Submitted To:

Dr. Junaid
Submitted By:
Muhammad Muaaz Saeed
AG NO:
2018-AG-6978
Section: J
Assignment:
Forestry
FRW- 401 3(2-1)

University of Agriculture Faislabad

Bs(Agri Sciences)
Introduction and Basic Concepts
INTRODUCTION
Wood:
 Wood is a natural organic material
 Basic needs of life
 Building Materials Energy
 Various other wooden structures/products

What is wood?
Answer:

Wood is the central core of the stem, which is composed of dead xylem tissue.

Tree
Perennial woody green plants Erect stems (6 feet or more).

Shrub
Shrub, perennial woody green plant whose stem cannot be distinguished from the branches .

Forest
The flora and fauna mainly composed of woody plants are called forests

Flora: trees, shrubs, herbs, crop grass.

Animals: animals, etc.

Forestry: Using science and art to manage forests to maximize output on an ongoing basis.

Agroforestry
Agroforestry/Agriforestry engages in forestry activities in farmland to obtain substantial benefits,
such as wood, fuel, food, fodder, housing, etc. Or planting trees with crops is known as farm
forestry.
Types of Agro-Forestry
Alley planting
(Grow crops between rows of trees).
Silvopasture
(Combination of trees and pastures)

 Windbreaks and shelterbelts,

RIPARIAN VEGETATION / riparian buffer zone

Strips (trees, grasses and/or shrubs planted along streams or rivers)
Forest agriculture (natural forest areas also operate wood products and other enterprises)

ADVANTGES OF FOREST
Trees
 Take away our waste carbon dioxide
 The relationship between black and white forest and greenhouse effect
 Add carbon dioxide by artificially burning fossil fuels:
 Railway, industrial, automotive and home cooking
 Excess carbon dioxide has produced GHE
 CO2 allows solar radiation to penetrate the earth’s surface, but does not allow earth
radiation to pass through and radiate back into space

Please remember:
To grow a pound of wood, a tree needs to use 1.47 pounds of carbon dioxide and release 1.07
pounds of oxygen.
The amount of oxygen produced by a mature green tree in a season is equivalent to the amount
of oxygen absorbed by 10 people in a year

Follow the rules:

The Tree Cutting (Prohibition) Act 1992. No trees shall be felled without prior permission.
Fine 5,000 rupees + occupation of cutting tools and equipment

The potential of a tree to produce oxygen every day (in rupees)?

How much oxygen does a person consume in a day?

 Adults inhale and exhale about 7 or 8 liters (about 1/4 cubic foot) of air per minute on
average. Therefore, a total of 11,000 liters of air (388 cubic feet) is required every day.
 About 20% of the oxygen in the inhaled air is available, and 15% of the oxygen in the
exhaled air is available, so each breath consumes about 5% of the air to produce CO2.
 Therefore, a person uses approximately 550 liters (11,000 cubic feet) of pure oxygen (19
cubic feet) per day.
(Oxygen price: 1200/230 rupees/lb or 150 kg-1 rupee:
(Rs.5.00 cft-1)

 The amount of oxygen produced by a mature leafy tree in a season is equivalent to the
amount of oxygen inhaled by 10 people a year

Forest advantages (direct)

Wood: construction, agricultural equipment and household goods, Charcoal firewood
Forage: cattle in dry seasons and periods of forage shortage
Food => fruits, nuts,

 Dyes
 drug
 The smog of printed Neem powder can repel mosquitoes
 Eucalyptus and cassia fistula: flu treatment
Also use
Raw materials: used for sports and decorative parts

INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST

1. Source of income: Increase crop yield
Secondary forest products: honey from the forest.

 Silkworm Mulberry silkworm on silkworm.

 Probability => Distilled resin
 Resin = turpentine (75%) and rosin (22%)
 Provide raw materials
Industry field

 Pole, plywood, wood, paper

 Plate, chewing gum, oil, sports product.
2. Mild climate:
The economic importance of forests

 In the current situation, Forests play a vital role in our economy.

 The contribution of the wood industry to our economy = Rs. 30 million per year.
 The contribution of forest resources in G.D.P is only 0.15%
 Consumption of wood for different uses = 35 million cubic meters, while
 Local timber production = 19 million cubic meters of timber imports => 35-19 = 16
million cubic meters Therefore: approximately 20 billion rupees per year
 Spent 16 million lumber
 About 60% of household energy (used for fuel) comes from wood
 In many developing countries, fuel wood is the main energy source, and its supply
accounts for 97% of total consumption.
 In the next few years, the world’s 3 billion people will face severe fuel wood shortages,
as this resource has disappeared from traditional sources of fuel wood.

Seed germination
•Resume growth after a period of embryonic development

• Environmental factors affect germination

Growth and development

 Growth and development are necessary for plant survival

Growth is defined as an increase in the number, size and volume of cells

 Development is special, the appearance of different body parts in shape

Types of plant hormones

 Gibberellin:

Promote stem elongation

 Cytokinin:

Stimulates the most abundant cell division in the root and shoot meristem.

 Auxin:

Affects the extension of the stem and coleoptile (protective cylinder that covers and protects
young leaves during germination)
Factory process
Three key processes occur during plant growth

1. Photosynthesis

In Photosynthesis, Light energy is used to convert non-biological components into biological

components

2. Respiration

Breathing converts biological components into biological components and releases energy

3. Transpiration

Transpiration draws water from root to leaf

Photosynthesis
It is a chemical reaction that takes place in the chloroplast.

Convert light energy into chemical energy. Glucose is used to build cellular components.

Light Energy + Chlorophyll

6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbohydrates (e.g. starch)

Photosynthesis – Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment inside the chloroplast of plant cells. Chlorophyll is essential for
photosynthesis.

Respiration

O2 + C6H12O6  H2O + CO2

Energy released
  Energy released

This energy is a useful output that powers other cellular processes, such as the formation of
proteins and lipids.

Respiration

Purposes of Breathing are as follows

 Water and carbon dioxide are waste, and most of the water and carbon
dioxide leave plants through stomata.
 Respiration occurs in all living cells of the plant. Therefore, all parts of the
plant (including the roots) need oxygen

Transpiration
Transpiration is the process that starts with water movement, Take root, dry up and Out of
the stomata of the leaves.

 Invisible process-you can't just look at the leaves "sweating".

 During the growing season, the evaporation of water from a leaf is many times its
own weight.

A large oak tree can evaporate 151,000 liters per year. One hectare of corn can release about
30,000-45,000 liters of water per day.

Environmental factors and their effect on plant growth

 Biological environment
 Climatic factors
 Mental factors
 Physiological factors
 Biological factors
 High temperature factor
 Highest level
 Lowest level
 Best level

Climatic factors
Climate-Regional average weather
  air
 Precipitation
 Temperature
 Lights etc.

Air and plant growth

 Humidity
 wind
 Air pollution
 Altitude (temperature)

Precipitation and plant growth

 the amount
 form
 Distribution method
 strength
 Soil moisture is Insufficient

Light and plant growth

 Quantity.
 And duration.
 Shade-tolerant and intolerant species.

Chlorophyll does not absorb green light-it reflects green light, and plants (leaves) look green.

Mental factors
 Soil depth
 texture
 Structure
 drainage

Organic matter
Humus

<20% humus = mineral soil

> 20% humus = organic soil

It provides nutrition, ventilation and Increase water holding capacity.

  Deeper soils have a lot of water and nutrients. Trees use these nutrients to easily
overcome drought.
 Shallow soil is susceptible to erosion, lack of nutrients and rapid temperature
fluctuations.

Creatures in the soil

 Microorganism

Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, actinomycetes

 Insect

Worm, beetle, nematode, ant

Importance to plants

 Aerated soil
 Humus after death
 Affect soil pH microorganism

Physiographic factors
Slope

Landform and slope have a strong regulating effect on effective nutrients.

Aspect of slope

The direction of inclination relative to the sun.

Height

Height above the sea level .

Latitude

Distance from the equator.

Pyric factors
These are related to forest fires

Forest fires include:

Wildfire

Weakening trees, bushes that favour grass

Controlled combustion

Adjust vegetation composition and weed control.

Ground fire

Release nutrients so they can be used in other plants.

Crown fire

Crown fire is Very dangerous and full of energy.

LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION

Land capacity class

• Land capacity classification is a system, mainly based on the classification capacity of soils,
which can produce common cultivated crops and pastures without long-term deterioration.

•class Land capacity classification can be divided into capacity categories and capacity sub-
categories.

Ability level

• Capacity category is the most extensive category in the land capacity classification system.
Grade codes I (1), II (2), III (3), IV (4), V (5), VI (6), VII (7) and VIII (8) represent the irrigated
land capacity level and non-irrigated land capacity level, respectively.

Ability subclass

• The capability sub-category is the second type in the land capability classification system.
Category codes e, w, s, and c are used for terrestrial capability subcategories.

Evaluation of important land features

Correctly assess each range or intensity Land characteristics are subdivided into degrees.
For example, soil depth: deep, medium shallow and shallow.

Ability Classes

1. Land suitable for conventional farming

2. Land suitable for permanent vegetation

 Class I

 Well
 Near level
 Not easy to clean or blow. The soil is deep and easy to process. Keep the water in good
condition
 Rich in plant nutrients
 No precautions, no treatment, and no restrictions on land use
 Colour shown on the map = light green

Class II

 Very good, but not as good as the first category.

 Certain restrictions
 The slope may be sufficient to pose a risk of corrosion. It may be a little wet and may
require drainage
 Water retention capacity may not be as good as Class I land
 A small amount of light may be required, and occasionally additional watering is
required. Need good management

Management practice:

 Contour cover crop

 Simple water management crop rotation
 Colour displayed on the map = yellow

Class III

 Moderately cultivated land.

 The scope of use is stricter than Class II
 Due to certain natural restrictions
 Can be used regularly on crops, but preventive measures and certain treatments need to
be strengthened
 The drainage is not smooth and may require large amounts of drainage.
 For protection, the colour shown on the tree map should be planted = red.

Class IV

 Enough to cultivate under accidental careful management,

 It is not suitable for conventional farming, because a large part of it is steep and there is a
risk of erosion. Some flat sandy land is arid.
 Trees should be planted for protection and improvement
 Colour displayed on the map = blue

Class V

 Except for pockets, it is not suitable for conventional planting.

 Natural restrictions:
 Rocky steep slopes; waterlogging, etc.
 Excellent forestry
 Must be well managed
 Trees should be planted for production and protection. Colour shown on the map = dark
green
Class VI
 Absolutely not suitable for conventional farming, limited to grazing or forestry
 Features: shallow soil, steep slope, excessive bank cutting
 Improving crop yield is difficult
 Trees, shrubs, shrubs and grass should be installed
 Colour displayed on the map = orange

Class VII

 Only suitable for wildlife or recreational purposes. Extremely dry

 Rough, steep, stony, sandy, wet or severely corroded
 Colour shown on the map = purple
 The seventh category
 Not only not suitable for planting, but
 Several restrictions on grazing or forestry.
 Special care is required to prevent corrosion.
 Especially for grazing or woodland.
 Shrubs and grasses should be planted. Colour shown on the map = brown
Ability subcategories

 Category e is composed of soil susceptible to erosion

 Type w consists of soils. For these soils, excessive water is the main hazard or limitation,
limiting their use.
 Poor soil drainage, moisture, high groundwater level and overflow are factors that affect
the soil in this sub-category.
 Subcategory s consists of soils with restricted soil in the rooting zone, such as shallow
rooting zone, stones, low water holding capacity, low fertility that is difficult to correct,
and salt or sodium content.
 Category c is composed of soils whose climate (temperature or lack of moisture) is the
main hazard or limitation that affects its use.