Rest – An object is said to be at rest does not change its position w.r.t.

its surroundings with the passage of time. E.g. a book lying on a table.
Motion – An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position
w.r.t. its surroundings with the passage of time. E.g. a train moving on
rails.

Rest and motion are relative terms – A passenger sitting in a moving

train is at rest with respect to his fellow passengers but he is in motion
with respect to the objects outside the train. Thus an object may be at
rest w.r.t. one object and at the same time it may be in motion relative to
another object. Hence rest and motion are relative terms.

Absolute rest and motion are unknown. In order to know whether the
position of an object changes with time or not, a point absolutely fixed
in space has to be chosen as a reference point. But no such point is
known in the universe. The earth revolves around the sun, the entire
solar system travels through our own galaxy, the Milky Way and
clusters of galaxies move with respect to other clusters. So no object in
the universe is in a state of absolute rest. As no object in the universe is
at absolute rest, so the absolute motion cannot be realised. Only relative
rest and relative motion can be realised.

Point object. If the position of an object changes by distances much

greater than its own size in a reasonable duration of time, then the object
may be regarded as a point 
object. When a point object moves, its rotational and vibrational
motions may be ignored. 
(i) Earth can be regarded as a point object for studying its motion
around the sun.
(ii) A train under a journey of several hundred kilometres can be
regarded as a point object.

Distance or length of path. It is the length of the actual path traversed by

a body between its initial and final positions.

Distance is a scalar quantity because it has only magnitude and no

direction.
Distance covered is always positive or zero.
The SI unit of distance is metre (m).
The CGS unit of distance is centimetre (cm).

Displacement. The displacement of an object is the change in the

position of an object in a fixed direction. It is the shortest (or the straight
line) path measured in the direction from initial point to the final point.
As displacement has both magnitude and direction, so it is a vector
quantity.
Displacement may be positive, negative or zero.
The SI unit of displacement is metre (m). 
The CGS unit of distance is centimetre (cm).

Speed. The rate of change of position of an object with time in any

direction is called its speed .It is equal to the distance travelled by the
object per unit time.
Speed = Distance travelled / Time taken

Speed has only magnitude and no direction, so it is a scalar quantity. 

Also the distance travelled by an object is either positive or zero, so the
speed may be positive or zero but never negative.

The Sl unit of speed is ms-1

The CGS unit of speed is cms-1
The dimensional formula of speed is [M0L1T-1]

(i) Uniform speed. An object is said to be moving with uniform speed, if

it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, however small these
time intervals may be.
(ii)Variable Speed. An object is said to be moving with variable speed if
it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
(iii) Average speed. For an object moving with variable speed, the
average speed is the total distance travelled by the object divided by the
total time taken to cover that distance.

Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken

(iv) Instantaneous speed. The speed of an object at any particular instant

of time or at a particular point of its
path is called the instantaneous speed of the object. 
v = lim Δx  dx
Δt dt
The speedometer of an automobile indicates its instantaneous speed at
any instant.

Velocity. The rate of change of position of an object with time in a

given direction is called its velocity.

It can also be defined as the speed of an object in a given direction. It is

equal to the displacement covered per unit time.

Velocity = Displacement / Time

As velocity has both magnitude and direction, it is a vector quantity.

Velocity can be positive, zero or negative depending on the
displacement is positive, zero or negative.
The Sl unit of velocity is ms-1
The CGS unit of velocity is cms-1
The dimensional formula of velocity is [M0L1T-1]

(i)Uniform velocity. A body is said to be moving with uniform velocity,

if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, however
small these time intervals may be.

(ii)Variable velocity. A body is said to be moving with variable velocity

if either its speed changes or direction of motion changes or both change
with time.

(iii)Average velocity. For an object moving with variable velocity,

average velocity is defined as the ratio of its total displacement to the
total time interval in which that displacement occurs.
Average velocity = Total displacement / Total time

(iv)Instantaneous velocity. The velocity of an object at a particular

instant of time or a particular point of its path is called instantaneous
velocity.

When is the average speed of an object equal to the magnitude of its

average velocity? Give reason also.
When an object moves along a straight line and in the same direction, its
total path length is equal to the magnitude of its displacement.

Uniform Motion
An object is said to be in uniform motion if it travels equal distances in
equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be, in
the same fixed direction.
Non-uniform Motion
A body is said to be in non-uniform motion if its velocity changes with
time. Here either the speed of the body or its direction of motion or both
change with time.

Acceleration. The rate of change of velocity of an object with time is

called acceleration. It tells us how fast the velocity of an object changes
with time.
Acceleration = Change in velocity / Time taken
Acceleration is a vector quantity. It has the same direction as that of the
change in velocity.
The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2.
The dimensional formula of acceleration is [M0L1T-2]

Uniform acceleration. The acceleration of an object is said to be

uniform if its velocity changes by equal amount sin equal intervals of
time, however small these time intervals may be.
Variable acceleration. The acceleration of an object is said to variable
acceleration if its velocity changes by unequal amounts in equal
intervals of time.
Average acceleration. For an object moving with variable velocity, the
average acceleration is defines as the ratio of the total change in velocity
of the object to the total time interval taken.
Instantaneous acceleration. The acceleration of an object at a given
instant of time or at a given point of its motion, is called instantaneous
acceleration.

Positive acceleration. If the velocity of an object increases with time, its

acceleration is positive.
Negative acceleration. If the velocity of an object decreases with time,
its acceleration is negative. Negative acceleration is also called
retardation or deceleration.

Relative velocity. The relative velocity of an object 2 with respect to

object 1, when both are in motion, is the time rate of change of position
of object 2 with respect to that of object 1.