,ay; - Ie;J

gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs;
 ,ay; - 5

gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs;

gz;ghL vd;gJ xU jiyKiwapdu; nrd;w jiyKiwapduplk;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;l tho;f;if KiwahFk;. mtw;iwr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jp>
jq;fspd; tho;tpaYf;F mikj;J Nkw;n fhz;nlhOFk; mfg;Gw tho;tpd;
ntspg;ghNl gz;ghlhFk;. xU rKjhak; rpwe;j tifapy; mika
mr;rKjhak; nfhz;Ls;s gz;ghL mjw;F mbg;gilahf mikfpd;wJ.
kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiwapy; gz;ghL Xu; mikg;G tpsq;Ftjhy; jhd;
kf;fs; ,zf;fkhf tho Kbfpd;w J. gz;ghl;bd; top kf;fspd;
czu;TfisAk; tho;f;if KiwfisAk; mwpayhk;. gz;ghL kdpjidr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;jp mtDila tho;tpaYf;F JizGupfpd;wd. gz;ghLk;
ehfupfKk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fs; Nghy> gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;Fk;
kdpjDila tho;t py; Kf;fpakhd xd;whff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; jhd; gz;ghLk; ehfupfKk; KOikahf epd;W

capu;g;Gld; jpfo;fpwJ. mg;gz;ghl;bid ntspapLk; rhd;Wfshf
tpsq;FtJ mtu;f Sila gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;fhFk;. xU r%fj;jpd;
gz;ghl;bid mwpa kf;fspd; vz;zq;f is ntspg;gLj;j rlq;Ffs; Jiz
epw;fpd;wd. vdNt xU r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;bid mr;r%fk; rhu;e;j
rlq;FfisAk; ,t;tpay; Muha;fpd;wJ.

gz;ghL - nrhy; tpsf;fk;

gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; rq;f fhyj;jpy; ‘gz;G ’ vd;w

nrhy;ypy; toq;fg;g l;L te;J s;s J. fhy tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpwNf ‘gz;ghL’
vd;w nrhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ‘gz;’ vd;w nrhy;ypw;F ,ir> ,irg;ghl;L>
,irf;fUtpfs;> FjpiuNrdk;> myq;fhuk;> ePu;epiy> Fjpiuf;fjp vd;w
nghUisAk;> ‘gz;G ’ vd;w nrhy;ypw;F Fzk;> ,ay;G> jd;ik> Kiw>
nra;if vd;w nghUisAk; ‘gz;gLj;Jjy;’ vd;w nrhy;ypw;F nrg;gkhjy;>
rPu;jpUj;Jjy; vd;w nghUisAk;> gz;ghsd; vd;gjw;F Fzthsd; vd;w
nghUisAk; jkpo; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ”1 gz; vd;gjw;F ,irg;ghl;L>
Fjpiuf;fy;yiz> ,ir vd;w nghUisAk; gpq;fy epfz;L ciuf;fpwJ.2
gz; vd;gjw;F epiw> euk;Gs;s tPiz> gz;nzd;NdNty; vd;W rJufuhjp
nghUs; $WfpwJ.3 ‘gz;gL’ vd;gjw;F cOJ gapupLtjw;F Vw;wthW
rPuiljy; gz;gl;l epiy miljy; vd;w nghUisAk; gz;g hL vd;gjw;F

171
Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;J kf;fspd; gof;ftof;f q;fSk; ek;g pf;iffSk; fiyfSk;
rpe;jidia ntspg;gLj;Jk; KiwfSk;> kf;fspd; rpe;j id ntspg;ghL
4
vd;w nghUis kw;nwhU jkpo; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ gz;ghL vd;w
nrhy; gz;gL vd;w $l;L tpidr; nrhy;ypypUe;J cUthfpapUf;fpwJ.
fl;Lg;gL vd;w tpidapypUe;J fl;Lg;ghL vd;w ngau; cUthdJ Nghy>
gz;gL vd;w tpidapypUe;J gz;ghL vd;w ngau; cUthfpapUf;fpwJ”5
vd;fpwhu;.

gz;ghL - nghUs;

kdpjid tpyq;fpdpd;W NtWgLj;jtJ gz;ghL MFk;. ,g;gz;ghL

fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; ehl;Lf;F ehL ,dj;jpw;F ,dk; NtWgLk; xU ehl;bd;
ngUikf;F rpwg;Gf;Ff; fhuzk; mq;F thOk; kf;f spd; gz;ghL jhd;
vd;g ij>

“ehlh nfhd;Nwh ehlh nfhd;Nwh

mtyh nfhd;Nwh kpirah nfhd;Nwh
vt;top ey;yt uhltu;
mt;t op ey;iy thopa epyNd”6

vd;w xsitahupd; ghly; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;w J.

“gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy;yhl;rp gz;ilaj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

fhzg;ngwtpy;iy. MapDk; ‘gz;G ’ vd;w nrhy;Yk; ‘ghL’ vd;w nrhy;Yk;
jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspy; gapd;W te;Js;sd. ‘gz;G ’ vd;Dk; nrhy; ey;ypay;G
vdg; nghUs;gLk;. ‘ghL’ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypw;Fr; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;
jkpo;g ; Ngufuhjp Kg;gj;J %d;W nghUs;fisj; jUfpwJ mtw;W s;
Kiwik> nrt;t p> gad;> cyfnthOf;fk;> Fzk; vd;Dk; nghUs;f s;
gz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;GiladthFk;7 vd;ghu; Nt. Kj;Jyf;F kp.

gz;ghL vd;Dk; nrhy; tof;F mz;ikf; fhyj;j J. vdpDk;

mr;nrhy; Fwpf;Fk; nghUs;fs; goe;jkpo; ghly;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

“ghlwpe; njhOFk; gz;gp NdhNuh”8

“gz;ngdg; gLtJ ghlwpe; njhOFjy;”9

vd;W gz;ghl;bw;F ,yf;fzk; jUfpwJ. ,g;ghly; xUtd; jd;

#oYf;Nfw;wthW ele;J nfhs;Sk; tpjNk gz;ghL vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
‘gz;ghL vd;gJ mwpT> ek;gpf;if> fiy xOf;f newpfs; rl;lk;> tof;fk;
KjyhditAk; kdpjd; rKjhaj;jpy; Xu; cWg;gpddhf ,Ue;J fw;Fk;

172
jpwikfSk; gof;fq;fSk; mlq;fpa KOikj; njhFjpahFk;”10 vd;fpwhu; rp.
gf;jtj;ryghujp.

kf;fs; midtUk; Nru;e;J tho toptif nra;tJ gz;ghlhFk;.

cyfpy; thOk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd capupdq;fspy; xd;W kdpj ,dkhFk;.
,k;kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; gz;ghL vd;w mikg;Ng kdpjid kw;w
,dj;jplkpUe;J gpupj;J cau;jj
; pf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“eandhL ed;wp Gupe;j gaDilahu;

gz;G ghuhl;Lk; cyF”11

vd;w Fws;. ePjp ed;ikia tpUk;gp gpwu;f;F gad;gl thOk; ngupNahupd;

ey;yg; gz;ig cyfj;jhy; Nghw;Wtu; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gz;gpw;F
nghUs; $Wk; tifapy; ‘gpwu; ,ay;ig mwpe;J elf;Fk; ew;Fzk;’ vd;W
nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; mfuhjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;w J12

gz;ghL vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Mq;fpyj;jpy; ‘culture’ vd;w nrhy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. culture vd;gJ vz;zq;fs;> czu;Tfs;> kjpg;gPLfs;>
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> ,ay;Gfs; Kjyhd gy;NtW vz;zw;w
jd;ikfis cs;slf;fpajhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.13

gz;ghl;Lr; rlq;Ffs;

rlq;Ffs; njhlf;f f; fhyj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyh>

VjhtJ xU fhuzj;i j mbg;g ilahff; nfhz;Nlh Njhd;w papUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ‘tho;tpd; Njitiag; nghUl;L xUtu; Nkw;nfhz;l
nray;fisg; NghyNt kw;wtUk; Nkw;nfhs;s j; njhlq;f pa epiyapy;
mit r%ff; Nfhl;ghlhfpwJ. ,jidNa gpd;du; te;j tu;f Sk; fhuzk;
mwpahky; toptopahf mr;nraiyr; nra;a jiyg;gl;l Ntisapy;
rlq;Ffshf cUntLj;jd vd;gu;”14 ,r;rlq;Ffs; ,lj;jpw;N fw;gTk; rhjp
gpupTfSf;F Vw;gTk; gy khWjy;fSld; mikfpd;wd. ,tw;iwf;
filgpbf;Fk; kf;fspd; njhd;ikahd gz;ghLfis mwpa cjTfpd;wd.

nray;> gof;fk;> rlq;F %d;Wk; ntt;N tW tsu;r;rpg; gbapYs;s xU

nrayhFk;. xU jdp eguhy; njhlq;fg;gLk; xU nray; gpd;G ahtuhYk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLk; gof;fkhfpwJ. ,J rKjhaj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;L gpd;G
rlq;fhfpwJ. “nray;ghLfspd; jd;ikfSf;F Vw;gTk;> #oYf;Nfw;gTk;
rlq;Ffs; kq;fykhfTk;> kq;fykpy;yhjjhfTk;> fUjg;gLfpd;wd. gpwg;G>
fhJFj;J> G+g;G> G+E}y; NghLjy;> jpUkzk;> tisfhg;G Nghd;wtw;iw

173
kq;fyr; rlq;fhfTk; ,wg;Gj; njhlu;ghd rlq;Ffs;> Gz;zpajhdk; jpU~;b
fopj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw kq;fykw;w rlq;fhfTk; Fwpg;gpLtu;15 kq;fyr;
rlq;Ffspy; ,d;gq;fis ePf;Fk; nghUl;L kf;fs; jq;fSila cs;s j;j py;
vOk; vz;zq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. vdNt> rlq;Ffs;
ahTk; kf;fs; vz;zpAs;s Njitfspd; mbg;gilapy; mikfpd;wd
,t;thwhd rlq;F fs; kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapYk;
fhzg;gLk; kf;fspd; gz;ghl;ilr; rlq;Ffspd; topahfg; Gyg;g Lj;Jfpd;wd.

gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;

kdpj r%fj;jpy; epfo;fpd;w gpwg;G ,Utuplk; ,Uf;fpd;w md;gpd;

epiyia Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd gpwg;Gr; rlq;F Foe;i jg; gpwg;gpid
ikag;gLj;jp miktjhFk;. ehl;Lg;G w kf;fs; Foe;ijg;Ngw;wpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;J tUtNj jpUkzk; epfo;e ;jTld; #y; nfhs;tjw;F
kf;fs; gytifahd rlq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Foe;ijg; ngwhj
ngz;fs; r%fj;jpy; Foe;ijg;NgW nfhz;ltu;fSila gytifahd
Vsdj;Jf;Fk; Mshfpd;wdu;. kdpjd; jhd; thof;$ba r%fj;jpy;
Foe;ijg;Ngw;wpid ngWjNy KOikahd tho;f;ifahf mikAk; vd;gJ
goq;fhyk; Kjy; ,Ue;J tUk; kf;f spd; vz;zq;fshFk;.

“gilg;Gg; gy gilj;Jg; gyNuh Lz;Zk;

gaf;Fiw apy;iyj; jhk; thO ehNs”16

vd;w rq;fg;ghly; ,jid nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ehl;Lg;Gw r%fj;j py;

Foe;ijg;NgW tho;f;ifapd; gadhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;ijg;
Ngw;wpid ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; fhl;Lk; Mu;tk; cstpay; mbg;gilapyhd
fhuzq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. “ngz;fs; gpwiur; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; jd;ikAk;>
kyb vd;W fztd; xJf;fp tpLthNdh vd;w vjpu;fhyk; gw;wpa mr;rKk;>
kw;wtu;f spd; gopr;nrhy;Yf;F mQ;RjYk;> Foe;i jg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
,aw;if ce;Jzu;T k;> gpwu; kjpf;fhj Ntisapy; cz;lhFk; jho;T
kdg;ghd;ikANk fhuzq;fshf mikfpd;wd vd;fpwhu; tp. ruRtjp”17

Foe;i jg; gpwg;g jw;F Kd; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;f s; ve;jnthU nraiyr; nra;fpd;w nghOJk;

mr;nray; ey;y nrayhf eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd epidj;J Kiwahfr;
nra;ag;gLfpd;w nray;ghLfNs ‘rlq;F ’ vd;w tbtj;j id ngWfpd;wJ.
jiyKiw jiyKiwahf gpd;gw;wg;g Lk; nray;ghLfisAk; ‘rlq;F’
vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;w du;. rlq;Ffis nra;tjpdhy; gy ed;ikfs; tho;tpy;

174
cz;lhFnkd ek;Gfpd;wdu;. gpwg;Gr; rlq;Ffs; ed;kf;fs; Ngw;wpw;fhfTk;>
,iwtdUs; ngw Ntz;bAk; elj;jg;g Lfpd;wd. “Foe;i jr; nry;tj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jhYk; ed;kf;fs; Ngw;wpy; ,iw mUspd;
,d;wpaikahikahYk; kdpjd; Foe;ijg; Ngw;wpd; Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk;
Foe;ijfSf;fhfg; gy;NtW rlq;Ffisf; filgpbj;J tUfpwhd;” vd;fpwhu;
eNlr rh];jpup”18

ngWjw;fupa NgWfSs; jiyr;rpwe;j NgW kf;fl; NgwhFk;. ,y;yw

tho;t pw;F mzpahf tpsq;FtJ ed;kf;fl;NgW vd;gij>

“kq;fyk; vd;g kidkhl;rp kw;wjd;

ed;fyk; ed;kf;fl; NgW”19

vd;w Fws; czu;j;J fpwJ.

“kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; klths;

jdf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;tu;”20

vd;W ehd;kzpf;fbifAk; kf;fl;Ngw;w pd; khz;gpid $Wfpd;wJ. ,k;ik

tho;t py; ,irnahL tpsq;Ftjw;Fk; kWik tho;T kWtpd;wp va;Jjw;Fk;
fhuzkhtJ kf;fl;N gW vd;w ek;gpf;if epytpaJ ,jid>

“,k;ik Ayfj; jpirnahL tpsq;fp

kWik AyfKk; kWtpd; nwa;Ja
nrWeUk; tpioAQ; nrapu;ePu; fhl;rpr;
rpWtu;g; gae;j nrk;k Nyhu;”21

vd;W mfehD}W nkhopfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gytifahd E}y;fSk;

Foe;ijg;Ngw;wpd; rpwg;gpid Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

kUe;J nfhLj;jy;

“xU nray; ed;ik tpistpf;fpd;w J vd;W kf;fs; czUk; epiyapy;

mJ gof;fkhf khWfpd;wJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mwptpay; fy;tp Mfpait
fhuzkhfr; rKjhaj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gLk; NghJ mJ rlq;fhf kl;Lk;
epw;fpwJ vd;gu;”22 ,f;$w;wpid MuhAk; NghJ ‘kUe;J nfhLj;jy;’ vd;w
nray; ehsiltpy; mwptpay; tsu;r;rp ehfupfk; khw;wk; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fspdhy; Fiwe;J xU rpyuplk; kl;LNk ,r;rlq;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,J fUTw;w ngz;zpw;F Mwhk; khjj;jpy; jha;tPl;by; ey;y ehs; ghu;j;Jr;
nra;Ak; rlq;fhFk;. fUTw;w ngz;zpd; fU ed;F tsu;r;rpaile;J vt;tpj
FiwghLfSk; ,d;wp gpwf;f Ntz;Lnkd vz;zp ,r;rlq;fpid
175
nra;fpd;wdu;. Jsrp> kzj;jf;fhsp ,tw;wpd; rhw;iwg; gpope;J gRk;ghy;
gidnty;yk; ,uz;ilAk; fye;J mjpfhiyapy; fTUw;w ngz;zpw;F
Foe;ijg;Ngw;wpid nfhz;Ls;s ngz;f s; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;.

tisfhg;Gr; rlq;F

fUTw;w ngz;zpw;F Vohk; khjk; my;yJ xd;gjhk; khj;jpy;

khg;gps;is tP;l;by; jha; tPl;lhu; nra;tJ this fhg;Gr; rlq;fhFk;.
fUTw;wg; ngz; fztu; ,UtUk; jpUkzj;jd;W gad;gLj;jpa
gl;Lg;GlitfisNa ,r;rlq;fpy; mzpe;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Fj;J
tpsf;Nfw;wp> jiy thio ,iyapy; kQ;rspy; gps;i sahu; gpbj;J
itf;fpd;wdu;. Njq;fha;> thiog;g ok;> ru;f;fiu> nghl;Lf;fliy>
ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F Mfpatw;iw itf;fpd;wdu;. fUTw;w ngz;iz fpof;F
Nehf;fp mkur; nra;J kq;fy kfspu; Kjypy; Ntk;gpd; nfhOe;j pdhy; nra;j
tisaiy mzptpg;gu;. ngz;fspd; fUg;igf; NfhshWfSf;F muRk;
Ntk;Gk; kUj;J t Nehf;fpy; cjTfpwJ vd;fpwhu; f. ntq;fNlrd;. “murpYk;
Ntk;gpYk; Ez;fpUkpfis mopf;ff; $ba vjpu;g;G capuZf;fs; mjpfkhf
,Ug;gjhf mwptpayhu; $Wfpd;whu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G capu;fs; fhw;wpd; %yk;
ngz;fspd; Rthrj;jpy; GFe;J ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;J fUg;igapDs; ,Uf;Fk;
Ez;fpUkpfis mopj;J fUtpidf; fhf;fpwJ”23 vd;W mwptpay; Nehf;fpy;
kUj;J t mwpNthL mtu; tpsf;fk; jUfpwhu;.

Ntk;gpd; nfhOe;j pyhd tisaiy mzptpj;j gpwF gy

tz;zq;fspy; fz;zhb tisay;fisAk; ifepiwa mzptpg;gu;. ,e;j
tisay;fs; mtutu; nghUshjhu trjpfSf;F Vw;g mikfpd;wd.
ngz;zpw;F tisay; mzptpj;j gpwF Foe;ijapy;yhjtu; rpWkpfs;
ehy;tUf;Fk; kq;fy kfspUf;F xw;iwg; gil vz;zpw;F Vw;g tisay;
mzptpf;fpd;wdu;. tisay;fs; mzptpj;j gpd;du; fUTw;w ngz;zpw;F
new;wpapy; re;jdk; Fq;Fkk; ,l;Lf; iffspYk; re;jdj;ij fiuj;j ePu py;
ntw;wpiyapy; #lk; Vw;wp ngz;iz %d;W Kiwr; Rw;wp Myj;jp
vLf;fpd;wdu;. “,jdhy; fUTw;w ngz;zpw;F Vw;gl;L s;s fz;jpU~;b
ePq;Fk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdu;”24 ngz; tPl;bypUe;J xw;iw vz;zpf;ifapy;
fl;Lr; Nrhw;wpid nfhz;L tUtu;. fl;Lr;Nrhw;wpid Kjypy; fUTw;w
ngz;zpw;F nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. gpwF Foe;ijapy;yhjg; ngz;fSf;F
mg;ngz; fl;Lr;Nrhw;wpid jd; ifahy; nfhLf;fpwhu;. ,dpNaDk;
mg;ngz;fSf;F ,r;rlq;F nra;Ak; tha;g;G tuyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if

176
mbg;gilapy; nra;fpd;wdu;. gpwF cwtpdu;fSf;F tpUe;J
eilngWfpd;wJ.

jha; tPL nry;Yjy;

ey;y Neuk; ghu;j;J fUTw;w ngz;> fztu; Mfpa ,UtiuAk;

mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdu;. jha; tPl;bw;F nrd;wTld; jhk;ghsj;jpy; kQ;r s;
ePu;> Rz;zhk;G> ntw;wpiy> kpsfha;> fupj;Jz;L Mfpatw;i w ,l;L
Kfj;jpid %d;W Kiwr; Rw;wp Myj;jp vLf;fpd;wdu;. kQ;rs;
ePupidj;njhl;L fUTw;w ngz;zpd; new;wpapy; nghl;L itf;fpd;wdu;.
gpd;du; tyJ fhypid Kjypy; vLj;J itj;J mg;ngz;iz cs;Ns
mioj;Jr; nry;fpd;wdu;.

Foe;i jg; gpwe;j gpd; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;

jhapd; tapw;wpypUe;J Foe;ij ntspapy; te;jTld; ,Nyrhd Njhy;

Foe;ijapd; Nky; %bapUf;Fk;. ,jid kUj;JtFr;rp (kUj;J t kq;if)
Kjypy; ePf;fp tpLfpwhs;. Foe;ijg; gpwf;Fk; NghJ Foe;i japd; tapw;wpy;
ikag;gFjpapy; er;Rf;nfhb xd;W xl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jid
fupf;fupths; itj;J mWj;J tpLtu;. ,JNt Kjypy; Foe;ijf;Fk; jha;f;Fk;
cs;s cwitj; Jz;bg;gjhFk;. ,f;nfhbapd; kw;wg;gFjpfis xU kz;
rl;bapy; itj;J Gijj;J tpLfpwhu;. ,jid kUj;Jtkq;ifNa nra;fpwhs;.

ru;ff
; iug; ghy; nfhLj;jy;

Foe;ijg; gpwe;jTld; ru;f;fiuj; jz;zPu; Cl;Ljy; vd;w rlq;fpidr;

nra;tu;. Foe;ijg; gpwe;jJk; njhg;Gs; nfhbia mWj;J f; Fspg;ghl;b
Rj;jk; nra;jg; gpd;du; ru;f;fiuj; jz;zPu; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. Foe;ij
,t;Tyfpy; ePz;lfhyk; ,d;gkhf tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;
Foe;ijg; gpwe;jTld; Kjypy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; czT vd;gjhYk; kpfr;
rpwg;ghf eilngWfpd;wJ. ru;ff
; iu fye;j ePu;> my;yJ tpsf;
nfz;nzapid thapy; njhl;L itg;gu;. Kjd; Kjypy; ru;f;fiuj; jz;zPu ;
Cl;Lgtu; nry;tj;jpYk; fy;tpapYk; Nkd;ik ngw;w tuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;Gtu;. ey;y Neuk; ghu;j;J ,r;nray; eilngWfpd;wJ. gpd;du;
Vida cwtpdu;fs; ru;f;fiuj; jz;zPu; Cl;Lfpd;wdu;. “Kjd; Kjypy;
ru;f;fiuj; jz;z Pu; Cl;Lgtupd; tsKk; mwpTk; Foe;i jf;F tuf;$Lk; vd
ek;Gfpd;wdu;”25 mwptpay; ghu;itapy; Nehf;fpd; Foe;i japd; tapw;wpYs;s
mRj;jq;fs; ePq;fp cly;epiy rupahFk; vd;gJ GydhfpwJ. ,jdhy; gpwe;j
Ie;J kzpNeuj;j pw;F s; ru;f;fiuj; jz;zPu; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW

177
nra;Ak; NghJ tapw;wpYs;s mRj;jq;fs; ntsptUfpwJ. ,jid ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fs; ‘fhl;Lg;gP’ vd;W miof;fpwhu;fs;.

fha nryTfs; nfhLj;jy;

ehl;Lg;Gw kf;f s; ‘fha nryT’ vd;w ehl;L kUe;j pidj; jahupj;J

Foe;ijg; ngw;w jha;f;F mspf;fpd;wdu;. ,J Foe;ijg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ
jha; ,oe;j rf;jpapid <L nra;tjw;F nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. jpg;gpyp> fLF>
kpsF> rPufk;> G+z;L> rjFg;ig Mfpatw;i w tWj;J> cuypy; ,bj;J>
gidnty;yk; Nru;j;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;kUe;i j gps;i sg; ngw;w
jha;f;F %d;W ehl;fSf;F mspf;fg;g LfpwJ. ,jid jha; cz;Zk;
Ntisapy; ahUk; ghu;f;ff; $lhJ vd;Wk; khwhf ahNuDk; ghu;j;J
tpl;lhy; fz;NzW Vw;gLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,jdhy; jha;f;F czT nrupf;fhikAk;> tapw;Wg; Nghf;F k; epfo;e;J tpLk;
vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fsplk; cs;sJ. ,f;fz;Nzw;w pidf; fopf;Fk; nghUl;L
ek;gpf;ifr; rlq;F epfo;j;jg; ngWfpd;wJ. Foe;ijg; ngw;w jhia cl;fhu
itj;J mupthis neUg;gpy; fhl;b jhapd; jiyiar; Rw;W tu;. gpd; me;j
mupthis Nrhw;wpy; itg;gu;. mupths; itf;fg;gl;l Nrhw;iw vLj;J
Kfe;J ghu;jJ
; thapy; itj;J %d;W Kiw vr;rpy; ckpor; nrhy;fpd;wdu;.
gpd;du; mt;Tzit eha;f;F cz;z nfhLg;gu;. ,r;rlq;fhy; jha;f;F
vw;gl;l fz;NzW fopj;J cly; eyk; ngWthu; vd;gJ kf;fspd;
ek;gp;fifahf cs;s J. ‘kdpjd; nghwhikf;F vz;zKk; vz;zj;jpw;Fg;
ghu;itak; ghu;i tf;F fz;fSk; fhuzk; vd;gij mwpe;J> nghwhikg;
ghu;itiag; Nghf;fp jPik Neu;tijj; jtpu;f;fNt ,J Nghd;w rlq;Ffis
kdpjd; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhd; vdf; Fwpg;g pLtu;”26

Gz;zpajhdk;

Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; jha; Nra; ,UtiuAk; itf;Nfhy; gug;gpy;

mjd; Nky; nts;i s epwj;Jzp tpupj;J gLf;f itf;fpd;wdu;. jPl;Lf; fopAk;
tiu ,UtUila jiykhl;by; fUf;fupths;> Ntg;gpiy Nghd;wtw;i w
itj;jpUg;gu;. “jPl;L vd;gJ mRj;jkhd gFjpfspypUe;J kdpjidg;
ghJfhf;fpwJ vd;W r%f mwptpay; fiyf;fsQ;rpak; $WfpwJ”27 Mwhk;
ehs; mjpfhiyapy; itf;Nfhy;> Jzp Nghd;wtw;i wj; jPapl;L vupj;J
tpLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F mLj;j epiyapy; gjpdhwhk; ehspy; ‘Gz;zpajhdk;’
vd;wr; rlq;F epfo;j;jg;gl;L> jdpikapy; jPl;lhff; fUjg;g l;l Foe;i jg;
ngw;w jha; ,ay;G epiyf;F nfhz;L tug;gLfpwhs;. Foe;ij gpwg;g pid

178
kq;fyr; rlq;fhfNt fUjpdhYk; Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fs; tiu ‘jPl;L’ vd;W
fUjp jha; Nria xJf;fp itf;fpd;wdu;. jPl;L vd;W ehl;Lg; Gwq;fspy;
toq;fg;gLk; xt;nthU #oYk;> Foe;ijg; gpwg;gpd; NghJ r%fj;jpy; jPl;L
vd tpyf;fp itf;f g;gLtjd; Nehf;fk; Foe;ij ngw;w jha;f;F Xa;Tk;>
Gjpa jl;g ntg;g epiyapy; jhaplkpUe;J gpwe;j Nrapd; epiyiaf;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; kf;fspd; nray;ghL mikfpwJ. J}a;i kf; FiwTld;
tpsq;Fk; jhiaAk;> mt;tPl;ilAk; J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; Ntg;gpiy>
fd;W <d;w gRtpd; ePu; Mfpait gad;g Lj;jg;gl;L jPl;Lf; fopf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gRtpd; ePu; fpUkp ehrpdpahfr; nraw;gl;L J}a;ikapid toq;FfpwJ.
,t;thW ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; jq;fspd; tho;f;ifr; #oy;fisf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L mjw;Fj;jf;fthW rlq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

vUf;f k; fapW fl;L jy;

Foe;ijapd; fOj;jpy; fUkzp ghykzpAk;> iffspy; fUtisaYk;

mzptpg;g NjhL> trk;G fUfkzp ,uz;ilAk; E}ypy; Nfhu;j;J Foe;ijapd;
ifapy; mzptpf;fpd;wdu;. nts;n sUf;F nrbapd; jz;bypUe;J Njhiy
cupj;J vLj;Jf; fapwhf jpupj;J Kbr;Rg; Nghl;L Foe;ijapd; ,Lg;gpy;
mzptpg;gu;. ,uz;L fhy;fspYk; Ik;nghd; fye;j fhg;gpid
mzptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,t;thW nra;tjdhy; “Foe;ijf;F fz;NzW fopAk;
vd;Wk; jPa Mtpfspd; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J fhf;f KbAk;”28 vd ehl;Lg;Gw
kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,r;rlq;fpid epfo;jJ
; fpwhu;fs;.

fhjzpr; rlq;F

Kjd; Kjyhf Foe;ijf;F Kbapwf;F jiyr; nra;Ak; rlq;fpw;F

‘fhJ Fj;Jjy;’ fhjzp tpoh vd;nwy;yhk; ngaupl;L miof;fpd;wdu;. jha;
khkd; fhJ Fj;j pf; nfhs;S k; Foe;i jf;F fhjzpAk;> GJr;rl;ilAk;>
Foe;ijapd; ngw;Nwhu;fSf;Fk; vLj;J tUfpwhu;. jha;khkd; VO my;yJ
xd;gJ jl;Lf;fspy; rPu; nfhz;L tUk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jr;
rPu;j;jl;Lf;fis CupYs;s gyUk; mwpAk; tifapy; Nksj;jhsq;fSld;
‘fhjzp tpoh’ eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;LtUfpwhu;. ,jid ‘khkd;
rPu;’ vd;W ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; $Wtu;. nghq;fy;> Gj;jhil> Njq;fha;>
thiog;g ok; Nghd;w nghUl;fis itj;Jg; G+ir nra;fpd;wdu;.
fhJFj;jypd; NghJ Foe;ijia ePuhl;b khkd; vLj;J te;J s;s
Gj;jhilia mzptpg;gu;. gpd; jha;khkd; vLj;J te;J s;s khiyia
vLj;J ,iwtid tzq;fp Foe;ijapd; fOj;j py; mzptpf;fpd;wdu;.
,iwtd; Kd; jha; khkidf; fpof;F Nehf;fp mkur; nra;J Foe;i jia
179
khkd; kbapy; cl;fhu itj;J Kjypy; tyJ fhjpy; Fj;JtNj eyk;
gaf;Fk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifahf tpsq;FfpwJ. tyg;gFjp
typikia Kd;dpWj;Jtjhy; tho;tpy; tyk; ngUFk; vd;gJ kf;fspd;
vz;zkhFk;. tyk; vd;why; typaJ vd;w nghUspUg;gjy; typikAld;
tho; vd;gJk;> Nahf epyapy; %yjhuk; ,lkpUe;J tyk; nry;tjhy;
,iwtid tyk; tUtJk; cyfNk tyk; Nehf;fpr; Rw;WtJk; tyk;
Fwpj;j ek;g pf;ifr; rlq;fhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ”29 vd;fpwhu;.

fhJ Fj;jpa gpwF ML> Nfhop Nghd;w capupdq;fis

gypapLfpd;wdu;. Foe;ijfSf;F fhjpy; Jisapl;L VjhtnjhU
cNyhfj;jhyhd fhjzp mzptpg;gjhy; mofhd Foe;i jfisf; fz;L
vkd; Mirf; nfhs;thd; vd;Wk; Foe;i japd; clypy; rpW fhak;
Vw;gLj;jptpl;lhy; vkd; Vkhe;J Foe;ijf;Fj; jPq;F nra;a khl;lhd; vd;Wk;
ek;gg;gLk; ek;gpf;ifNa ,r;rlq;fpw;fhd mbg;gilf;fhd fhuzk;”30 vd;ghu;
eh. thdkhkiy. Foe;i japd; ngw;Nwhu; nghw;nfhy;yUf;F Ntl;b> gzk;
,tw;i wj; jl;rizahfj; jUtu;. Foe;i japd; ngw;Nwhu; jha;khkd; kw;Wk;
mtuJ FLk;gj;jpYs;s midtUf;Fk; Gj;jhilfis vLj;J jUfpwhu;.
gpd;du; gypapl;l capupdq;fisr; rikj;J midtUf;Fk;
tpUe;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ. mtutu; trjpfSf;F Vw;g nkha;g;gzk; toq;fg;
gLfpwJ.

G+g;G r; rlq;Ffs;

ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; gUtkile;j ngz;zpw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; G+g;Gr;

rlq;fhFk;. G+g;nga;jy; xU ngz;zpd; tsu;r;rpf; fl;lkhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. G+g;G epfo;it ngz;zpd; tho;f;ifj; njhlf;fkhf fUjp
kf;fs; rlq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu; G+g;G vd;wnrhy; Mq;fpyj;jy;
‘puberty’ catemenia vd;w vd;w nrhw;fshy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ‘puberty’ vd;w
nrhy;ypw;F maturing of the sexual functions vd Mf;];Nghu;L Mq;fpy mfuhjp
tpsf;fk; jUfpwJ”31 ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; Mshapl;lh ngupa kD~pahapl;lh.
ngupag;gps;i s Mapl;lh taJf;F te;J l;lh UJthapl;lh vd;w nrhw;fs;
ngUkstpy; kf;fsplk; cs;sd.

jiyf;F j; jz;zuP ; Cw;W jy;

ngz; gUtkile;j nra;jp Kjypy;> jha;khkd; tPl;bw;F

njuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jha;khkd;> khkd; KiwAs;Nshu; gr;i rj; njd;id
kl;ilapy; fPw;Wg; Gide;J rpWFbirg; Nghd;W fl;Ltu;. khkd; tPl;lhu;

180
gl;Lg;ghthil> Njq;fha;> ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F> ru;f;fiug; nghl;Lf;fliy>
kQ;rs;> G+ Nghd;w nghUl;fis nfhz;L tUfpwhu;. khkdpd; kidtp>
Kiwg; ngz;fs;> kzkhd ngz;fs; xw;iw vz;zpf;i fapy; VONgu;>
xd;gJ Ngu; Nru;e;J ‘cNyhfj;jhyhd Kf;fhypapy;’ cl;fhu itj;J
‘JthuKila ry;yilapy;’ kQ;rs; Ntg;gpiyf; fye;j ePupid jiyapy;
Cw;Wfpd;wdu;. khkd; nfhz;L te;j Gj;jhilia mzptpj;J jiyapy;
G+r;RLtu;. tpsf;fpid Vw;wp Fk;gplr; nra;J Fbirf;F s; mDg;Gtu;.

jdpaplj;j py; itj;j y;

ngz; G+g;nga;jTld; khkd; fl;ba Fbirf;Fs; Mz;fs; ahUila

fz;fspYk; glhjthW ,Uf;fr;nra;tu;. ,uT Neuq;fspy; taJ Kjpu;e;j
ngz; Jizahf ,Ug;gu;. jPa Mtpfs; neUq;fhky; ,Uf;f nrUg;G>
cyf;if> tpyf;Fkhu; Nghd;wtw;i w Fbirapd; thapw; gFjpapy; ,uT
Neuq;fspy; itf;fpd;wdu; ,jid

“,Uq;fho; cyf;if ,Uk;GKfe; Nja;j;j

mitg;Gkhd; muprp mkiyntz; NrhW
fiyj;jhs; mtyd; fyitnahL ngWFtpu;”32

vd;w ghly; cyf;ifapy; ,Uk;G g;G+izg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lij

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;epiyapy; cyf;ifr; rlq;fpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLj;JtJ>
,Uk;gpd; cWjpia mwpe;j kf;fs; mj;jifa typik jPa MtpfisAk;
tpul;Lk; ty;yikAilaJ vd;w vz;zj;jpy; ,r;rlq;fpy; cyf;ifia
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. G+g;nga;jg; ngz;zpw;nfd;W jdpahf czT
cz;gjw;F ghj;jpuj;jpid itg;gu; mg;ngz; njhLk; nghUl;f s; midj;Jk;
gpwuhy; jPz;lj;jfhjdthfTk; J}a;ik> ,oe;j nghUshfTk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd goq;fhyj;jpy; ngz;f s; G+g;nga;jpUf;Fk; fhyq;fspy;
tPl;Lg; ghj;j puq;fis njhlhky; ,Ue;j NjhL Nfhapy; Nghd;w
Gz;zpa,lq;fSf;F k; nry;Ytjpy;iy vd;gij>

“mzq;F il KUff; Nfhl;lj;Jf;

fye;njhlh kfspupd; ,fe;J epd;wt;Nt”33

vd;w ghlybfs; czu;j;Jfpd;wd.

czT jUjy;

ngz; G+g;nga;jpa ehspypUe;J jha;khkd; tPl;lhu;> khkd;

KiwAs;Nshu;> cwtpdu; vd midtUk; gytifahd gyfhuq;fSk;>

181
mirt czT jahupj;J xt;nthU ehSk; xUtu; vd tpUe;J mspg;gu;.
ngz;zpw;F gpbj;j ,dpg;G tiffisAk; xt;nthU ehSk; moFr;
nra;tu;. G+g;nga;jpa ngz; jdf;F nfhLf;Fk; czit tPzhf;fhJ
Kw;wpYkhf cz;z Ntz;Lk;. cz;l cztpy; vQ;rpait ,Ue;jhy;
mjid fPN o NghlhkYk; tpyq;Ffs; cz;zhkYk; Fopg;gwpj;Jg; Gijj;J
tpLtu;. vQ;rpa czit tpyq;Ffs; cz;lhy; mg;ngz;zpw;F tapw;W
Neha;fs; Vw;gLk; vdf; fUJfpd;wdu;. G+g;nga;jpa ehspypUe;J VO ehl;fs;
“mjpfhiyapy; ahUk; ghu;f;fhjthW ntWk; tapw;wpy; ehl;Lf; Nfhopapd;
Kl;il> ey;nyz;nza; ,uz;ilAk; fye;J Fbf;fr; nrhy;tu;. NkYk;
cSe;JkhT> gidnty;yk;> ey;nyz;nza; %d;iwAk; fye;J cz;zr;
nra;tu;”34 ,t;thW nra;jhy; mg;ngz; ey;y cWjpahd clyikg;G
ngw;W> ,oe;j rf;j papid ngw KbAk; vd ek;Gfpd;wdu;.

tPlb
; w;F mioj;jy;

G+g;nga;jpa ngz;i z xd;gjhk; ehs;> my;yJ gjpNdhuhk; ehs;

tPl;bw;F miof;fpd;wdu;. mjpfhiyapy; mg;ngz;zpUe;j Fbir>
gad;gLj;jpag; nghUl;fs; Nghd;wtw;i w jPapl;L vupf;fpd;wdu;. gpd;du;
gRtpd; ePu;f; nfhz;L tPL KOtJk; njspf;fpd;wdu;. ,t;thW nra;tjdhy;
mg;ngz;zpUe;j tPL jPl;L ePq;fp J}a;ik ngWtjhf ehl;Lg;Gw kf;f s;
ek;Gfpd;wdu;”35 jha;k hkd; nfhz;L te;j Gj;jhilfis mzptjw;F Kd;G>
tPl;bYs;s gioa Nriyapid mzpe;J nfhs;fpwhu;. muprp khT mil
nra;J ngz;zpd; jiy> Njhs;fs;> iffs; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; itj;J
%d;W jlit tykpUe;J ,lkhf Vw;wp ,wf;Ftu;. Rw;wpa gpwF Vw;wp
,wf;f gad;gLj;jpa nghUl;fs; mg;ngz; mzpe;j Milfs; ,tw;Wld;
vz;nza;> Nrhg;G> rPaf;fhj;J}s; Nghd;wtw;i w ,r;rlq;fpidr; nra;Ak;
tz;zhj;jpf;F nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. gr;ruprp khtpy; ru;f;fiu fye;j Gl;b idr;
nra;J G+g;nga;jpa ngz;zpw;F Kjypy; cz;zr; nra;tu;. gq;fhsp
cwTKiwAilNahu; vd midtUf;Fk; nfhLj;J tUfpwhu;. Gj;jhilia
mzpe;J tpsf;Nfw;wp Fk;gplr; nra;t u;. gpd;G ehl;Lf;Nfhop rhWld;
ey;nyz;nza; Nru;j ;J Fbf;fr; nra;J tPl;bw;F s; tyJ fhiy vLj;J
itj;J Eioar; nrhy;fpd;wdu;.

G+g;G dpj ePuhl;L tpoh

jpUkzj;j pw;F jdJ ngz; jahuhf ,Ug;gij njuptpf;Fk; nghUl;L

G+g;nga;jpa ngz;zpd; ngw;Nwhu;fshy; elj;jg;gLk; rlq;F ‘G+g;Gdpj
ePuhl;L tpohthFk;’ ,r;rlq;F G+g;G mile;j rpy khjq;fs; my;yJ

182
Mz;LfSf;F gpd;Ngh eilngWfpd;wJ. xU rpyu; jq;fSf;fhd
trjpfSf;F vw;g jpUkzj;jpw;F Kjy; ehs; ,uT ,r;rlq;fpid
nra;fpd;wdu;. ,r;rlq;fpd; nghOJ khkd; tPl;lhu; gl;Lg;Glit> Njq;fha;>
thiog;g ok;> tisay;fs; vd VO my;yJ xd;gJ jl;Lf;fspy; rPu;
itg;gu;. CupYs;s cwtpdu;fSk; mg;ngz; jpUkz; nra;J fztu;
tPl;bw;F nry;Yk; NghJ Njitg;gLk; nghUl;fis rPu;fshf
Nksj;jhsq;fSld; NfhapypUe;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,it ‘G+g;nga;jpa
ngz; jpUkzj;jpw;F jahuhf ,Ug;gij njuptpf;Fk; nghUl;L
eilngWfpd;wJ. gpd;du; nkha;g;gzk; toq;fg;gl;L midtUf;F k;
tpUe;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jpUkzr; rlq;F fs;

r%f mikg;gpid cUthf;ff;$ba jskhf jpUkzk;

eilngWfpd;wJ. gUtk; va;jpa MZk;> ngz;Z k; ,y;yw tho;tpy;
<LgLk; Nehf;Fld; jq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epiyNa jpUkzkhFk;.
“xU fd;dpg; ngz;zpd; $e;jypNy kyu; #l;b mtis CUk;> cwTk;
mwpa jd; tho;f;ifj; Jiztpahf xUtd; Vw;Wf; nfhs;t jdhNy kzk;
jpUkzk; vd;w ngau;fs; ,r;rlq;fpw;F Vw;gl;ld vd;gu;”36 NkYk; kzk;
vd;w nrhy; epiwe;j nghUSilaJ kz;Zjy; vd;why; neUq;Fjy;>
fyj;jy; moF ngWjy; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. kzk; vd;wr; nrhy;ypw;F kz;
vd;gJ Ntu;r;nrhy;> kz;zpd; eyd;fis epiwe;j stpy; Efu tha;gspg;gJ
kzk; vdNt ,y;ywj;ij kztho;f;if vd;W miog;gjhff; Fwpg;gpLtu;”37
jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y;fSs; Kd;Ndhbahd njhy;fhg;gpak; ,jid>

“ngha;ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;du;

Iau; ahj;jdu; fuzk; vd;g”38

vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpy; ngha;Ak; tOTk; Njhd;wpa gpd;du;

ngupNahu;fs; fuzk; vd;w mikg;i g Vw;gLj;jpdu; vd;w fUj;J
ntspg;gLfpd;w J. njhy;fhg;gpau; jpUkzr; rlq;ifNa ‘fuzk;’ vd;w
nrhy;yhy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

jpUkzj;j pw;F Kd;G eilngWk; rlq;Ffs;

kfd; kfs; ,UtUf;Fk; jpUkzk; nra;a tpUk;Gk; ngw;N whu;fs;

Kjypy; rhjfj;ijg; ghu;g;gu;. N[hjplu; rhjfj;ijg; ghu;j J
; ed;F fzpj;J
ngz; ,Uf;Fk; jpiria $Wtu;. MZf;Nfh ngz;Zf;Nfh tud; NjLk;
NghJ fpilf;fpd;w tud; xNu Fyj;nja;tj;i j topgLgtuhf ,Ue;jhy;

183
jtpu;f;g;gLfpwJ. jq;fSila cwtpdu; %yk; ngz; Njb rhjfk;
fpilj;jhy; gj;J tifahd nghUj;jq;fis N[hjplu; %yk; Muha;fpd;wdu;.
rhjfk; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,UtPl;lhUk; cldpUg;gu;. “rhjfk; fdpj;Jg;
ghu;f;fpd;w nghUj;j q;fis ngau;nghUj;jk; rhjfg;nghUj;j k; vd ,uz;L
tiffspy; ghu;g;gu;”39 rhjfg; nghUj;jq;f isg; ghu;f;fpd;w nghOJ gj;Jg;
nghUj;jq;f Sk; cs;sdth vd;W ghu;g;g u;. ,jidNa rhjfk; ghu;j;jy; vd
miof;fpd;wdu;. ,k;Kiwg;gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpau;

“gpwg;Ng Fbik Mz;ik Mz;nlhL

cUT epWj;jh fhk thapy;
epiwNa mUNs czu;NthL jpUntd
KiwAwf; fpse;j xg;gpdJ tifNa”40

,t;thW nghUj;j q;fisg; ghu;fF

; k; NghJ VO nghUj;jq;f s;
nghUe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nrt;tha; Njh~Ks;s ngz;zpw;F nrt;tha;
Njh~Ks;s khg;gps;i sia ghu;ff
; pd;wdu;. %yel;rj;jpuk; cila
ngz;zpw;F khg;g pisg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ jha;> my;yJ je;ijau; ,y;yhj
FLk;gj;ijiag;ghu;f;fpd;wdu;. FLk;gj;jpy; Mz; Kjy; gps;i sahf
,Ue;jhy; ngz; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ mg;ngz; FLk;g j;jpy; filrp gps;i sahf
gpwe;jpUf;Fk; epiyapNyNa ghu;f;fpd;wdu;.

ngz; ghu;jj
; y;

Mz; ngz; ,Utupd; rhjfj;i jg; ghu;j;J nghUj;j k; ,Ug;gpd;

ngz; tPl;lhu; xg;Gjy; fpilj;jTld; khg;gps;i sapd; ngw;Nwhu; jha;khkd;
cwtpdu; vd VO my;yJ xd;gJ Ngu;r; nry;fpd;wdu;. mJNghyNt ngz;
tPl;lhUk; khg;gps;i s tPl;bw;F tUfpd;w du;. ,jid ngz; tPLg; ghu;j;jy;
khg;gps;is tPLg; ghu;j;jy; vd miof;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;F Kd;du;
,UtPl;lhupd; FLk;g epiy> Fyk;> nghUshjhu epiyfis mwpe;J
nfhs;tu;. xU rpyu; ngz;iz tPl;bw;F te;J ghu;f;f mDkjpg;gJ ,y;iy.
epow;glk; %yk; kl;L Nk ghu;f;f mDkjpg;gu;. nghUj;jq;fs; ghu;j;j gpd;dNu
tPl;bw;F tu mDkjp nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. ,r;rlq;fpd; nghOJ ,Utu; tPl;bYk;
irt tpUe;J eilngWfpd;wJ.

ghf;F ntw;w piy khw;Wjy;

xU MZf;F xU ngz;iz ,y;ywj; Jizahfj; Nju;e;njLj;J

,jid ,U tPl;lhu;> cwtpdu;fs;> Cu; Kf;fpa];ju;fs; Kd;dpiyapy;
cWjp nra;tJ> ‘epr;rajhu;j;jk; my;yJ ntw;wpiy ghf;F khw;Wjy;’ vd

184
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rlq;F ngz; tPl;by; eilngWk; ,r;rlq;fpw;F
khg;gps;is tPl;bypUe;J Gjpa gl;Lg;Glit> Njq;fha;> thiog;gok;>
ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F Nghd;wtw;Wld; cwtpdu;fs; Cu; Kf;fpa];jhu;fSk;
tUfpd;wdu;. ngz;zpw;Fg; gl;Lg;GlitAk;> eifiaAk; mzptpj;J
mioj;J te;J ,UtPl;lhu; ,Utupd; cwtpdu;fs; fpuhk Kf;fpa];jhu;fs;
Kd;dpiyapy; mkur; nra;fpd;wdu;. mg;nghOJ mg;ngz; jiyf;Fdpe;J
,UiffshYk; Fk;gpl;L tzf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ jhk;g sj;Jld; eLtpy; xU
Njq;fhapid kQ;rs; jltp Fq;F kk; ,l;L itf;fpd;wdu;. mjidr; Rw;w p
ntw;wpiyia itg;gu;. fpuhk Kf;fpa];jhu;fspy; xUtu; ngz;izg;
ghu;j;J khg;gps;i s gpbj;jpUf;fpwjh vd;W k; khg;gps;i siag; ghu;j;J ngz;
gpbj;jpUf;fpwjh vd;W Nfl;gu;. ,UtUk; rk;kjk; njuptpj;j gpd;du;
jhk;gsj;jl;b id mg;ngz;zplk; nfhLj;J Fk;gplr; nrhy;Ytu;. khg;gps;i s
ngz;zpd; fOj;J my;yJ iffspy; jq;fj;jhyhd eifapid mzptpg;gu;.
,jid ‘cWjpg;gTd;’ vd miof;fpd;wdu;. ,UtPl;lhUk; jhk;g sj;jl;Lfis
khw;wpf;nfhs;tu;. ,t;thW epr;rak; nra;tjhy; khg;gps;is ngz;
,UtUf;Fk; NtW ,lj;jpypUe;J ngz;Nzh khg;gps;i sNah Nfl;L
tUtJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngz;iz epr;r ak; nra;Ak; NghJ ntw;wpiyg;
ghf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; kzkf;fspd; tho;T tsikAld;
jpfOk; vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. “ntw;wpiyg; ghf;fpy;
tsikj; nja;tkhd ,yl;Rkp ciwtjhfTk;> mtw;iw kpFjpahfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy; eyj;ijAk;> jpUkfspd; mUisAk; mspf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifapy; ,jidf; ifahSfpd;wdu;”41 vd;fpwhu; n[fjPrd;. re;jdk;>
Fq;Fkj;i j vLj;J midtUk; nghl;L itj;Jk;> iffspYk; G+rpf;nfhs;tu;.
gpd;du; midtUf;F k; tpUe;J eilngWk;. jpUkzj;jpw;F Kjy; ehs; ,uT
epr;rajhu;j;jk; rpy Cu;fspy; eilngWfpd;wJ. ,r;rlq;F Kbe;j %d;W
khjk; MWkhjj;jpw;F s; jpUkzk; eilngWfpd;wJ.

ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F jpUkz miog;gpjo; itj;jy;

,U tPl;lhUk; ‘jpUkzk; miog;gpjo;’ jahu; nra;j gpwF mtutu;

Fynja;tf; Nfhapy;fspy; itj;J topghL nra;fpd;wdu;. ‘Fyj;nja;tj;jpd;
ngau; ,UtPl;lhu; miog;Gk;’ vd;W mr;rpLtijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
khg;gps;is ngz; tPl;lhu; Kjypy; khkd; KiwAs;N shUf;F ntw;wpiyg;
ghf;Fld; jq;fsJ tfjpfSf;Nfw;g gzKk; itf;fpd;wdu;. cwtpdu;fs;
CupYs;s midtUf;Fk; jpUkz miog;gpjiof; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;.
miog;gpjopd; ehd;F gf;fq;fspYk; kQ;r s; njhl;L ,Lfpd;w du;.

185
K$u;j ;jf;fhy; Cd;Wjy;

jpUkzk; epfo;tjw;F Kd;du; cs;s %d;W Ie;JMfpa ehl;fspy;

xU ey;y ehs; ghu;j;J mjpfhiyapy; ey;y Neuj;ijj; Nju;T nra;J
kzkfd;> kzkfs; ,Utu; tPl;bYk; ge;jy;fhy; eLtu;. tPl;bd; fpof;F
%iyapy; Njitahd msT Fopiaj; Njhz;bf; nfhs;tu;. ed;F Kw;wpa
%q;fpy; kuk; xd;iw Gdpj ePupy; ePuhl;b Rz;zhk;G> nrk;k z; ,tw;why;
gl;ilapLfpd;wdu; nts;isj;Jzpapy; kQ;rs; jltp etjhdpaq;fis ,l;L
mk;%q;fpypd; Edpg;gFjpapy; khtpiy> Ntg;gpiyfisAk; Nru;j;Jf;fl;b
tpLfpd;wdu;. gpd;du; kq;fy kfspu; Mltu;fSk; Nru;e;J %q;fpiy vLj;J
Fopf;Fs; eLfpd;w du;. ,jidNa ‘K$u;j;jf;fhy; Cd;Wjy; vd
miof;fpd;wdu; Njq;fha;> thiogok; itj;Jg; G+ir nra;fpd;wdu;. gr;ruprp>
nty;yk; my;yJ ru;f;fiu fye;J midtUf;Fk; cz;zf; nfhLg;gu;.

gpd;du; ehd;F Gwq;fspYk; %q;fpy; ge;jy; NghLfpd;wdu;. ge;jypd;

Nky; gpd;dg;gl;l fha;e;j njd;idf; fPw;Wf;fisAk;> Xuq;fspy; gr;ir
njd;idg; ge;jypd; Eiothapypd; ,UGwq;f spYk; ,uz;L thio
(Fiyj;j s;s pa) kuq;fisAk; el;L itj;J myq;fhuk; nra;fpd;wdu;.
tz;zhu; ge;jypd; tpjhdj;jpy; Ntl;bfisf; fl;b nry;tu;. jpUkzk;
epfOk; Neuj;jpy; ve;j nghUs;fSk; NkypUe;J fPNo tpOe;J ,ilA+W
Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f fl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,d;W etPd cyfj;jpy; ‘rhkpahdh ge;jy;’
kpd; tpsf;FfshYk; myq;fhuk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

goq;fhyj;jpy; kzkf;fs; tPl;Lr; Rtu;f Sf;F vy;yhk; nrk;kz; G+rp>

tPl;by; GJkzy; gug;gp> khiyfisj; njhq;ftpl;L kfpo;r;rpNahL
moFg;gLj;j pa fUj;ij>

“Gidkhd; ,Q;rp G+ty; Cl;b

kidkzy; mLj;J khiy ehw;wp
cte;jpdpJ maUk; vd;g”42

mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; top mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

eYq;F itj;j y;

jpUkzj;j pw;F ,uz;L> %d;W ehl;fs; my;yJ jpUkzj;j pw;F Kjy;

ehspy; khkd; KiwAs;s tu;fs; khg;gps;isapd; jiyapy; ey;nyz;nza;
itj;J ePuhlr; nra;tu;. Nksj;jhsq;f Sld; NfhapYf;F mioj;Jr;nry;tu;
Nfhapypy; G+irfs; Kbe;jg; gpd;du; khg;gps;isapd; ifapy; re;jdk;>
Fq;Fkj;i jj; jltp khkd; fOj;jpy; khiyapLfpwhu; khg;gps;is

186
Gj;jhilNah mzpe;J nfhz;Nlh> Njhs; kPJ itj;J nfhz;Nlh
Nksj;jhsq;fs; Koq;f tPl;bw;F tUfpd;wdu;. khg;gps;i sf;F tpUe;J
eilngWk; ,jid ‘eYq;F itj;jy;’ vd jftyhsu; $Wfpwhu;.43

ngz; miog;G

jpUkzj;j pw;F Kjy; ehs; gfy; ,uT Nghd;w Neuq;fspy; ey;y Neuk;
ghu;j;J khg;gps;i s tPl;bypUe;J VO my;yJ xd;gJ Ngu; ngz; miof;f
nry;tu;. te;jtu;fs; midtUf;Fk; tpUe;J eilngWk;. ngz;iz
myq;fhuk; nra;J Nksj;jhsq;fs; Koq;f mioj;J tUtu;. ngz;iz
Neuhf khg;gps;i s tPl;bw;F mioj;J nry;yhky; khg;gps;isapd; cwT
Kiwahu; tPL> Nfhapy;> jpUkzk; jpUkz kz;lgj;j py; eilngw;why;
mq;NfNa jq;f itg;gu;. K$u;j;j Ntisapd; NghJ jhd; ngz;iz
jpUkzg; ge;jYf;F mioj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ngz; cs;@ u; ntspA+uhf
,Ue;jhYk; ngz; miog;G rlq;F eilngWk;.

Fyj;nja;t j;i jf; Fk;g pLjy;

jpUkzj;j pw;F Kjy; ehs; khg;gps;i s tPl;bduhy; elj;jg;gLk;

rlq;fhFk;. jpUkz epfo;r;rpapy; jhyp fl;Ljy; vd;gJ kpf caupa xU
epfo;r;rpahf vy;yh kf;fshYk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

“Gypg;gw; Nfhj;j Gyk;G kzpj;jhyp

fw;nfO rpWFbf; fhdtd; kfNs”44

vDk; rq;fg; ghly; thapyhf jkpou; tho;f;ifapy; ePz;l ehl;fshf toq;fp

te;j nrhy; ‘jhyp’ vd;gij czuyhk;. khg;gps;is tPl;lhu; Mrhup nra;J
itj;Js;s jhypia jpUkzj;jpw;F %d;W ehs; Kd;djhfTk; my;yJ
Kjy; ehspNyh thq;fp tUfpd;wdu;. thq;fp nfhz;L te;J tPl;by; nja;tg;
glq;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy; itg;gu;. gpd;du; jhypia vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
Fyj;nja;tf; NfhapYf;Fr; nry;tu;. jhypapy; kQ;rs; Fq;Fkk; jltp
Njq;fha;> thiog;gok;> gl;Lr;Nriy> gl;L Ntl;b> Jz;L Nghd;wtw;i wAk;
jhk;gsj;jl;by; itj;J G+rhupaplk; nfhLg;gu;. G+rhup ,iwtd; Kd; itj;J
G+irfs; nra;J ,iwtid tzq;fp nfhLf;fpwhu;. khg;gps;i s tPl;lhu;
thq;fp nfhz;L te;J tPl;bYs;s nja;tj;j pd; Kd; itj;J ,iwtid
tzq;Ftu; ,jidNa Fyj;nja;tj;ij Fk;gpLjy;> tPl;Lrhkp Fk;gpLjy;”45
vd miof;fpd;wdu;.

187
jpUkzj;j d;W eilngWk; rlq;F fs;

xU ghjpahfpa ngz;Zk; kw;nwhU ghjpahfpa MZk;

xd;Wg;gLtijNa Md;Nwhu; jpUkzk; vd;wngauhy; Fwpj;j du;. xt;nthU
ghjpahfpa tsu;e;J tUk; ,uz;L capu;fs; xd;wp KOj;jd;ik va;j pf;
fldhw;Wtjw;F mtw;i w md;Gf; fapw;why; ,aw;if gpzpf;fpwJ.
,g;gpzpg;Ng jpUkzk; MFk; vd;gu;.46

kzkfd; kzkfs; miog;G

kzkfd;> kzkfs; miog;G ,UtiuAk; Njhod; KiwAs;s tu;fs;

mioj;J te;J kztiwia xU Kiw tyk; te;J mkur; nra;tu;.
,UtUf;Fk; khkd; KiwAilNahu; jpUkz khiyfis fOj;jpy;
mzptpg;gu;. kzk; nra;tpg;gu; xU jhk;gsj;ij itj;J mjpy; je;ijapd;
tyJf; fhiyAk; jhapd; ,lJ fhiyAk; xUNru itf;f nrhy;tu;.
kzkfd; jk; iffshy; mtu;fs; ghjq;f isg; ghyhYk; ePuhYk; J}a;ikr;
nra;thu;. kQ;rs;> re;jdk;> Fq;Fkk;> kyu;fspl;L ngw;N whu; ghjq;fSf;F
tzf;fk; nrYj;Jtu;. ngw;Nwhu; kyu;> muprp Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jg;
gps;i sfspd; Nkypl;L tho;j;Jr; nrhy;tu;. mijg;NghyNt kzkfSk;
jq;fsJ ngw;Nwhu; ghjq;fis tzq;Ftu;. ,tw;iwg; ‘ghjG+ir’ vd
miof;fpd;wdu;.

fhg;Gf; fl;L jy;

kztiwapy; xU jl;by; kQ;rsuprp> ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F Njq;fha;

thiog;g ok;> kQ;rs; jltpa E}y; fl;lg;gl;l tpuyp kQ;rs; midj;ijAk;
itg;gu;. mjw;Fj; #lk; Vw;wp jPgk; fhl;Ltu;. jpUkzk; nra;J itf;Fk;
ngupatu; jha;khkd; ,tu;fSs; xUtu; ,uz;L iffshy; muprpia ms;sp
kzNkilapy; ,Uf;Fk; kzkf;f spd; ifapy; ,uz;L Kiw nfhLg;gu;
mjid ,uz;L Kiw kzkf;fSk; jhk;gsj;jpy; Nghl;L tpLtu;.
%d;whtJ Kiw jhk;gsj;jpy; NghlhJ ifapNy itj;jpUf;f mjd;Nky;
Njq;fha;> ntw;wpiyg;ghf;F Mfpatw;i w itj;J Ve;jpf; nfhz;bUf;fr;
nra;tu;. mr;rkaj;j py; jpUkzk; epfo;j;J gtu; tpuyp kQ;rs; fl;ba E}iy
vLj;J kzkf;fspd; tyJ if kzpf;f l;by; fl;btpLthu;. ,J flTis
Ntz;b vLj;Jf; nfhz;l nray; ,dpJ epiwNtw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk; milahsk;.

jhyp fl;L jy;

188
 khg;gps;is ngz;zpd; fOj;jpy; jpUkzr; rpd;dkhd jhyp
mzptpg;g Nj ‘jhyp fl;Ljy;’ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUkz epfo;tpd;
ikar; rlq;fhf jhyp fl;Ljy; mikfpd;wJ. ‘jhyp vd;w nrhy;ypd;
Ntu;r;nrhy;iy ,dq;fhz Kbatpy;i y vd;Wk; jhyp> jhyhl;L Mfpa
nrhw;fisf; nfhz;L jhy; vd;gJ njhq;ftplg;gLk; fhjzp> %f;fzp>
tpuyzp Nghd;wit vd;Wk; nfhs;syhk; vd;gu;”47 ey;y Neuk;> el;rj;jpuk;
ghu;j;J jpUkzk; eilngWk; vd;gij

“Nfhy; fhy; ePq;fpa nfhLntz; jpq;fs;

NfL,y; tpOg; Gfo;ehs; jiyte;n jd” (mfk;.86)

“,UtpRk;G tpsq;fj; jpq;fl;

rflk; kz;ba Jfs;jPu; $l;lj;J”48

Nkw;fz;l rq;fg;ghly;fs; %yk; jpUkzj;jpw;F ehs;> el;r j;jpuk; ghu;j;J

rlq;Ffs; elj;jg;g l;l nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. NkYk; cNuhfpdp
el;rj;jpuj;ij rpwe;j kzr;rlq;F el;rj;jpukhf fUjpAs;s du; vd;gJ
GydhfpwJ.

kq;fy ehz; mzpjy; my;yJ jhyp mzpjy; vd;wr; rlq;F

rPtfrpe;jhkzpapy; ,lk;ngwhtpl;lhYk; jhyp vd;w nrhy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

“ehZs; spl;Lr; Rlu;tPR

ed;kh zpf;fk; eFjhyp
Ngzp eypyhu; fOj;jzpe;J
ngUq;fz; fUik tpUe;J}l;b”49

jpUkzk; nra;tpg;g tu;> GNuhfpju; kzNkilapy; kzkf;fis mkur; nra;J

Njq;fha; cilj;J G+i[fs; nra;tu;. jhk;gsj;jpy; jhypia itj;J
te;jpUg;gtu;f splk; tho;j;Jg; ngWtjw;fhf xUtu; vLj;Jr; nry;tu;.
jhypiaj; njhl;L tzq;Ffpd;w midtupd; tsKk;Mw;w Yk; fpilf;F k;
vd;w ek;gpf;ifahFk;. midtuhYk; tho;j;Jg; ngw;w jhypia kzkfd;
kzkfSf;Ff; fl;L fpd;whu;. jd; tyf;if mts; fOj;j py; gpd;dhf
tyj;N jhs; Nky; jhypf; fapw;wpd; xU Kidapy; gw;wpapUf;f ,lf;if xU
Kidiag; gw;w> kzkfd; fuj;jpy; jhq;fpa kq;fy ehiz kzkfs;
fOj;jpy; gpd;dhy; Kk;Kiw Kbr;Rg; NghLfpwhd;. Kjy; Kbr;R gpuk;khtpd;
ke;jpuj;i jAk; ,uz;lhtJ Kbr;R tp~;Z ke;jpuj;i jAk; %d;w htJ Kbr;R
rptke;jpuj;i jAk; Fwpf;F k;”50 vd;fpwhu; rz;KfRe;juk;. cwtpdu;fs;

189
midtUk; kQ;rsuprpAk;> G+Tk; J}tp tho;j;J tu;. kzkf;f s;
fOj;jpypUf;Fk; rpwpa khiyia vLj;J ngupNahu;fs; Mrp toq;Ftu;.

jpUkz epfo;tpy; jhypia kq;fykhff; fUJk; epiy gpw;f hyj;jpy;

Njhd;wpajhFk;. Mdhy; kq;fy mzpahf ‘jhyp’ vdf; Fwpg;gplhj
mzpfyid mzpe;j J goq;fhy tof;fkhFk;. ,k;kq;fy mzpia fztd;
capUld; ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy; ve;j #oypYk; ePq;fhJ goe;j kpo;g; ngz;f s;
mzpe;jpUe;jdu;.

“ahue; jhq;fpa tyu;Kiy ahfj;Jg;

gpd;dik neLtPo ; jhoj; Jiz Jwe;J”51

vd;w rq;fg;ghly; ngz;zpd; kq;fy mzpiag; gw;wp Fwpg;g pLfpwJ.

jpUkzk; eilngWk; tPl;by; jpUkzj;ij CupYs;s tu;fSf;F njuptpf;Fk;
Nehf;NfhL goq;fhyj;jpy; rq;nfhypAk;> giwnahypAk; vOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd
vd;gij

“giwglg; gzpyk; Mu;g;g tpiw nfhs;g”52

vd;Dk; rq;fg;ghly; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

jpUkzkhFk; ngz;Zf;F ntz;Z}y; #l;Ljy; vd;w rlq;F eilngw;W

,Uf;fpd;wJ.

“goq;fd;W fspj;j gak;gky; mWifj;

jOq;F Fuy; thdpd; jiyg;ngaw; fPd;w
kz;Z kzpad;d khtpjo;g; ghtpyj;
jz;ZW KifnahL ntz;Z}y; #l;b”53

MWKfk; Gy;ypd; fpoq;FfisAk; KifNahL Nru;j;Jf; fl;ba ntz;Z}y;

kzkfSf;F mzptpf;fg; ngw;wjhf rq;f mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; topahf
mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

gl;lq;fl;ly;

jpUkzk; Kbe;jg; gpwF gl;lq;fl;Ljy; vd;w rlq;F eilngWfpd;wJ.

kzkf;fisf; FLk;gj; jiytd;> jiytp vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;lNj
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ‘gl;lq;fl;ly;’ tof;fk; Vw;gl;Ls;s J. kzkfspd;
new;wpapy; ‘jq;ff;fhir’ kQ;r s; E}ypy; Nfhj;Jf; fl;Ltu;. ,r;rlq;fpid
khkd; nra;tjhy; ,jid khkd; fhR vdf; $Wtu;. khkd; fhR fl;ba

190
gpwNf ehj;jpKiwapdu; fhR fl;Ltu;. gpd;du; kzkfd; kzkfs; ifiag;
gw;wpathW jpUkz ‘Xkk; Fz;lj;i j’ Kk;Kiw Rw;wp tUfpd;wdu;.

khiy khw;W jy;

jPtyk; te;J kzNkilapy; kzkfs; epw;gu;. kzkfd; jd;Dila

fOj;jpypUf;Fk; khiyia vLj;J kzkfs; fOj;jpYk;> kzkfs;
fOj;jpypUf;Fk; khiyia vLj;J kzkfd; fOj;jpYk; NghLtu;. ,JNt
khiy khw;W jy; MFk;. “,U cly; <Uapuha; cs;s kzkf;f s;
khiykhw;wpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; XUapuhfpd;wdu;”54 vd;fpwhu; rz;KfRe;juk;.

tpUe;j spj;jy;

jpUkzk; Kbe;jg; gpd;G cwtpdu;fs; ez;gu;fs; vd midtUf;Fk;

tpUe;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ. tpUe;J rhg;gpl;l gpd;G cwtpdu; mtutu;
trjpfSf;F Vw;g kzkf;fSf;F jdpj;jdpahf nkha;g;gzk; mspg;gu;.
Kjypy; rk;ke;jp nkha;g;gzk; toq;fg;gLk;. rq;f fhyj;jpy; jpUkzj;jpw;F
te;jpUf;Fk; cw;whu;> cwtpdu; midtUf;Fk; cOe;jg;g Ug;Gg; nra;J
rikj;j nrtpia Viojiyaila nghq;fNyhL kpf;f Nrhw;wpidAk;
,l;ldu;. mjid cz;Zk; NghJ Vw;gLk; Muthuk; ,ilawhJ
xypf;fpd;wJ vd;gij

“cOe;J jiyg;nga;j nfhOq;fsp kpjit

ngUQ;Nrhw;W mkiy epw;g”55

vDk; rq;f mfehD}w;Wg; ghly; tupfspd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

ghy; gok; nfhLj;jy;

jpUkzk; Kbe;j gpwF kzkf;fis Nksj;jhsq;f s; Koq;f

mioj;Jf; nfhz;L NfhapYf;F tUfpd;wdu;. Nfhapypy; ,iwtid
topgl;lg; gpd;du; kzkfd; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ kzkfis
tyJfhiy vLj;J itj;J cs;Ns tUkhW $Wfpd;wdu;. kzkfd; tPl;by;
,Ue;J kzkf;fis cwtpdu; mioj;J nry;fpd;wdu;. gha;tpupj;J
kzkf;fis fpof;F Kfkhf mkur; nra;J ghy; goj;ij xUtUf;nfhUtu;
nfhLj;J rhg;gplr; nrat;u;. Kjypy; kzkfd; ghjpg;goj;i jAk; ghiyAk;
cz;z kPjpiag; gpd;G kzkfs; cz;fpwhs;. ,J mtu;f splk; ,Uf;Fk;
neUf;f czu;it ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. ghy; gok; Rit epuk;gpaJ Nghy
kzkf;fs; tho;Tk; midtUk; tpUk;Gk; tho;thf mikAk; vd;w
ek;gpf;if midtuplKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;rlq;F ,UtPl;bYk;

191
eilngWk;. goq;fhyj;jpy; jpUkz ehsd;W eyq;F itf;Fk; rlq;F
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j pUf;fpd;wJ vd;gij

“tuptis Kotpk;k kzfpsu; xypIk;ghy;

miutpis fiy ey;yhu; mWfpd; nea;azpe;jdNu”56

vDk; fhg;gpa ,yf;fpakhd rPtfrpe;jhkzp %yk; czuyhk;.

jpUkzj;j pw;F gpd;G eilngWk; rlq;Ffs;

jpUkzk; Kbe;j gpwF kzkf;fis Kjypy; khg;gps;is tPl;bw;F

mioj;Jr; nry;tu;. kWehs; ngz; tPl;lhu; vOtu; my;yJ xd;gJ Ngu;
kzkf;fis mioj;J nry;y tUfpd;wdu;. kzkf;fis mioj;Jr;
nrd;wTld; jpUk;g khg;gps;is tPl;L f;F ngz;iz mDg;Gk; NghJ
nts;spf;fpoikahf ,Ue;jhy; ,uTf;F Kd; gfy; Neuj;jpNyNa mDg;Gtu;.

rhe;j p K$u;j j
; k;

rhe;jp K$u;j;jk; kzkfd; tPl;bNyNa eilngWk; rlq;fhf

epfo;fpwJ. jpUkzk; Kbe;j md;W N[hjpluplk; ey;y Neuj;ij Fwpj;J
tUtu;. fl;biyg; G+f;fshy; myq;fhuk; nra;fpd;wdu;. goq;fs;> ,dpg;G
tiffisAk; xU jl;by; itg;gu;. kzkf;fs; ,UtiuAk; ePuhlr; nra;J
jpUkzj;jd;W mzpe;j gl;Lr; Nriy> gl;L Ntl;b Nghd;witfis
mzpe;J nfhs;tu;. kzkfd; Kjypy; tPl;bd; miwapDs; nrd;W tpLthu;.
kzkfs; ifapy; ghy; nrhk;G> ehzj;Jld; nry;thu;. ,uT ePq;fp mg;ngz;
mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J tUk; NghJ tPl;bYs;s ahUila fz;zpy;
tpopf;fpd;whNsh mtu;fSila Fzhjpraq;fs; nfhz;l Foe;ij gpwf;Fk;
vd ek;Gfpd;wdu;.

rk;ge;j k; fyj;jy;

jpUkzk; Kbe;j kWehs; kzkf;fs; ,Utu; tPl;bYk;

jdpj;jdpahfNth> xd;whfNth ‘rk;ge;jk; fyj;jy;’ vd;w rlq;F
eilngWfpd;wJ. ,U tPl;lhupd; cwtpdu;fis mwpKfk; nra;J
itg;gjw;fhfNt ,r;rlq;F eilngWfpwJ vdyhk;. kzkf;fspd;
cwtpdu;fs; jq;f Sila iffspy; re;j dk; Fq;F kj;ijg; G+rpf; nfhs;tu;.
rk;ge;jk; fyj;jy; tpUe;jpy; ‘mirt czTfs;’ ngUk;ghYk;
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. tpUe;J eilngWk; NghJ kzkf;fspd; ngw;Nwhu;fs;
jq;fsJ tpUe;J thio ,iyfis xUtUf;nfhUtu; khw;wp ,Oj;Jf;
nfhs;tu; ,JNt ‘rk;ge;jk; fyj;jy;’ vdg;gLk;. ,d;iwa etPd cyfpy;

192
nghUshjhu trjpapy;yhjtu;fs; jpUkzk; Kbe;j clidNa
‘nghl;Lf;fliy ru;f;fiu’ ,itfis fye;J rk;ge;jk; fyj;jy; vd;w
rlq;fpid nra;J tpLtu;.

VO fopj;jy;

jpUkzk; Kbe;J VO ehl;fs; nrd;wg; gpd;G ngz; tPl;bduhy;

nra;ag;gLk; rlq;fhFk;. kzkf;fs; ,UtiuAk; vz;nza; Nja;j;J ePuhlr;
nra;J Gj;jhilfis mzpe;J nfhs;tu;. mtu;f Sf;F gpbj;j czT
tiffs; Kl;ilapLk; gUtj;jpYs;s ehl;Lf; Nfhopapd;mirt czTfSk;
mspf;fg;gLk;. “ehl;L f; Nfhop clk;g pYs;s #l;b id jdpj;J Fspu;r;rpia
Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;w vz;zj;jpd; mbg;g ilapy; GJkzj; jk;gjpfSf;F
tpUe;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ”57

,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffs;

kdpj tho;f;ifapy; capu;fspd; gpwg;G miktJ Nghy; ,wg;Gk;

,ay;ghfNt mikfpwJ. ,t;Tyfpd; midj;J capu;f spd; tho;tpYk;
,wg;G epfo;tnjd;whYk; kdpj ,dj;i j ,t;tpwg;G epfo;Tfs; kpFjpahfg;
ghjpf;fpd;wd. kdpj kdkhdJ ,wg;G epfo;T Fwpj;J gy;NtW
vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;J. kdpjd; ,we;j gpwF nrhu;f;fk; my;yJ eufk;
kWgpwtp vLj;jy; Nghd;w epiyfspy; kdpjdpd; vz;zq;fs; mikfpd;wd.
Vida rlq;Ffisf; fhl;bYk; ,wg;Gr; rlq;fpw;F kf;f splk; kpFe;j
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,wg;G rlq;Ffs; kf;fspd; mr;rj;ij
ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sd. ,wg;G rlq;Ffis ruptu
epfo;j;jtpy;iyahapd; ,we;jtu; kdk; mikjpailahJ Mtpahf miyAk;
vd;w ek;gpf;if kf;f spilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffspy; gq;F ngWjy; rKjhaj;jpy; thOk;

xt;nthUtUk; fl;lhakhf epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikahff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. JiwA+u; Krpwpg; gFjp kf;fspilNa ,wg;G j; njhlu;ghd
rlq;Ffs; %d;W tiffspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. ,wg;Gf;F Kd; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;

2. ,we;J md;W nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;
3. ,wg;gpf;Fg; gpd; nra;Ak; rlq;Ffs;

,wg;Gf;F Kd; eilngWk; nra;A k; rlq;Ffs;

ey;y epfo;r;rpfspy; fye;J nfhs;s j; jtwpdhYk; ,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffspy;

fye;J nfhs;s jtwf; $lhJ vd;w kuG kf;fspilNa fhyk; fhykhf

193
epytp tUfpd;w J. xUtu; ,wf;F k; jUthapypUf;F k; NghJ rlq;Ffs;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd. xUtu; capUf;Fg; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ kz;
fiuriyAk; fhR fiuriyAk; thapy; Cw;Wfpd;wdu;. ,tu; kz;> fhR kPJ
itj;Js;s Mirapdhy; capu; gpupatpy;i ynad vdf; fUjp nra;fpd;wdu;.
kidtp> Foe;ijfs; thapy; ghy; Cw;Wfpwhu;fs;. ghy; Cw;wpdhy; capu;
gpupe;J tpLk; vdf; fUJfpd;wdu;. %r;R tpLtjw;F jpzwpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
NghJ ghy; Cw;wpdhy; %r;rilj;J capu; gpupe;J tpLk; vd;w mwptpay;
fhuzj;ij kf;fs; mwpe;Js;sdu;. ,wf;Fk; jUthapy; mtu; $Wk;
thu;j;i jfs; Gdpjj; jd;ikAila thu;j;i jfshFk; vd;W cwtpdu;f s;
ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ,r;rlq;fpid ‘ghY}w;W jy;’ vd miof;fpd;wdu;.

,we;j md;W nra;A k; rlq;Ffs;

njhlf;ff; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;J te;j kf;fs; jd;NdhL thOk; kdpjd;

jpBnud;W ,we;jijf; fz;L mQ;rpdhd;. mj;jifa mr;rj;ijg; Nghf;f
gytifahd rlq;FfisAk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,we;jtupd; cly;
tpfhukpd;wp mika ntw;wpiyia eRf;fp thapy; itj;J tha;f;fl;L
fl;Ltu;. if fhy; ,tw;wpd; ngUtpuy;fis fl;Ltu;. %f;fpy; gQ;rpid
itg;gu;. new;wpapy; ghf;fpid ciuj;J itj;J fhrpid xl;b itg;gu;.
gpzj;jpd; Nky; my;yJ fy;yiwapd; Nky; itf;fg;gLk; fhR ,we;Njhu;
cyfpw;Fr; nry;tjw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lzk; VNjDkpUe;jhy;
mjw;fhfTk;> ,we;j tu; jk;Kila nrhj;ijg; ngw Ntz;bj; jpUk;gp
tuhky; jLg;gjw;fhfTk; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.58 ,we;jtiu njd;%iyapy;
mkuNth njd;jpirapy; jiy ,Uf;F k;gb gLf;fNth itf;fpd;wdu;.
njd;jpir vkdpd; jpirahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. clypy; capUf;Fk; tiu
,Uk;Gr; rj;J epiwe;jpUf;Fk; ,we;jJk; mit ntspNawp tpLfpd;wd
jd;Dila clypypUe;j rf;jpia ,oe;J tpl;lhYk; cyf fhe;j rf;jpahdJ
mjDs;Ns nry;ygLNk vd;gJ jhd; ,jw;Ff; fhuzk;”59 vd;fpwhu;
ntq;fl;uht; xU rpyu; ehw;fhypfspy; mku itg;gJk; cz;L.

top mDg;G jy;

gq;fhsp tPl;lhu;> khkd; ikj;Jdu; cwT KiwAs;s

cwTKiwahUk; ,ize;J ‘top mDg;Gjy;’ vd;w rlq;fpid nra;tu;.
midtUk; Nru;e;J mjpfhiyapy; xw;iwj; Njq;fha;> epiw nrhk;G ePu;>
ntw;wpiyg; ghf;F Mfpatw;Wld; Kr;re;jpia vd;w ,lj;j py; Njq;fha;
cilj;J #lk; nfhSj;jp ,we;jtiu top mDg;Gfpd;w du;. cilj;j
Njq;fhapid jhk;g sj;jl;by; ,we;jtu; mUfpy; itg;gu;. ,r;rlq;fpid

194
nfhs;sp itg;gtu; nra;fpwhu;. mjd; gpd; Nksj;jhsq;fs; Koq;f
gpzj;jpw;F khiy Nghl;L midtUk; njhl;L tzq;F tu; ,r;rlq;F
epiwTw;wg; gpwF Vida cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;> ez;gu;fSf;F k; rq;fpypau;
%yk; nra;jp nrhy;yp mDg;G tu;.

epiw ehop itj;jy;

,we;jtupd; jiykhl;by; xU gbapy; ney; itj;J mjd; Nky;

tpsf;fpid Vw;wp itg;gu;. ,jid ‘epiw ehop’ vd miof;fpd;wdu;. top
mDg;G jypy; cilf;fg;gl;l Njq;fhapd; mUfpy; epiwehopia
itf;fpd;wdu;. epiwehopapy; vupe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; jPgk; mizahky;
,Uf;f vz;nza; Cw;wpf; nfhz;bUg;gu;.

ge;jy; NghLjy;

,we;jtUila tPl;by; cwtpdu;fs; midtUk; xd;W Nru;e;J

%q;fpy; kuq;fis el;L> njd;idf; fPwW
; fshy; ge;jy; NghLtu;. ge;jypd;
Eiothapy; ,UGwq;fspYk; FiyAld; $ba thio kuq;fisf;
fl;Lfpd;wdu;. ge;jypy; ehd;F Gwq;f spYk; gr;irj; njd;idf; fPw;Wf;fshy;
myq;fhuk; nra;tu;. ,d;W ‘rhkpahdh’ ge;jy; NghLfpd;wdu;.

Cu;r; nrhy;yy;

Cupy; xUtu; ,we;jTld; Kjypy; tz;zhd;> rq;fpypau;> gupahup

Nghd;wtu;fSf;F nrhy;yp mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtUila cwtpdu;fSf;F
rq;fpypad; %yk; Ms; nrhy;yp mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. rq;fpypad;
ntFnjhiytpy; ,Uf;Fk; cwtpdu;fSf;F ,we;jr; nra;jpia
nrhy;fpd;wdu;. mg;NghJ mtu;fs; nfhLf;Fk; gzk;> fhRfis
ntFkjpfshfg; ngWfpd;wdu;.

Jf;f j;j pw;F tUk; Kiw

Jf;fk; tprhupf;f tUfpd;w ngz;f s; Cu; vy;iy te;jTld;

mtu;fSila Nriyahy; Kf;fhbl;L tUfpd;wdu;. Jf;fj;jpw;F tUk; NghJ
Mz;fs; ngz;f s; ,UtUk; GJJzpfs; mzptJ fpilahJ. rhjhuz
gioa Jzpfis mzpe;J tUfpd;wdu;. xU rpyu; fUg;G epwj;
JzpfisAk; mzptu;. ngz;fs;> jiyapy; G+> itf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ngz;fs;
ge;jYf;F te;jTld; Kf;fhl;il vLj;J tpLfpd;wdu;.
xg;ghup itj;jy;
,we;jtiu fhztUk; ngz;fs; gyUk; xg;ghup itj;J jq;fsJ
kdj;Jaiug; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tu;. ngz;fs; khu;gpy; iffshy; mbj;Jf;

195
nfhz;L ,we;j tu;fis epidj;J mtu;fs; kPJ ghlg;gLk; ghly;fNs
‘xg;ghupg;ghly;’ vdg;gLk;. ,we;j tu;fspd; ngUikfisAk; ,og;ghy;
Neu;e;j Jd;gq;fisAk; $wpg;Gyk;Gtjhf xg;ghupg; ghly;fs; mikfpd;wd.
“cwtpdu; ngz;fs; jj;jk; tPl;by; ele;j Jau epfo;r;rpfis rhTfis
vz;zp fz;zPu; tpLfpd;wdu;. vdNt xg;ghup jj;jk; kdf;Fiwia jPu;f;f
cjTk; fUtpahfTk; gad;gLfpwJ”60 vd;fpwhu; ru];t jp. ngz;fs;
midtUk; ,ize;J xg;ghup ghLtjhy; ‘,we;j tu;fspd; Mtpfs;
rhe;jpailtjhfTk; xg;ghup ghlhtpl;lhy; Mtpfs; Jd;GWtjhfTk;
,t;Tyfk; tpl;L kW cyfk; nry;y xg;ghupfNs ,wf;iffshfg;
gad;gLtjhfTk; ,tw;why; Mtpfs; %yk; jPq;F tuhky; fhf;f KbfpwJ”61
vd;W kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.

“ghyhy NrhW jpz;Z

ghyhy NrhW jpz;Z
ghq;fp gLj;jhYk;
,Ue;j Njrk; eP
gtsKf fz;zPNu
jq;f eP
ghapy Nrhu;e;jpLt
nea;ahy NrhW jpz;Z
nea;ahy NrhW jpz;Z
rz;lhsd; rPikapy
epidr;R gLj;jhYk;
ePyKf fz;zPNu
epyj;jpNyNa Nrhu;e;jpLt”62

jd;Dila jk;g pfs; fg;gypy; nry;Yk; NghJ nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;L

mtu;fs; ,we;j nra;jpf; Nfl;L mf;fh mOJ Gyk;gp itf;Fk; xg;ghupg;
ghly;

“ehd; mz;zhkiy NfhapYf;Fk;

mupaY}u; ];NlrDf;Fk;
mWgJ bf;fl; mtruk;kh thq;fp te;Njd;
jq;fkio nga;j Jk;
jpuz;l nts;sk; te;jJk;
jz;l tstpfk;gp jhdh fod;wJk;
ehd; khiyapLk; jk;gpfshk;

196
 kz;zpy; khz;lJk;
G+ KbAk; jk;gpfNsh
G+kpapNyh khz;lJk;
ehd; fhR itf;Fk; Ntq;Fg;ngl;b
fhzhky; NghdJk;
gzk; itf;Fk; Ntq;Fg;ngl;b
ghjhsk; NghdJk;
rPiy itf;Fk; Ntq;Fg; ngl;b
nrj;Js;s NghdJk;
vdf;F IahTk; nfha;ahTk;
Mj;Njhl NghdJk;
jhNuhL thio
jz;zPapy NghdJk;
jq;f rhTf;F kuk;
vd;idg; ngj;j Gz;zpaNuh itj;j kuk;
gpzq;fs; vy;yhk; Njf;F kuk;
gj;J}U NghyPR jq;f eif fow;wp
jq;fhSf;F jFe;j tpiy nfhLf;fDk;
mz;zhkiy NfhapYf;Fk;
mupaY}u; ];NlrDf;Fk;
mOJ Gyk;guJ cq;f ItUf;Fk; rk;kjk;kh
ehd; tlfj;jp fg;g tUk;
thtjg;gp Nghdg;g tUJd;D Nrjpf;Nfl;L
thry; nkOfpLNtd;
tz;zg;gha; Nghl;b LNtd;
vd;NdhL gpwe;j mu;r;rdh
vd;NdhL thu;ji
; jfis Nfl;LLt
tlf;fk;k Nghdfg;g tUJd;D Nrjpf;Nfl;L
thry; nkOfpyah
tsnty;yhk; Nfhykplyah
tz;zg;gha; Nghlyah
vd;Ndhl thu;j;i jfis Nfl;ghupy;iy”63

Nfhb nfhz;L tUjy;

,we;jtUf;F Gjpa cil cLg;gpj;jy;> ,we;jtUf;Ff; ‘nfhs;sp’
Kjyhd rlq;Ffisr; nra;gtu;> Gjpa cil cLj;jy; vd;w ,UtifAz;L

197
kuzkile;j tUf;F Nfhb vLj;Jg; NghLtJ kughfg; gpd;gw;wp tUk;
tof;fkhf cs;sJ.

“fhy;fopf; fl;bypw; fplg;gpj;Jj;

J}nts;sWit Nghu;f;Fk; epiy”64

gw;wpg; GwehD}W Fwpg;gpl;L s;sJ. ngz;fs; jhk;g sj;jl;by; NfhbAld;

tha;f;fuprp ney;> vz;nza;> rPaf;fha;j;J}s;> khiy Njq;fha;> thiog;gok;>
ed;ikr; nra;Ak; ngz;zpw;F jha; tPL> mz;zd; KiwAs;s tu;fs;
NriyapidAk; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,jidg; Cu;g; nghJ ,lj;jpy;
itj;J ,Ug;ghu;fs;. ,tu;fis Nksj;jhsq;fSld; mioj;J tUfpd;wdu;.
,we;jtUila clYf;Fg; NghLk; Gj;jhiliaf; ‘Nfhb’ vd;fpd;wdu;.
,we;jtupd; cliy tpl;L ePq;fpa capu; GJtho;f;if njhlq;FfpwJ.
,we;jtu; ngz;zhf ,Ue;jhy; gpwe;j tPl;bdhUk; MzhfapUe;jhy;
khkdhu; ikj;Jdu; tPl;bdhUk; Nfhb vLg;gu;. MZf;F nts;i s epwk;>
ngz;zpw;F rptg;G epwj;jpYk; Nfhb nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;.

if nfhLj;jy;

Nfhb nfhz;L tUk; NghJ ,we;jtUila gps;i sfs;> gq;fhspfs;

midtUk; ,we;j tUila tPl;by; tupirahf epw;ghu;fs;. rPUld;
tUfpd;wtu;f s; epw;g tu;fspd; iffis njhLk; NghJ ,UtUk; iffis
njhl;L Fk;gpl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,r;rlq;fpw;F te;jpUf;fpd;w
cwTKiwfis njupag;gLj;Jk; tifapYk;> cwTfis tYg;gLj;J k;
tifapYk; mikfpd;wd. if nfhLj;jy; rlq;Ffspy; Mz;fs; kl;LNk
fye;J nfhs;tu;.

ghil fl;L jy;

,we;jtiu fhl;bw;F vLJ;Jr; nry;y gad;gLj;Jgit ghil vd

miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghil fl;Ljiy rq;fpypad; nra;fpd;whu;. ,tu; ghil
fl;lg; gr;ir %q;fpiyg; gad;gLj;Jtu;. ehd;F GwKk; J}f;fp nry;Ytjw;F
jFe;jhw; Nghy ngupa %q;fpy;fis itj;J mjd; Nky; rpwa Fr;rpfisg;
gug;gp itg;gu;. ehd;F GwKk; Fr;rpfs; jdpahf gpupe;J nry;yhjthW
fapw;why; ,Wf;fp fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. mjd; Nky; itf;Nfhiy nkj;i jahfg;
gug;Gtu;. gpwF tz;zj; Jzpfshy; myq;fupf;fpd;wdu;. Njupd; ehd;Fg;
Gwq;fspYk; khiyfis njhq;f tpLtu;. %d;Wg; ghijfs; xd;W
Nru;f;fpd;w ,lj;jpw;F Kr;re;jp vdg; ngau; ngWfpd;wJ. ,t;tplj;j py; jhd;
ghil> Nju;f;fl;Ljiy rq;fpypad; tof;fkhf nfhz;Ls;shu;.

198
jz;zuP ; nfhz;L tUjy;

,we;jtUila cliyf; Fspg;ghl;l Fsk; my;yJ fpzWfspypUe;J

jz;zPu; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. gq;fhsp tPl;lhu;> ,we;j tUila kfd;>
kfs;> Ngug;gps;isfs; vd VONgu; my;yJ xd;gJ Ngu; ePu;epiyf;Fr;
nrd;W ePuhbtpl;L <u cilAld;> iffs;> new;wpYk; jpUePu;fis G+rpf;
nfhs;tu;. fOj;J iffspy; fjk;g khiyfis mzpe;Jnfhz;L
Nksj;jhsq;fs; Koq;f ePupid nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. jz;zPu; nfhz;L
tUgtu;f s; khkd;> ikj;Jdu; cwTilNahu; rPuhf nfhLf;fpd;w nrhk;G>
Flq;fisg; gad;g Lj;Jtu;. mt;thWnfhz;L tUk; ePu py; mRj;j k;
tpOe;J tplhky; ,Uf;fTk;> ntapypd; ntg;gk; njupahkypUf;fTk; tz;zhu;
mf;Flq;fSf;F Nky; Ntl;bia tpupj;J gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L tUtu;.

,we;j tiu ePuhl;ly;

RLfhl;bw;F vLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kd;G ,we;jtiu ePuhl;Ltu;. tPl;L

thrypy; ge;jypd; fPo; fl;by;> thapypd; epiyf; fjT> Nkir> ,itfs; kPJ
,we;jtu; cliyf; itg;gu;. gpd;du; gq;fhsp KiwAilNahu; ,we;jtupd;
gps;i sfs; Ngug;gps;i sfs; neUq;fpa cwtpd; Kiwapdu; gpzj;jpd;
jiyapy; vz;nza; mug;G (vz;nza; rPaf;fha;j;J}s;) njhl;L tyJ
iffshy; itg;gu;. mg;NghJ tz;zhu;

“nrhu;f;fk; Nru;
Nkhl;rk; Nru;
itFz;lk; Nru;
ifyhrk; Nfu;
mUzhr;ryk; Nru;”65

vd;w rlq;Fg; ghliyg; ghLfpwhu;. gpd;du; ePu;epiyfspypUe;J nfhz;L

te;j ePupidf; nfhz;L ePuhl;Ltu;. gpd;du; Nfhbiag; ,l;Lg; Nghu;j;Jtu;.

tha;ff
; uprp ,ly;

rPu; nfhz;L tUk;NghJ NfhbAld; ney;ypidAk; nfhz;L tUtu;.

ney;ypid cwTKiwg; ngz;fs; cuypy; ,l;Lf; ifFj;jyhff; Fj;Jtu;.
me;j muprpNa ‘tha;f;fuprp’ vdg;gLk; Nfhb nfhz;L tUk; NghJ rpyu;
gr;ruprpia nfhz;L tUtijAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,we;jtiu ePuhl;b
tPl;bd; Kd; itg;g u;. mg;NghJ tz;z hu; gr;ruprp> G+ ,tw;iwf; fye;J
,we;jtupd; gps;isfs; kidtp> cwtpdu; iffspy; nfhLj;J ,we;jtupd;
thapy; gLkhW tha;f;fuprpiaAk;> fhrpidAk ;NghLtu;. ,ijr; nra;tjhy;

199
,iwtDf;F nrYj;Jk; fhzpf;if nrYj;jg;gLtjhfTk; nrhj;jpd; kPJ s;s
Mir epiwNtWk; vd;W kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;w du;.

ed;i kr; nra;j y;> Nkhl;rk; tpsf;F Vw;wy;

jpUkzkhd Mz;> ngz; ,we;j hy; kl;LNk ed;ikr;nra;jy; rlq;F

eilngWfpd;wJ. ,r;rlq;fpy; jpUkzkhd ngz;fis fye;J
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,we;jtupd; nrhe;j kUkfs; cwTKiwAila kUkfs;
ePuhba gpwF gpwe;j tPl;bypUe;J rPu; %ykhf nfhz;L tUk; GJ
Nriyfis mzpe;J> jiyapy; G+ new;wpapy; Fq;Fkk; itj;J
nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Mz; ,we;jhy; mtUila kidtpAk; ,Nj Nghy;
myq;fhuk; nra;fpd;w du;. gpwF ed;ik nra;Ak; ngz;fSk; ,we;jtUila
kidtpapd; epiwehop ney; mjd; Nky; tpsf;F Vw;wpf; nfhz;L
ghilapid %d;W Kiw Rw;wp te;J ghilapd; Eiothapypy; #lk;
nfhSj;jp Fk;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtiuj; J}f;fpr; nrd;w gpwF epiwehopapy;
,Uf;Fk; ney;ypid tz;zhd; mtUila tPl;bw;F nfhz;L nry;fpwhu;.

Nfhb NghLjy;

Mz;fs; ,we;J tpl;lhy; khkd; Kiwapdu; Nfhb nfhz;L tUk;

NghJ ,we;jtUf;F nts;is epw NfhbAk;> mtUila kidtpf;F
NriyAk; nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtiu ePuhl;ba gpwF Kjy;
Nfhbahf ‘rk;ke;jp Nfhb’ Nghlg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; cwtpdu; gq;fhsp
KiwAs;stu;f s; Nfhb NghLtu;. ,we;j tupd; cliy J}f;Fk; nghOJ
Fspf Neuj;jpy; J}f;fkhl;lhu;fs; Fspf Neuj;jpy; J}f;fpdhy; kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; ,wg;G ele;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fnkd ek;Gfpd;w du;. mjdhy;
,g;gFjp kf;fs; Fspf Neuk; Kbe;J ey;y Neuj;jpy; jhd; gpzj;i j
J}f;Ffpd;wdu;.

ghil J}f;fpr; nry;yy;

,we;jtupd; cliy ghilapy; itj;J> ghilia gq;fhspfs;>

CupYs;s tu;fs; vd;W midtUk; Nru;e;J J}f;fpr; nry;fpd;wdu;.
rdpf;fpoik ,we;jpUe;jhy; gpzj;Jld; Nfhopf;FQ;R xd;W fl;Lfpd;wdu;.
‘rdpg;gpzk; jdpNa NghfhJ’ vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,J
epfo;fpwJ. ,t;thW fl;lg;gLk; Nfhop mt;T+upd; ryitj; njhopyhspiar;
NrUk;. xNu ehspy; ,Utu; ,we;jhy; Kjypy; ,we;jtu; KjypYk; mLj;jtu;
mjw;Fg; gpwFk; nry;fpd;whu;. gpzk; nry;Yk; topapy; Nfhapy; ,Ue;jhy;
mt;tplj;jpy; giw xypg;gijj; jtpu;f;fpd;wdu;. gpzk; NghFk;NghJ G+>

200
nghup Nghd;wit J}tg;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;F f; fhuzk; gpzj;ijr; #o;e;J s;s
Mtpfs; G+tpd; thrj;jpw;Fk; nghupapd; Ritf;Fk; fPopwq;Fkhk;. vdNt
66
gpzj;i j Rkg;gJ vspjhFk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;.

nfhs;spr;rl;b vLf;F k; tof;fk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,J ngUk;ghYk;

,e;J r%fq;fspy; midj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; kughfj; jpfo;fpwJ. ,we;jtupd;
Ngug;gps;isfs; nea;gg
; e;jk; gpbf;Fk; tof;fKk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

ghil khw;W jy;

Cupd; vy;iy KbAkplj;jpy; Kr;re;j p ,Ug;gpd; mt;tplj;jpy;

‘ghilkhw; Wjy;’ vd;Dk; rlq;F epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW ghil
khw;Wk;NghJ ghiliaf; fPNo ,wf;fp itf;fpd;wdu;. ghilia
,wf;fpaTld; gpzj;ijr; Rw;w p khubj;J mOfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtu; Mzhf
,Ue;jhy; mtUila kidtp ifapy; mzpe;jpUf;Fk; tisay;fis
Kbj;jpUj;Jk; njhopyhsp cilf;fpd;whu;. gpwF fOj;jpy; mzpe;jpUf;Fk;
jhypapd; xU Edpg;gFjpapid kl;Lk; vLj;J mWf;fpd;wdu;. gpd;d u;
,we;jtupd; kidtpf;F Kf;fhbl;L mDg;Gfpd;wdu;. Njq;f hia cilj;J
Kbj;jpUj;Jk; njhopyhsp toptpLk; rlq;Fk; epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ.67

RLfhl;by; eilngWk; rlq;Ffs;

,we;jtupd; kuGg;g b cliy mlf;fk; nra;fpd;wdu;. ,we;jtupd;

jiyKiw tof;fg;gb Gijg;gnjd;why; Gijf;F k; kugpidAk;> vupf;Fk;
kungd;why; vupg;gijAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

Gijf;Fk; tof;fKilatu;f spd; rlq;Ffs;

,we;jtu; Gijf;Fk; kugpidr; Nru;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhy; mg;gpzj;i j

Gijf;f Nt nra;fpd;wdu;. Vnddpy; Gijj;jhy; ,jw;F Kd;du;
Gijf;fg;gl;ltUld; mtu; Nru;e;Jnfhs;thu; vd;w ek;gpf;if ,jw;F
mbg;gilahFk;. NkYk; Gijj;jhy; tpij Kisg;gJ Nghy mtu; kW
gpwtp vLg;ghu; vd;D k; ek;gpf;ifAk; cs;sJ.68

gpzj;i jg; Gijf;f Fopntl;b vd;g tu; mjw;fhd gs;sj;ijj;

Njhz;Lfpwhu;. njw;Fg; gFjpapy; jiy mikAkhW gpzj;ij Fopapy;
itf;fpd;wdu;. nfhs;s p itf;Fk; cupikAilatu; Kjypy; kz;izj;
js;spaTld; gq;fhspfs; js;Sfpd;wdu;. Gijj;J Kbe;j gpwF fhy; khl;by;
#lk; Vw;wp topgl;Lr; nry;fpd;wdu;.

201
vupj;jy;

vupf;Fk; tof;fKila kuigr; Nru;e;jtu;f s;> gpzj;i j

vupA+l;Lfpd;wdu;. mjw;F Kd;ghf gpzj;jpYs;s nghUl;fis mtu;fsJ
cwtpdu;fsplk; xg;g ilf;fpd;wdu;. ghilapypUe;J gpzj;i j vLj;jTld;
ghiliaf; fpof;F Nehf;fp tPRfpd;w du;. J}f;fp tPrg;g l;l ghilia
rf;fpypau; tFg;igr; Nru;e;j xUtu; %d;W Kiw ntl;Lfpwhu;.
goq;fhyj;jpy; gpzq;fs; Ie;J tifapy; mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lij>

“RLNthu; ,LNthu; njhLFopg;gLg;Nghu;

jho;tapd; milg;N ghu; jhopapw; ftpo;g ;N ghu;”69

vd;W kzpNkfiy $WfpwJ. ,t;tlf;f Kiwfs; Ie;j Ds; Fopapy;

Gijj;jy;> RLjy; vd ,U tof;fq;fNs jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; cs;sd.

nfhs;s p itj;jy; rlq;F

vupA+l;lg;gLk; gpzq;fSf;Ff; nfhs;sp itg;gtu; gpd;tUk;

rlq;Ffis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.

 jha;f;F Kjw; gps;i sAk;> je;ijf;F filrpg; gps;i sAk; nfhs;s p

,Ljy; Ntz;L k;.

 nfhs;sp itj;jy; Mz; Foe;ijapd; ,d;wpaikah flik.

 fUkk; nra;aTk;> nfhs;sp itf;f Tk; ngw;nwLj;j kfNd

cupikAilatd;.

 nfhs;sp itf;ff; Foe;i jg; NgW ngw;w tu;fs; nrhu;f;fk; miltu;

vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ vd;fpwhu;.70

 Foe;ij ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F mtu;f spd; mz;zd;> jk;gp nfhs;s p

itf;fyhk;.

 nfhs;sp itg;gtu; jiyKbia mfw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.71

 nfhs;sp itg;gtUf;F mtuJ khkd; nfhz;L te;j Ntl;b

mzptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

 ePu; epuk;gpa ghidiaj; Njhspy; Rke;J gpzj;ij %d;W Kiw

tyk;tUtu;.

202
  Rw;Wk; NghJ> ‘nrhu;f;fk; Nru;> Nkhl;rk; Nru;> itFz;lk; Nru;>
ifyhrk; Nru;> mUzhr;ryk; Nru;’ vd;Dk; njhlu;fis
cr;rupf;fpd;wdu;.

 %d;whtJ Rw;w py; kz; ghiz fPNo Nghl;L cilf;fg;gLfpwJ.

 ,we;jtUf;F mtuJ gps;is itf;Fk; nfhs;sp nrhu;f;fj;jpw;Fr;

nry;y ntspr;rkhf mikAk; vd;gJ ek;gpf;ifahf cs;sJ.72

ehs; Fwpj;jy;

RLfhl;bw;F mUfpy; ryitj; njhopyhsp nfhz;L te;j khj;Jj;

Jzpia tpupj;J> mjpy; nfhs;sp itj;j tu; eLNt mku mtiur; Rw;wp
gq;fhspfs; mku;fpd;wdu;. MW> VO> xd;gJ> gjpdhW vd;w
vz;zpf;ifapy; cs;s ehs; xd;wpidj; Nju;e;njLj;J j; ‘Njit’ nra;Ak;
ehs; vd;W Fwpf;fpd;wdu;. mg;NghJ khkd; KiwAilNahu; nfhLf;Fk;
nkha;g;gzk; ‘fl;lnkha;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gzj;jpypUe;J
ryitj; njhopyhsp> Kbj;jpUj;Jk; njhopyhsp Nghd;NwhUf;F $yp
nfhLf;fpd;wdu;. tPl;bw;F te;jJk; rhdpapy; fhy; ngUtpuiy itj;J
kpjpj;Jtpl;L mjid ePupy; J}a;ik nra;fpd;wdu;. vupAk; #lj;jpd; Kd;
epd;W Fk;gpl;L mtutu; tPl;bw;Fr; nry;fpd;wdu;.

gpw rlq;F fs;

gpzj;i j ey;ylf;fk; nra;j gpd;du; ‘Njit’ vd;Dk; rlq;F

Nkw;nfhs;Sk;tiu ,il ehl;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rlq;Ffis
,g;gFjpapy; fhzyhk;.

mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ,uz;lhk; ehspypUe;J gy rlq;Ffs; ,we;jtu;

tPlb
; y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,J ‘cyu;e;j rlq;F’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ ‘cyu;e;j rlq;fhdJ’ xUtu; ,we;j gpd;G k;
mtuJ Mtp mg;g Fjpapy; cyTk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLfpwJ.

fQ;rpf; Fbj;jy;

,we;tUila tPl;b y; ,uT VO kzpastpy; gr;ruprp nkhr;ir

nfhl;ilAk; Nru;j;J fQ;rp itf;fpd;w du;. tPl;bw;F tUk; gq;fhsp.
cwTKiwAilNahu; fQ;rpapidf; Fbf;fpd;wdu;. ,we;jjpypUe;J vy;NyhUk;
grpahf ,Ug;gijg; Nghf;f ,r;rlq;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

203
ghy; njspj;jy; rlq;F

Gijj;j my;yJ vupj;j kWehs; ghy; njspf;F k; rlq;F

epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jidf; ‘fhlhw;Wjy; ’ vd;Wk; $Wtu;. ghy;> ,sePu;>
#lk; Nghd;w nghUl;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L ryitj; njhopyhsp Kd;nry;y
nfhs;sp itj;jtu; gpd; nry;fpwhu;. mtiuj; njhlu;e;J mtuJ gq;fhsp
kw;Wk; cwtpdu;fs; nry;fpd;wdu;. xU rpyu; Gijj;j md;Nw ghy;
njspf;fpd;wdu;. ,jid ‘cld;ghy; njspj;jy;’ vd;W $Wfpd;wdu;. gpzk;
vupf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; mtuJ clypy; vupe;j kpr;rq;fshd vYk;Gfis vLj;J
xU kz; ghizapy; itj;J Mw;wpy; tpLfpd;wdu;. ghy; njspj;jy; rlq;fpy;
ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;gjpy;iy. Njit rlq;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tiu nfhs;sp
itj;jtu; tpujk; Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;.

%d;whk; rhj;j puk;

,we;jtUf;F %d;whk; ehs; rhkp Fk;g pLjiy ‘%d;whk; rhj;jpuk;’

vd;fpd;wdu;. ,we;j tUf;F gpbj;j czT tiffis rikj;J k; mtu;
tpUk;Gk; jpd;gz;lq;fis itj;J> Njq;fha; cilj;J> thiog;gok;> #lk;
Vw;wp nfhs;s p itj;jtu; ,we;j tiu epidj;J Fk;gpLtu;. gpwF fhfj;jpw;F
czT itj;J fhfk; vLj;jg; gpd;G jhd; midtUk; czT cz;ghu;fs;.

fy; Nghl;L mOTjy;

Njit eilngWtjw;F Kjy; ehs; ,uT fy; Nghl;L mOTjy; vd;w

rlq;F eilngWfpwJ. fUq;fy; my;yJ nrq;fy;iy ePuhl;b ,we;jtu;
Nghy myq;fhuk; nra;J capu; gpupe;j ,lj;jpy; itg;gu;. ,jid
,we;jtupd; cUtkhff; fUjp cwTg; ngz;fs; xd;Wf;$b xg;ghup
itf;fpd;wdu;. ,wg;G f;F tuhky; ,Ue;j tu;fs; ,r;rlq;fpw;F tUfpd;wdu;.
rk;ke;jp tPl;lhu;> jha; khkd; tPll
; hu;> cwtpdu; ,oTf;F nfhz;L tUk;
nghl;Lf;fliy> gl;lhzp> jpd;gz;lq;fisAk; xg;ghup itf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;F nfhLg;gu;. ,r;rlq;F ,uT Neuj;jpy; xd;gJ kzpf;F Nky;
eilngWfpd;wJ. “mjpfhiyapy; %d;W kzpastpy; nrhk;G epiwa ghy;
,Uf;fpd;wJ fztd; ,we;Jgl;lhy; kidtp mzpe;jpUf;F k; jhypapid
tpjit kfspu; (taJ Kjpu;e;j) xd;W Nru;eJ
; fow;w p ghypy; NghLfpd;wdu;.
jiyapy; rptg;G epw Nriyapid Kf;fhL ,l;L mg;ngz;izr; Rw;wp
mOfpd;wdu;”73 ,r;r lq;fpid ‘jhyp thq;Fjy;’ vd miof;fpd;wdu;.

204
Njit

Njitapid xd;gjhk; ehs; elj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F fUkfhupak;>

<kfhupak;> <kr;rlq;F> fhupak;> fUkhup vdg; gythW ngaupl;L
miof;fpd;wdu;. Njit eilngWtjw;F Kd;du; tPl;il Rz;zhk;G mbj;J
J}a;ikr; nra;fpd;w du;. Njitad;W gq;fhspfspy; xUtu; gRkhl;bd;
Nfhkaj;j id midj;J gq;fhsp tPl;bYk;> ,wg;G tPl;bYk; njspj;J
tUthu;. nfhs;sp itj;jtu;> gq;fhspfs;> cwT Kiwapdu; midtUk;
xd;Wr; Nru;e;J rpwpa kz;rl;b> ghy;> fhl;Lr; NrhW> #lk;> gj;jp
Nghd;wtw;Wld; RLfhl;bw;F nry;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;nry;Yk; Neuj;j py; capu;
gpupe;j ,lj;j py; ngz;fs; midtUk; Nru;e;J xg;ghup itg;gu;. ,we;jtiu
mlf;fk; nra;j ,lj;jpy; ,sePupid itj;J> vy;Nyhu; ifapYk; ghy;
nfhLj;J njspf;fr; nra;fpwhu; tz;z hd;> #lk; Vw;w p Fk;gpLfpd;wdu;.
gq;fhspfs; midtUk; Mw;wq;fiu my;yJ ePu; epiyfisAila
,lj;jpw;F nrd;W jq;fSila Kfj;jpypUf;Fk; Kbfis gupahup
ePf;Ffpwhu;fs;. kPir Kbfis KOtJkhf ePf;Ffpwhd; ,jid ‘kPir
kspj;jy;’ vd miof;fpd;wdu;. gpwF gq;fhspfs; midtUk; tupifrahf
epw;fpd;wdu;. tz;zhd; xt;nthUtUf;F k; mUfk;G s;i s Nkhjpu Nghy
nra;J nfhLf;f mjid thq;fpf; iftpuy;fspy; mzpe;J nfhs;tu;. vs;>
vz;nza; ,uz;ilAk; Nru;j;J xt;n thUila ifapYk; nfhLf;f thq;fp
nfhz;L ifapypUf;Fk; mUfk;Gs;> vs;vz;nza; ,uz;ilAk; ePupy;
gq;fhspfs; tPRfpd;w du;. midtUk; ePuhba gpwF Njit tPl;bw;F te;J
tpsf;fpd; fz;z py; Kopf;fpd;wdu; ,jid ‘vs; vz;nza; njspj;jy;’ vd
miof;fpd;wdu;. ,r;rlq;fpdhy; jPl;L ePf;F tjhf kf;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.

Ntl;b fl;Ljy;

Ntl;bf; fl;Ljy; rlq;F xd;gjhk; ehs; ,uT> khiy Neuq;fspy;

eilngWfpd;wJ. Njit md;W ,we;j tUila tPl;by; gq;fhspfSf;F
fl;Lk; Ntl;bfis ‘Ntl;b fl;Ljy;’ vd miof;fpd;w du;. gythd;
,we;jtUila ngaiur; nrhy;yp Ntl;bf; fl;l tuyhk; vd Cu; KOtJk;
Fg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;Ythd;. tz;zhd; nts;is khj;JJzpia tpupf;fpd;whu;.
nfhs;sp itj;jtu; eLtpy; mku ,UGwq;fspYk; gq;fhspfs; mkUfpd;wdu;.
jha;topg;ghl;ld; tPl;lhu; jha;khkd; tPl;lhu;> cwT Kiwahu; (khkd;
ikj;Jdu;) KjyhNdhu; Ntl;b> rl;il> Jz;L mtutu; trjpfSf;F Vw;g
vLj;J tUfpd;wdu;. Kjypy; nfhs;sp itj;j tu; jiyapy; Ntl;b
fl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;du; jhd; gq;fhspfSf;F Ntl;bia fl;Lfpd;wdu;.

205
jiyapy; Ntl;bia Rw;wp fl;Ltjhy; Ntl;bf; fl;Ljy; vd;w ngaupy;
miofpd;wdu;. Ntl;b fl;Lk; Kd;G ehd; CupypUe;J tUfpNwd;. ,tUf;F
Ntl;bf; fl;LfpNwd; vdg; gythdplk; nrhy;yptpl;L xt;nthUtUk; Ntl;bf;
fl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtUf;F gpbj;j czTfs; jpd;gz;lq;fis gilaypl;L
Njq;fha; cilj;J itj;jpUg;gu;. Ntl;bf; fl;b Kbe;j gpd;G midtUk;
vOe;J tPl;bDs; nrd;W gilaypl;L ,Uf;fpd;w ,lj;jpy; #lk; Vw;wp
tzq;Ffpd;wdu;. rikj;jpUf;Fk; czTfis gq;fhspfs; cwtpdu; vd
midtUf;Fk; tpUe;jspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,d;iwa ehfupf cyfpd; mtruk; fUjp Njitapid mjpf ehl;fs;

js;sp itf;fhky; ‘%d;whk; rhj;jpuk;’ md;Nw Njit fhupaj;pij nra;J
tpLfpd;wdu;. xU rpy Cu;fspy; gpzj;ij Gijj;j md;Nw vy;yhr;
rlq;FfisAk; nra;Jtpl;L mtutu; Cu;fSf;F nrd;W tpLfpd;wdu;.
,we;jtUf;F Mz;gps;i s ,y;iynad;w hy; ngz; gps;is Ntl;b fl;Lk;
rlq;fpy; mkur; nra;tJ ,y;iy. jhk;gsj; jl;by; Nriy ntw;w piyg;
ghf;F ,tw;iw itj;J mg;ngz;z pd; ifapy; nfhLf;fpd;wdu;.

rypg;ghw;W jy;

Njit Kbe;j kWehs; fwp tpUe;J eilngWfpwJ. nfhs;sp

itj;jtu; ,we;jtupd; FLk;gj;jhu; gq;fhspfs; vd midtUf;Fk; mtutu;
cwTKiwapdu; jiyf;F vz;nza; itj;J ePuhb tur; nra;fpd;wdu;. fwp
rikj;J czT mspf;fpd;wdu;. ,wg;Gf;F gpd;G Kjd; Kjyhf md;W jhd;
mirt czTfis cz;Zfpd;wdu;. cwT Kiwapdu; ,we;jtupd;
tPl;bypUf;Fk; midtUk; kdf;ftiyAld; ,Ug;gij mwpe;J mjid
ePf;Fk; tifapy; mirt czTfis rikj;J tpUe;j spf;fpd;wdu;. ,jid
‘rypg;ghw;Wjy;> fwptpUe;J’ vd;w ngau;fshy; miof;fpd;wdu;.

tUlk; Fk;g pLjy;

xU tUlk; Kbe;j gpwF ,we;jtUila ,wg;G ehl;f s; tUk;

NghJ me;j ehl;f is ‘tUlk; Fk;gpLjy;’ jptrk; nra;jy;’ vd
miof;fpd;wdu;. ,we;jtu;f spd; Md;k h ,iwj;jd;ik ngWtjw;fhf
Guhl;l];lz;l; fpwpj;jtu;fisj; jtpu gpw kj;jpdu; midtUk; rlq;Ffs;
jhdq;fs; Nghd;w tw;iwj; jq;f s; tho;tpy; mbf;fb nra;fpwhu;fs;”74
vd;fpwhu; tpy;ypak;];. midj;J rhjpapdUk; jptrk; vd;w rlq;if
elj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,we;jtUf;F vd;ndd;d czTfs; gpbf;FNkh
mtw;iwnay;yhk; rikj;J gilaypl;L ,we;jtiu epidj;J tzq;Ftu;.

206
tPl;bYs;s midtUk; xU Neuk; tpujkpUe;J czT cz;ghu;fs;. gpd;du;
cwtpdu;fSf;F tpUe;J mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

KbTiu

xU kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu midj;J rlq;FfspYk;>

jha;khkd; Kf;fpaj;J tk; tfpf;fpd;whu;. gUtk;> jFjp> #oy; Mfpatw;wpid
ikag;gLj;jp kf;f spd; tho;t py; rlq;Ffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ijfSf;Fg; ngaupLk;NghJ Fyj;nja;tj;jpd; ngaupid Kjypy;
itj;J gpd;du; mtutu;fSf;F gpbj;j ngau;fis itj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; Foe;ijg; Ngw;wpid mspg;gJ ,iwtdpd;

mUshfg; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Foe;i jg; gpwg;G Kd;Gk; gpd;Gk; mikAk;
rlq;Ffs; jha; - Nrapd; eyid ikag;gLj;jp mikfpd;w J. Foe;ijfspd;
vjpu;fhyk; eyKld; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpy; fhjzpr; rlq;Ffs;
epfo;j;jg;gLfpwJ. jPa Mtpfs; Mz;f is ngz;f isNa kpFjpahfg;
ghjpf;Fk; vd;w vz;zq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,Uk;gpd; typik
jPa rf;jpia tpul;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpy; kf;fspd; rlq;F Kiwfspy; ,Uk;G
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

goq;fhyj;jpy; jpUkzq;fis kf;fs; Cu; Kf;fpa];jhu;

Kd;dpiyapy; elj;jpdhu;. xU rpyu; me;jzu; Kd;dpiyapYk; Nts;tpj;jPia
tyk; te;J jpUkzq;fis Kbf;fpd;wdu;. eyq;F itj;jy; vd;wr; rlq;F
kzkf;fspd; neUf;f j;ij Vw;gLj;J k; tifapy; mikfpd;wJ.

ehl;Lg;Gwq;fspy; ,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffis mtutu; Fy tof;fg;gb

elj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,we;j tiu ePuhl;l Gdpj ePu;fis Flq;fspy; Nksj;jhsq;f s;
Koq;f nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. ,we;j tUf;F Gj;jhil mzptpg;g ij
tof;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

gpzj;jpd; Kd; mOfpd;w ngz;fs; jq;fs; tPl;bd; FiwfisAk;

,we;jtupd; ngUikapidAk; nrhy;yp nfhz;L xg;ghup itf;fpd;wdu;.
,wg;Gr; rlq;Ffspy; gifahspf;$l fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. gpzj;j pid
J}f;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ Nfhapy; ,Ue;jhy; me;j ,lj;jpy; Nksj;jhsq;f s;
nfhl;LtJ ,y;iy.

jpUkzq;f s;> Nfhapy; jpUtpohf;fs; eilngw;wpUf;Fk; NghJ

ahNuDk; ,we;jhy; gpzj;jpid clNd Nksk; nfhl;lhky; J}f;fpr;
nry;fpd;wdu;. xU rpy Cu;fspy; gpzj;j pid Gijj;jd;W vy;yh ,Wjpr;
rlq;FfisAk; nra;fpd;wdu;.

207
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. e.rp. fe;ijah> (njhFg;G) jkpo; mfuhjp.> g.469.

2. gpq;fy Kdptu;> gpq;fy epfz;L> g.460.
3. #. ,d;dhrp> rJufuhjp> g.122.
4. gh.uh. Rg;gpukzpad;> fpupahtpd; jw;fhyj; jkpo; mfuhjp> g.269.
5. nghw;Nfh> gz;ghl;Lf; fUj;N jhl;lk;> g.1.
6. GwehD}W> gh.187.
7. Nt. Kj;Jyf;F kp> gz;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidfs;> g.11.
8. GwehD}W> gh.197:14.
9. fypj;njhif> gh.133:8.
10. rP. gf;jtj;ryghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> g.151.
11. jpUf;F ws;> gh.994.
12. Tamil lexicon, vol iv, University of madras, (1982) p.2454.
13. Nt. Kj;Jyf;F kp> gz;ghl;Lr; rpe;jidfs;> g.14.
14. K. ghyfpU~;zd;> fz;NzW fopj;jy;> gf;.182-183.
15. rP. gf;jtj;ryghujp> jkpou; khdpltpay;> g.247.
16. GwehD}W> gh.188:1-7.
17. tp. ruRtjp> ehl;Lg;G wghly;fs; r%f xg;gha;T> gf;.161-162.
18. S.M. Natesa sastri, Hindu Feasts fasts and ceremonies, p.iv.
19. jpUf;F ws;> gh.60.
20. ehd;kzpf;fbif> gh.101.
21. mfehD}W> gh.66:4.
22. tp. ruRtjp NtZNfhyd;> rhjp mbg;gilj; jhyhl;L xg;ghupg;
ghly;fspy; xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfs; (mr;rpy; tuhj Kidtu;gl;l
Ma;NtL)> g.232.

23. f. ntq;fNlrd;> jkpo; E}y;fspy; kUj;J tf;fiy - Xu; Ma;T (mr;rpy;

ntsptuhj Kidtu;gl;l Ma;NtL)> g.359.

24. Neu;fhzy;> ngupaf;fhs;> ehs;:17.10.2014.

25. Neu;fhzy;> G+rk;khs;> ehs;:18.10.2014.
26. K. ghyfpUl;bzd;> fz;NzW fopj;jy;> g.183.
27. Adamkuper and Jessica kuper, The social Science Encyclopeadia, p.341.
28. Neu;fhzy;> ehr;rpak;khs;> ehs;:20.5.2015.
29. fh. fypangUkhs;> jkpou; jpUkz Kiwfs;> gf;.17-19.
30. eh. thdkhkiy> jkpou; ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;> g.115.
31. A.S. Horhby Oxfored Advanced Learners Dictionary, p.645.

208
32. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil> gh.193-195.
33. GwehD}W> gh.299:6-7.
34. Neu;fhzy;> ngupaf;fhs;> ehs;:25.05.2015.
35. Neu;fhzy;> rPuq;fhap> ehs;:27.05.2015.
36. tp.rp. rrpty;yp> jkpou; jpUkzy;> g.7.
37. fh. fypangUkhs;> K.E}.> gf;.17-19.
38. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk;> E}.1088.
39. Neu;fhzy;> rq;fujh];> N[hjplu;> ehs;:22.5.2015.
40. njhy;fhg;gpak;> nghUsjpfhuk; - nka;g;g hl;bay;> E}.25.
41. P.V. Jagadeasa Iyear, South Indian Customs, p.164.
42. mfehD}W> gh.195.
43. Neu;fhzy;> khupKj;J > ehs;:10.11.2014.
44. mfehD}W> gh.7:17-18.
45. Neu;fhzy;> kzp> ehs;:15.11.2014.
46. e. Rg;Gnul;bahu;> ,y;yw newp> g.18.
47. njh. gukrptd;> gz;ghl;L mirTfs;> g.51.
48. mfk;> gh.136.
49. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> gh.2697.
50. gp.vz;. rz;KfRe;juk;> jpUkztho;j;J> g.13.
51. neLey;thil> gh.136-137.
52. FWe;njhif> gh.15.
53. mfehD}W> gh.136.
54. gp.vz;. rz;KfRe;juk;> K.E}.> g.17.
55. mfehD}W> gh.86.
56. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> gh.2436.
57. Neu;fhzy;> gr;irKj;J> ehs;:10.05.2015.
58. Encyclopeadia, Vol.9, p.1012.
59. f. ntq;fl;uht;> fhZk; fdTfs;> g.155.
60. tp. ru];tjp> K.E}.> g.36.
61. Marila Leach (Ed.) A Standard Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend,
p.514.
62. Neu;fhzy;> uh[fhe;jk;> ehs;:10.2.2015.
63. Neu;fhzy;> gpr;irak;khs;> ehs;:25.03.2015.
64. GwehD}W> gh.286:4-5.
65. Neu;fhzy;: utp> ehs;:27.3.2015.
66. Neu;fhzy;> fNzrd;> ehs;:27.03.2015.
67. Neu;fhzy;> rpd;dj;j k;gp> ehs;:29.03.2015.
209
68. rP. gf;jtj;ryghujp> jkpou; khdpltpay;> g.211.
69. kzpNkfiy> gh.239:20.
70. eh. thdkhkiy> jkpou; ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;> g.167.
71. tp.vk;. Qhdg;gpufhrk;> f.gh. mwthzd;> ehl;Lg;Gw ,yf;fpag;
ghu;itfs;> g.40.
72. rP. gf;jtj;ryghujp> gz;ghl;L khdpltpay;> g.507.
73. Neu;fhzy;> ngupaf;fhs;> ehs;:15.03.2015.

210
 KbTiu

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lj;jpd; tlgFjpapy; mike;J s;s J JiwA+u;

Krpwp tl;lq;fshFk;. ,t;tl;lq;fspypUe;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rpWnja;t
topghl;L kuGfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk;> rpWnja;tq;fspd; miktplq;fs;>
Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fs;> jpUtpohf;f s; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; ,t;tha;t py;
tpsf;fg;gl;L s;sd.

topghl;L Kiwfis ehl;Lg;G wtpayhu; rpWnja;t topghL>

ngUe;nja;t topghL vd ,Utifahfg; gFj;J s;sdu;. mtw;W s;
kuGtopg;gl;l topghl;L Kiwahd rpWnja;t topghL kl;LNk
Muhag;ngw;Ws;sJ.

rpWnja;t topghl;bypUe;Nj ngUe;n ja;t topghl;L Kiwfs;

tsu;r;rpaile;J s;sd. rpWnja;t topghL ,aw;if topghl;by; Njhd;wpaJ.
mr;rKk;> md;GNk topghl;bd; mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fshfpd;w d. rpWnja;t
topghl;L Kiwfspy; rkak;> rKjhak;> gz;ghL> tuyhW> cstpay; Mfpa
gz;Gfs; tputpAs;s ghq;F ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; njspTgLj;j g;gl;Ls;sd.

kdpjd; jd; mwpTf;Fk; Mw;wYf;F k; KiwNa Gyg;glhj

cl;glhjtw;wpd; kPJ mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ek;gpf;i f nfhs;sj;
njhlq;fpdhd;. me;ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;jhd; flTs; ek;gpf;if
Njhd;wpaJ vd;gij ,e;j Ma;T vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

gynja;tf; Nfhl;ghL tsu;e;j epiyapy; rpWnja;tk; ngUe;nja;tk;

vd;w ghFghL Njhd;wpaJ. topglf; $ba nja;tj;jpd; miktplk;>
mikg;G Kiw> topghl;L Kiw> topgLNthu; vz;zpf;if Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rpWnja;tk; vd;w nrhy;yhl;rp cUthdij ,e;j
Ma;tpd; top mwpe;J nfhs;s KbfpwJ.

kdpj ,d tsu;r;rpapy; xU tsu;r;rpahfj; jha; nja;t topghL

cs;s J. ,iwr; rf;jpfspd; md;G> tsk;> fhg;G Nghd;w jha;ikg;
gz;GfSf;F j; nja;t cUf;nfhLj;j NghJ jha;j; nja;t f; Nfhl;ghL
Njhd;wpaij mwpaKbfpwJ.

rpWnja;t topghL vd;whNy jpUtpohf;f s;> jpUtpohf;f s; vd;whNy

rpWnja;t topghL vd;w epiyia ,t;tl;lhuq;fspy; eilngWk;
jpUtpohf;fspd; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ. rpWnja;t tpohf;fs; epfOk;
fhyk;> fpuhk kf;fs; ciog;g pd; gaid mile;J kfpOk; fhykhf
mike;J s;sJ. vdNt Vw;fdNt tpisr;ry; je;j jw;F ed;wp etpyy;>
211
tUq;fhy vjpu;g;gUtj;jpy; ey;y kio nga;J tsk; ngUf Ntz;b epw;wy;
vd;w ,U Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpohf;f s; epfOfpd;wd vd;gij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

rpWnja;tq;fis topgLNthupd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb Nfhapy; fl;l

KbahJ. ve;j nja;tj;j pw;Ff; Nfhapy; fl;l Ntz;LNkh> me;j nja;t j;j pd;
cj;juT ngw;w gpd;d Nu Nfhapy; vOg;g KbAk;. rpiy mikg;G> jpUtpoh>
ehl;Fwpg;G $l cj;j uT thq;fpNa Fwpf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifapy; Neupilahfj; jiyaplf; $bait rpWnja;tq;fs; vd;w
ek;gpf;if mq;F Nt&d;wp ,Uj;jiy czuKbfpwJ.

khtpsf;Ffisf; fz;> tapW> khu;Gfspy; ,LtJ Neu;e;J

nfhz;ltu;fspd; neQ;rhu;e;j <Lghl;bd; tpisT vdyhk;. Kisg;ghup
gapu;tsKk;> ,deyKk; ,ize;J tsuNtz;Lk; vd;w czu;tpd;
mbg;gilapy; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gij rlq;Ffs; czu;j;Jfpd;w d.

Nfhapy;fspd; tuyhWfs; Vl;by; ,lk;ngwhky;> ehl;Lg;Gw

kf;fspilNa tha;n khopahf toq;F tjdhy;> fhye;NjhWk; mt;tuyhW
khw;wk; ngWfpwJ.

nja;t ek;gpf;if vd;gJ kdpjdpd; njhd;ik tho;f;ifNahL

njhlu;GilaJ. ehfupf czu;tpd;wpf; fhLfspYk; NkLfspYk; jd; tapw;Wg;
grpiaj; jzpj;Jf; nfhs;sg; Nghuhba fhyj;jpy; ,b> kpd;dy;> kio> Gtp
mjpu;T> ngUnts;sk; Mfpatw;wpd; ghjpg;gpw;F Mshd fhyj;jpy;
mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf Njhd;w pa nja;t czu;T md;gpd; Kjpu;r;rpahfpg;
gf;jpahff; fdpe;J mjd; tpisthfNt gy Nfhapy;fs; Njhd;wpd.

“mtd; md;wp Xu; mZTk; mirahJ” vd;Wk; “Nfhapy; ,y;yh

Cupy; FbapUf;f Ntz;lhk;” vd;Wk; “murd; md;W nfhy;thd;; nja;t k;
epd;W nfhy;Yk;” vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfs; ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzkhfj;
Njhd;wpait vdyhk;.

nja;t topghLfs; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;iff;F Vw;whu;Nghy

khWgLfpd;wd. Kjy; Kjypy; ,aw;ifiaf; fz;L mQ;rpa kdpjd; jd;
mr;rj;ijg; Nghf;f mjidNa topglj; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,jd; %yk;
,aw;if topghLfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

ehl;Lg;Gwj; nja;tq;fisj;jhd; rpWnja;tq;fs; vd;W

miof;fpd;N whk;. FLk;gj; nja;t topghLk;> Fyj; nja;t topghLk;>
Cu;j;nja;t topghLk; ,tw;w py; mlq;F k;. tPl;by; ahNuDk; Jd;Gw;whYk;

212
Neha;tha;g; gl;lhYk; FLk;gj; nja;t j;jpw;Fg; G+ir nra;tu;. mk;ik>
fhyuh Nghd;w Neha;fspypUe;J j; jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ,j;nja;t
topghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

rpWnja;t Nfhapy;fspy; G+ir> jpUtpoh Kjypatw;wpy; jpl;ltl;lkhd

tiuaiw fpilahJ. rpWnja;t topghl;by; ghku kf;fSf;Fk;>
nja;tj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa mZf;fkhd <LghL fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpuhkzu;
my;yhNjhNu ngUk;g hYk; G+rhupfshf tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;.

jpUtpohf; fhyq;fspy; rlq;Ffis epfo;j;JNthu; cau;T jho;tpd;w p

midtUk; xNu jd;ikiapy; epfo;j ;J tjhy; Vw;wj; jho;Tfs; rlq;F
Kiwfshy; fisag;ngWfpd;wd. midj;J rhjpapduplj;Jk; rlq;F
epfo;j;J k; Kiw xNu jd;i kapy; epyTfpwJ. rhd;whff; Foe;ijg;NgW
,y;yhNjhu; ve;jr; rhjpiar; rhu;e;j tuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xNu Kiwapy;
njhl;by; fl;Lfpd;wdu;. NkYk; cUz;L nfhLf;Fk; rlq;fpYk; ve;jr;
rhjpapdUk; <ukhd MilAld; kz;zpy; cUz;L nfhLg;gij ,jw;Fr;
rhd;whff; $wyhk;.

kdpju;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; gythf ,Ug;g jhy; nja;tq;f Sk; gythf

,Ue;J cyf kf;f Sf;F mUs;ghypj;J tUfpd;wd. rka E}y;fSk;>
Md;kPfr; rpe;jidfSk; fw;wtu;fspd; tho;it newpg;gLj;Jfp;dwd. Mdhy;
fy;tpawpT ,y;yhj ghku kf;fspd; tho;it newpg;gLj;J tJ rpWnja;t
topghL vd;gJ ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fspilNa nghJf;fUj;jhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

Cu;j; nja;tq;fspy; mjpfkhfTk;> gutyhfTk;> topglg;ngWk;

nja;tk; khupak;kdhFk;. khup tsik nja;tkhf topglg;gLfpwJ. Neha;
tUk; Kd; fhf;Fk; rf;jpahfTk; te;j gpd; ePfF
; gtshfTk; tpsq;FfpwJ
vd;gij ehl;Lg;Gw kf;fs; ek;gpf;ifahff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

JiwA+u; Krpwp tl;lhur; rpWnja;t topghl;L Kiw gpwtl;lhu

topghl;L KiwfSld; xd;Wgl;lhYk; fufk; ghypj;jy;> gl;lf;fj;jp
ntl;Ljy; Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfshy; gpw tl;lhuq;fNshL khWgLtijf;
fhzKbfpwJ.

jPa Mtpfspd; jhf;F jy;fspypUe;J Foe;i jfisg; ghJfhf;f Vw;gl;l

fhJFj;Jk; rlq;F fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jha;khkdplk; rPu;ngWk; tpohthf khw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sij mwpaKbfpwJ.

jPa MtpfsplkpUe;J G+g;nga;jpa ngz;iz ghJfhf;fNt

jdpikg;gLj;jp G+g;G dpj ePuhl;L tpoh vd;w rlq;fpid epfo;j;jp tUfpd;wdu;.

213
 goq;fhyj;jpy; jkpou;fs; GNuhfpju; ,y;yhkNyNa mwpthu;e;j
rhd;Nwhu;f spd; Kd;dpiyapy; jpUkzk; nra;jdu;. ,f;fhy kf;fspilNa
jpUkzr; rlq;Ffspy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;g l;Ls;sd.

kdpjdpd; gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiuapy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffspy;

jha;khkd; Kjd;ik ,lk; ngWfpwhu;. rlq;Ffspd; %yk; gz;ghLfs;
ntspg;gLtij mwpaKbfpwJ.

,we;jtu;f s; ew;fjpia milaNtz;L k; vd;gjw;fhfNt Nkhl;rk;

tpsf;F vLj;jy;> tha;f;fuprp NghLjy; Nghd;w rlq;Ffisr; nra;fpd;wdu;.
jha;f;Fj; jiyg;gps;isAk;> je;ijf;F filg;gps;i sAk; nfhs;s p itf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w rlq;F kdpju;fspd; ,wg;gpd;NghJ epfo;tij
mwpaKbfpwJ.

214