GENERAL CHEMISTRY PRO-KNOWLEDGE

Nomenclature Other Compounds

Common Cations Formula Name
Charge Formula Name H2O Water
1+ H+ Hydrogen ion NH3 Ammonia
H3O+ Hydronium ion CH4 Methane (natural gas)
Alkali metal+ Alkali metal ion
O3 Ozone
NH4+ Ammonium ion
Ag+ Silver ion H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide
Cu+ Copper(I) H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Diatomic molecules
2+ Alkaline earth Alkaline earth metal ion Br2, I2,
metal2+ He, Ne, Ar Noble gases
2+ (N2O5, dinitrogen All simple binary covalent
Zn Zinc ion
Co2+ Cobalt(II) pentoxide) compounds
Cu2+ Copper(II)
Fe2+ Iron(II) Acids
Mn2+ Manganese(II) Formula Name
Hg22+ Mercury(I) HNO3 Nitric acid (strong)
Hg2+ Mercury(II) H2SO4 Sulfuric acid (strong)
Ni2+ Nickel (II) HCl Hydrochloric acid (strong)
Pb2+ Lead (II) HBr Hydrobromic acid (strong)
Sn2+ Tin (II) HI Hydroiodic acid (strong)
3+ Al3+ Aluminum ion HClO4 Perchloric acid (strong)
Cr3+ Chromium(III) HClO3 Chloric acid (strong)
Fe3+ Iron(III) H3PO4 Phosphoric acid
H2CO3 Carbonic acid
Common Anions HC2H3O2 (or Acetic acid
Charge Formula Name CH3COOH)
1- H- Hydride ion All cations, except
F- Fluoride ion group 1A, Ca2+, Sr2+,
Cl- Chloride ion Ba2+
Br- Bromide ion
I- Iodide ion Bases
CN- Cyanide ion Formula
OH- Hydroxide ion Group 1A metal Group 1A metal hydroxides
NO3- Nitrate hydroxides such as (strong)
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or NaOH Sodium hydroxide
bicarbonate ion Group 2A heavy Group 2A metal hydroxides
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate ion metal hydroxides (strong)
ClO4- Perchlorate ion such as Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide
ClO3- Chlorate ion NH3 Ammonia
ClO2- Chlorite ion NR3 Other amines
ClO- Hypochlorite ion Anions (X-) Conjugate bases of weak acids
H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate ion
C2H3O2- Acetate ion Alkanes (CnH2n+2)
(or CH3COO-) Formula Name
2- O2- Oxide ion CH4 Methane
S2- Sulfide ion C2H6 Ethane
SO42- Sulfate ion C3H8 Propane
CO32- Carbonate ion C4H10 Butane
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate C5H12 Pentane
3- PO43- Phosphate ion C6H14 Hexane
C7H16 Heptane
C8H18 Octane
C9H20 Nonane
C10H22 Decane
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY PRO-KNOWLEDGE

Electrolytes and Dissociation

Electrolytic Behavior
Strong Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte electrolyte
Complete
Dissociation Partial (⇌) None
(→)
Soluble Ionic
All None None
Compounds
Weak
Molecular Strong
acids and All Others
Compounds Acids
bases

A Few Solubility Rules

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds in Water
Soluble when containing: Exceptions:
Alkali metal ions None
(group 1A)
NH4+ None
NO3- None
C2H3O2- (or CH3COO-) None
Cl-, Br-, I- Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+

Insoluble when containing: Exceptions:

Ions with charges 2+/- or See above
higher*
* There are many exceptions.

Activity Series
Activity (oxidation) Series
Most easily oxidized
Al, Mg, Na, Ca, K, Li
(most active)
Zn
Fe
Sn
H2(g)
Cu
Least easily oxidized
Au, Ag, Pt
(least active)