes, sheaths of other cables, etc.) and production
of chlorine which can affect fish fauna.
Regarding marine HVDC cable, the potential effects on
marine environment are: the impact of electrolysis products
(chlorine and bromine), generated at the cathode and anode
of sea electrodes, on marine organisms (phytoplankton and
zooplankton); the impact of electric field, which can be
sensed by some sea creatures (sharks/rays, seabirds,) and the
influence of magnetic field on fauna habits, particularly
seabird migration [23]. These potential effects are the major
oppositions to marine HVDC cables.
In [24], the results of the magnetic field on HVDC cable
Italy-Montenegro are presented. In all the analysed
configurations, the magnetic flux density (magnetic
induction) is significantly below the maximum permissible
limit of 400 mT. Then, the magnetic field of the cable is not
supposed to cause negative effects on the environment in
both the submarine and the land section.
IV. HVDC: FROM THE BEGINNING TO NOWADAYS
For a relatively long time, after the reintroduction of direct
current transmission in 1954, the use of HVDC transmission
has been restricted due to technical reasons to:
interconnection of non-synchronous networks, submarine
cables (starting from the Gotland subsea link in 1954).
In the following years, the substantial increase of HVDC
voltage and power rating subsequently put HVDC power
transmission on a par with HVAC. From the beginning long-
distance overhead DC lines were built, such as the Pacific
DC Intertie, the Cahora Bassa Interconnection and the
Nelson River projects culminating in the Itaipu system
(1984-1988), with each bipolar link rated 3150 MW.
The Itaipu voltage and power records had been not broken
for 20 years.
The first decade of the 21st century witnessed a new rise in
HVDC transmission projects, characterized by three major
trends:
• new submarine HVDC links in Europe, both in the
North Sea and in the Mediterranean area (Italy
commissioned two record-breaking systems) spanning
distances over 500 km at voltages up to ± 500 kV;
• the construction of a large number of long HVDC lines
in China, to provide support to the steep growth of
Chinese demand. The first of these lines presented
standard parameters, in terms of both lengths and
ratings; however, by the turn of the decade, China was
building the first ever UHVDC lines at ± 800 kV DC
and with lengths sometimes in excess of some hundreds
of kilometres;
• the introduction of a completely new technology in
HVDC converter , consisting of several VSC topologies
characterized by the use of IGBT (Insulated Gate
Bipolar Transistor) switches.
Just as in power electronics-based motor drives, the use of
appropriated VSC structures enables “four-quadrants” power
flow control, which means the (independent) control of
reactive power at each line terminal for HVDC applications.
In recent years, the modular multilevel converter (MMC)
topology seems to have risen as the industry standard.
Tomorrow's challenges will concern the integration of the
present electricity system with the innovative concepts of
prosumers, changing the role of traditional rotating
generators, storages and smart demand technologies [25]
[26].
Italian TERNA is deeply involved with two HVDC links
MonIta (Montenegro-Italy) and Savoie - Pièmont projects.
The main feature of this last HVDC Italy-France connection
is its complete involvement in a terrestrial environment
including the cables laid in the security gallery of the Frejus
motorway tunnel and also along the existing motorways Fig. 3 represents the country involved into HVDC projects
right-of-way. (highlighted in dark), whereas Fig. 4 summarizes the number
V. HVDC: FUTURE PROJECTS OVERVIEW of projects for each country considered in the TYNDP
perimeter, divided in both HVAC and HVDC. Taking into
A. European Projects account only the projects under construction, the HVDC
Due to the described advantages, HVDC has been largely system will grow of about 3100 km progressively in 2019 –
used throughout Pan-European perimeter if the conditions 2021. This estimation includes also the North Sea link, 1400
were favourable to this technology. MW and 720 km long interconnector between Norway and
UK (United Kingdom). This project, promoted by National
Moreover, new HVDC projects are planned in the next future
Grid and STATNETT, will increase the degree of
over Europe. In this Section, these projects will be briefly
interconnectivity between the Norwegian and UK’s bidding
summarized according to the forecasts specified in the Ten-
zone.
Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP) study [27]
carried out by ENTSO-E in 2018. A more comprehensive It can be seen how Germany leads in terms of number of
analysis of TYNDP18 study can be found in [28]. projects for AC lines, and it is also the second country in
terms of DC lines. Other noticeable countries in this rank are
Fig. 2 represents the evolution of the new Net Transfer
Spain, The Netherlands and Belgium. UK is the first country
Capacity (NTC) which is expected to be installed by 2030
for number of new HVDC projects, followed by Germany
over the TYNDP18 perimeter. It should be noticed that the
and Italy. This latter country presents an equal number of
NTC plotted considers just the new capacity installed,
HVAC and HVDC projects considered in TYNDP18; a focus
whereas possible dismantling related to these new projects is
on Italian HVDC projects will be carried out in the next
not taken into account. As an example, the SA.CO.I 3 project
Section V.B.
(SArdinia-COrsica-Italian peninsula) sums 400 MW in total;
nevertheless, nowadays an HVDC already exists (SA.CO.I.
2) along the same path of the new SA.CO.I. 3, which can
transfer up to 300 MW. Therefore, SA.CO.I. 3 is an
upgrading of an already existing HVDC link, so the actual
new NTC due to SA.CO.I 3 among the areas connected is
100 MW.
It can be seen how the expected total increase in the new
NTC is almost 10 times the new capacity installed in 2019
(i.e. an average of 5.5 GW per year of new HVDC capacity
planned). The greatest contribution to this increment is given
by HVDC projects planned as a reinforcement/replacement
of the European grid; nonetheless, the new NTC associated
to offshore plants represents a non-negligible part of the total
at 2030 (>10%).

Fig. 3. Map of the countries involved in HVDC projects in the

TYNDP18 framework (dark grey)

Fig. 2. Evolution of the new HVDC Net Transfer Capacity installed

in Europe in 2019-2030 time range
With respect to the number of projects planned, a total of 52
HVDC lines are expected to be commissioned by 2030, for a Fig. 4. Number of projects (both HVAC and HVDC) for each
country of the TYNDP perimeter
total of over 25,000 km of new HVDC lines, versus 300,000
km of HVAC lines (i.e. HVDC lines represents about 7.5%
of the total kms of new projects in TYNDP18).
B. Italian Projects
In Italy there are about 1166 km of direct current power
lines, mostly submarine cables. The total installed capacity is
1.8 GW.
Fig. 5 shows the installed Italian HVDC systems, all of them
are based on CSC technology.
Fig. 5. Installed Italian HVDC systems
The first Italian HVDC is the SA.CO.I 1 between Sardinia,
Corsica and the Italian mainland. It was commissioned in
1966, to export from Sardinia to the mainland the hydro and
thermal power production, which was higher than the
island’s load. At the beginning, it was a bi-terminal power
line, so Corsica was only a bridge between Sardinia and
Italy. In 1987 in agreement with EDF (Electricitè de France)
a conversion station at Lucciana (Corsica) was built, so a
part of transmitted energy could be used to supply Corsican
demand. The SA.CO.I. became the first multi-terminal
HVDC system in the world.
The situation of the Sardinian power system is very
particular. A high percentage of load is supplied by old
thermal power plants which have big capacity, some of them
are coal power plants that should be dismantled in agreement
with the Italian National Energy & Climate Plan (NECP),
sent to the European Commission in January 2019, which
confirms the coal phase out by 2025 [29]. The past and
future integration of very large amounts of variable RES,
especially wind and solar, into the power system, decreases
its flexibility and the reliability. To face the huge
commissioning of RES plants in this region, in 2011 the
SA.PE.I. cable, i.e. the interconnection from Fiumesanto
station (Sardinia region) to Latina station (Lazio region), was
commissioned, improving the stability of the Sardinian
power grid. It is based on a CSC-HVDC with nominal
voltage ±500 kV and 1000 MW of capacity.
The current Sardinia-Corsica-Continent link, named
SA.CO.I. 2, has been completed in 1992. In particular, the
cables terminals have been substituted and the two new
stations in Codrongianos (Sardinia) and Suvereto (Tuscany)
have been realized. However, it has now reached the end of
its useful life. The final loss of this connection would result
in:
• the lack of maintaining adequate levels of reliability in
Sardinia;
• the loss of connection between the Centre-North area of
Italy and Sardinia, with a reduction in transport capacity
between these market areas;
• a deficit in the supply of the forecasted Corsican demand.
For these reasons, in the Italian National Development Plan
(NDP) the new connection SA.CO.I. 3 has been planned,
which will replace the old SA.CO.I. 2 (see also Section
V.A.) and it will assure adequacy margins of the Sardinian
electricity system [30].
The SA.CO.I. 3 is not the only Sardinian HVDC planned in
the NDP. As mentioned above, the adequacy margins need,
the existing thermal power plants constraints, the
decarbonization goal by 2025 make necessary a new multi-
terminal HVDC link between Italian mainland, Sicily and
Sardinia, to guarantee the quality of supply.
Fig. 6 shows all future HVDC planned in the NDP, with the
different phases of progress. All of them are also included in
TYNDP18 and have been evaluated through the process
explained in [31].
Fig. 6. Future HVDC in the Italian National Development Plan
In addition to the RES integration and the improvement of
the system’s flexibility, the use of HVDC technology can
also increase the exchange capacity between congested zones
and with the foreign countries, guaranteeing the integration
of European markets and the energy transition.
An application of these goals is the project “HVDC
Villanova-Fano” between Centre-North (IT_CN) and Centre-
South (IT_CS) sections. This is a critical area for
bottlenecks, so the new HVDC will transport the energy
produced by RES from the South Italy to the North, where
the load is higher. As consequence, this project results to be
important to solve congestions across Italian market areas
and to decrease the price differentials between Italian market
zones IT_CN and IT_CS.
Moreover, Fig. 6 shows also planned interconnection
projects, which will guarantee the increase of exchanging
energy volumes at more competitive prices. This makes
possible to increment the competition in energy markets and
the available power for the safe operation of the electrical
system.
Detailing the planned projects on the northern border, there
are three interconnection projects with France, Switzerland
and Slovenia. Currently, as introduced in Section IV, only
the Savoie - Pièmont link (between Piossasco, Italy, and
Grand’Ile, France) is under construction.
This is a modern example of synergy between highway
infrastructures and electric energy ones. With its route of
about 190 km, mainly installed along highway roads and
viaducts (inside in the Frejus Gallery), it could represent a
reference for the installation of future underground
transmission lines, also considering its almost null territory
impact.
These aspects could also play a key role in the reinforcement
projects for already developed transmission grids which need
new energy corridors but have to face many territory
constraints as well.
This HVDC link also boasts another important feature: it is
constituted of two independent multilevel VSC-HVDC
systems with overall rated power equal to 1200 MW (see
Fig. 7) [32].
Fig. 7. Layer of Piossasco -Grand’lle HVDC project
With the exception of the interconnection projects in the
north of the peninsula previously recalled, all planned
HVDC systems are for subsea cable links. This depends on
the connection capacity but also on the link length and on the
seawater depth.
Among these projects, as introduced in Section IV, the only
one under construction is the “MonIta” interconnection
(phase 1, 600 MW), between the centre of Italy and
Montenegro. The project MonIta concerns a link at 500 kV
DC voltage level, with a rated power of 1200 MW in bipolar
configuration, equipped also with marine electrodes and
being built with CSC technology thyristors [33].
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper provides an overview of main aspects that have
contributed to the choice of HVDC with respect to HVAC
technology. In particular, these characteristics have been
dealt with under different points of view, among which
technical and environmental aspects. Given the pro and cons
of HVDC use, the main applications have been presented,
considering the different historical periods and the reasons
behind the choices. Finally, in planning framework, the main
European and Italian projects were detailed, highlighting the
technologies used and the issues that they propose to solve.
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