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and home
Evolution of the house and home
3 talks in one
• Evolution of homes as structures
• Change in society with the development of homes
• Change in house design as new materials were
developed
Housing changed our society
• Nomadic tribes of extended
families
• Settled tribes with the beginning
of agriculture and animal
husbandry
• Protection and safety
• Land ownership
• Development of towns and cities
• Urban sprawl
Nomadic extended family groups
• Humans lived in groups gathering and
hunting food and sharing it in a home
base.
• The women collected roots, fruits and
vegetables while the men went hunting
for meat. This allowed them to exploit
many different types of food.
• It also encouraged the development if
tools for hunting and transporting and
cutting up food.
• Division of labour allowed a longer
childhood period, increasing the
opportunity for cultural knowledge to be
passed on.
Animal domestication
• Dmestication of animals occurred before plants
because nomadic life was more common.
• The first animal to be domesticated was the dog,
occurring 12,000 years ago (safety).
• Sheep and goats were domesticated in the
Middle East 9,000 years ago (food).
• Camel, Cow and Horse (lift, drag, carry)
• Advantages
• providing a steady income from as a source of milk or
hair
• animals became a source of wealth
Temporary Shelter
• Shelter, along with food and
clothing, is one of the most
essential necessities.
• Materials such straw or animal
hides supported by wood or
bones which could be quickly
be erected and taken down.
• Provide Shelter
• protects people from the
weather,
• shields them against wild animals
and insects,
• provides a place to rest
• Can move with the animal
migrations and seasons.
Plant domestication and agriculture
• Wheat and barley were domesticated 10,000 years
ago.
• Plant domestication probably occurred in two
stages;
1. weeding out competing species from naturally
growing wild cereals;
2. collecting seeds and growing them.
Advantages
• crops could be traded
• populations became settled and towns and cities
developed.
• Land ownership
Permanent shelter
• The first permanent shelters were
probably made out of stones and
tree branches.
• The stones were placed at the base
of the structure to hold the
branches in place.
• Man slowly learned the make
simple tools that would allow them
to build better structures, and later
on these house structures
gradually evolved in shape and
form.
Carcassonne
Fortified Islands
• The walled city of St Malo
had a long history of piracy,
earning much wealth from
local extortion and
overseas adventures.
St Malo
Modern Concrete
• The modern
industrialised form of
the binder – Portland
cement – was patented
as a form of “artificial
stone” in 1824 by
Joseph Aspdin in Leeds.
Council houses
• By 1900, about 90% of the
population rented their home.
• However home ownership became
more common. By 1939 about 27%
of the population owned their own
house.
• The first council houses were built
before the First World War. More
were built in the 1920s and 1930s.
After 1945 many more were built
and they became common.
• In the early 1950s many homes in
Britain still did not have bathrooms
and only had outside lavatories. The
situation greatly improved in the
late 1950s and 1960s.
2 up 2 down
• By the early 1900s, the working
class homes had two rooms
downstairs. The front room and the
back room.
• The front room was kept for best
and children were not allowed to
play there. In the front room the
family kept their best furniture and
ornaments.
• The back room was the kitchen and
it was where the family spent most
of their time.
• Most families cooked on a coal-
fired stove called a range, which
also heated the room.
Electric lighting and central heating
• By 1935, Electric light was
common in Britain. Rising
incomes meant more people
could afford comfortable
furniture.
• Some people could afford
electric fires but most still
used coal.
• By 1965, central heating was
becoming common.
• By 1979, the British
government introduced a
policy of selling council
houses
Suburban housing
• Suburbs developed with the
spread of the first urban
settlements.
• Large walled towns tended
to be the focus around which
smaller villages grew up in a
symbiotic relationship with
the market town.
• In cities like London
and Manchester suburban
districts sprung up around
the city centre to
accommodate those who
wanted to escape the squalid
conditions of the industrial
town.
Prefab building
• The first prefabricated homes and
movable structures were invented
in 16th century in India
• In the UK ‘prefab’ is often
associated with the Airey houses
built in large numbers after the
Second World War as a temporary
replacement for housing that had
been destroyed by bombs,
particularly in London.
• However many remained
inhabited for years and even
decades after the end of the war.
• A small number are still in use in
the 21st century,
Airey houses
Eco housing
• An Eco-house (or eco-home) is
an environmentally low-impact
home designed and built using
materials and technology that
reduces its carbon footprint and
lowers its energy needs.
• Heating from renewable resources
(such as solar, heat pump or
biomass)
• Photovoltaic panels, small wind
turbine or electricity from a
‘green’ supplier
• Natural materials — avoidance of
PVCu and other plastics
• Rainwater harvesting
• Greywater collection
• Composting toilet
• A vegetable patch outside the
house for some food
3-D printed house
• There are a number of 3D house
printing methods used at
construction scale.
• Potential advantages of these
technologies include
• faster construction,
• lower labour costs,
• increased complexity and/or
accuracy,
• greater integration of function and
• less waste produced.
3-D printed house
Different house types for different
conditions
Inuit Mongolian
Cappadocia Gypsy
Housing trends - ubanisation
• Today, around 55 percent of the world's population
is thought to be living in an urban area or city,
• By 2050 UN predict that it will to rise to 68 percent
Concrete today
• Concrete was later combined
with steel rods or mesh to
create reinforced concrete
• This together with elevators
was the basis for
• Multi story buildings
• Skyscrapers
First concrete
• As well as multi story building
• dams,
• bridges,
• ports,
• city halls,
• university campuses,
• shopping centres
Use and misuse of concrete
• futuristic, free-
flowing curves of
Oscar Niemeyer and
the elegant lines of
Tadao Ando
Owen Luder
Prince Charles
• ????? described it as a
“mildewed lump of elephant
droppings”.
Tricorn Centre
Sky scrapers
• A heady confluence of
engineering prowess,
zoning loopholes and an
unparalleled
concentration of
personal wealth have
together spawned a
new species of super-
tall, super-skinny, super-
expensive spire.
Concrete
• Our species is addicted to concrete.
• After water, concrete is now the most
widely used substance on Earth.
• In the time it takes for me to read this
sentence, the global building industry
will have poured more than 19,000
bathtubs of concrete.
• By this time in the talk, the volume
would fill the Albert Hall twice.
• In a day it would be almost the volume
of China’s Three Gorges Dam.
• In a single year, there is enough
concrete to patio over every hill, dale,
nook and cranny in England.
Extra slides
Windows and furniture
• By 1680, furniture was much more
ornate with inlaying, veneering
and lacquering. The rich had new
types of furniture such as
bookcases and chest of drawers.
By now even poor people usually
have glass windows and chimneys.
• By 1750, rich people had very
comfortable upholstered and
decorated furniture.
• Poor people continue to live in
simple houses with very simple
furniture.
Water supply and sewers (and toilets)
• By 1880, houses for the poor and
working class were getting better.
• For the middle class, mass production
of furniture and carpets made it much
easier to create comfortable homes.
• Many towns were building sewers and
piped water supplies. Most homes had
gas lighting.