JSP Interview

Q: What is a output comment?
A: A comment that is sent to the client in the viewable page source.The JSP
engine handles an output comment as uninterpreted HTML text, returning the
comment in the HTML output sent to the client. You can see the comment by
viewing the page source from your Web browser.
JSP Syntax

Example 1

Displays in the page source:


TOP
Q: What is a Hidden Comment?

A: A comments that documents the JSP page but is not sent to the client. The JSP
engine ignores a hidden comment, and does not process any code within
hidden comment tags. A hidden comment is not sent to the client, either in the
displayed JSP page or the HTML page source. The hidden comment is useful
when you want to hide or "comment out" part of your JSP page.
You can use any characters in the body of the comment except the closing --
%> combination. If you need to use --%> in your comment, you can escape it
by typing --%\>.
JSP Syntax
<%-- comment --%>
Examples
<%@ page language="java" %>
<html>
<head><title>A Hidden Comment </title></head>
<body>
<%-- This comment will not be visible to the colent in the page source --%>
</body>
</html>
TOP
Q: What is a Expression?
A: An expression tag contains a scripting language expression that is evaluated,
converted to a String, and inserted where the expression appears in the JSP
file. Because the value of an expression is converted to a String, you can use
an expression within text in a JSP file. Like
<%= someexpression %>
<%= (new java.util.Date()).toLocaleString() %>
You cannot use a semicolon to end an expression
TOP
Q: What is a Declaration?
A: A declaration declares one or more variables or methods for use later in the
JSP source file.
A declaration must contain at least one complete declarative statement. You

can declare any number of variables or methods within one declaration tag, as
long as they are separated by semicolons. The declaration must be valid in the
scripting language used in the JSP file.
<%! somedeclarations %>

<%! int i = 0; %>
<%! int a, b, c; %>
TOP
Q: What is a Scriptlet?
A: A scriptlet can contain any number of language statements, variable or method
declarations, or expressions that are valid in the page scripting language.Within
scriptlet tags, you can
1.Declare variables or methods to use later in the file (see also Declaration).
2.Write expressions valid in the page scripting language (see also Expression).
3.Use any of the JSP implicit objects or any object declared with a
<jsp:useBean> tag.
You must write plain text, HTML-encoded text, or other JSP tags outside the
scriptlet.
Scriptlets are executed at request time, when the JSP engine processes the
client request. If the scriptlet produces output, the output is stored in the out
object, from which you can display it.
TOP
Q: What are implicit objects? List them?

A: Certain objects that are available for the use in JSP documents without being
declared first. These objects are parsed by the JSP engine and inserted into the
generated servlet. The implicit objects re listed below
• request
• response
• pageContext
• session
• application
• out
• config
• page
• exception
TOP
Q: Difference between forward and sendRedirect?

A: When you invoke a forward request, the request is sent to another resource on
the server, without the client being informed that a different resource is going
to process the request. This process occurs completly with in the web
container. When a sendRedirtect method is invoked, it causes the web
container to return to the browser indicating that a new URL should be
requested. Because the browser issues a completly new request any object
that are stored as request attributes before the redirect occurs will be lost. This
extra round trip a redirect is slower than forward.
TOP
Q: What are the different scope valiues for the <jsp:useBean>?

A: The different scope values for <jsp:useBean> are
1. page
2. request
3.session
4.application
TOP
Q: Explain the life-cycle mehtods in JSP?

A: THe generated servlet class for a JSP page implements the HttpJspPage
interface of the javax.servlet.jsp package. Hte HttpJspPage interface
extends the JspPage interface which inturn extends the Servlet interface
of the javax.servlet package. the generated servlet class thus implements
all the methods of the these three interfaces. The JspPage interface
declares only two mehtods - jspInit() and jspDestroy() that must be
implemented by all JSP pages regardless of the client-server protocol.
However the JSP specification has provided the HttpJspPage interfaec
specifically for the JSp pages serving HTTP requests. This interface
declares one method _jspService().
The jspInit()- The container calls the jspInit() to initialize te servlet
instance.It is called before any other method, and is called only once for a
servlet instance.
The _jspservice()- The container calls the _jspservice() for each request,
passing it the request and the response objects.
The jspDestroy()- The container calls this when it decides take the
instance out of service. It is the last method called n the servlet instance.
Q: How do I prevent the output of my JSP or Servlet pages from being
cached by the browser?
A: You will need to set the appropriate HTTP header attributes to prevent the
dynamic content output by the JSP page from being cached by the browser.
Just execute the following scriptlet at the beginning of your JSP pages to
prevent them from being cached at the browser. You need both the statements
to take care of some of the older browser versions.
<%
response.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-store"); //HTTP 1.1
response.setHeader("Pragma\","no-cache"); //HTTP 1.0
response.setDateHeader ("Expires", 0); //prevents caching at the proxy server
%>
[ Received from Sumit

Dhamija ] TOP
Q: How does JSP handle run-time exceptions?

A: You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have uncaught run-
time exceptions automatically forwarded to an error processing page. For
example:
<%@ page errorPage=\"error.jsp\" %> redirects the browser to the JSP page
error.jsp if an uncaught exception is encountered during request processing.
Within error.jsp, if you indicate that it is an error-processing page, via the
directive: <%@ page isErrorPage=\"true\" %> Throwable object describing the
exception may be accessed within the error page via the exception implicit
object. Note: You must always use a relative URL as the value for the errorPage
attribute.
[ Received from Sumit Dhamija ] TOP
Q: How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page? What are the

advantages and Disadvantages of using it?
A: You can make your JSPs thread-safe by having them implement the
SingleThreadModel interface. This is done by adding the directive <%@ page
isThreadSafe="false" %> within your JSP page. With this, instead of a single
instance of the servlet generated for your JSP page loaded in memory, you will
have N instances of the servlet loaded and initialized, with the service method
of each instance effectively synchronized. You can typically control the number
of instances (N) that are instantiated for all servlets implementing
SingleThreadModel through the admin screen for your JSP engine. More
importantly, avoid using the tag for variables. If you do use this tag, then you
should set isThreadSafe to true, as mentioned above. Otherwise, all requests
to that page will access those variables, causing a nasty race condition.
SingleThreadModel is not recommended for normal use. There are many
pitfalls, including the example above of not being able to use <%! %>. You
should try really hard to make them thread-safe the old fashioned way: by
making them thread-safe .
Q: How do I use a scriptlet to initialize a newly instantiated bean?

A: A jsp:useBean action may optionally have a body. If the body is specified, its
contents will be automatically invoked when the specified bean is instantiated.
Typically, the body will contain scriptlets or jsp:setProperty tags to initialize the
newly instantiated bean, although you are not restricted to using those alone.
The following example shows the “today” property of the Foo bean initialized to
the current date when it is instantiated. Note that here, we make use of a JSP
expression within the jsp:setProperty action.
<jsp:useBean id="foo" class="com.Bar.Foo" >
<jsp:setProperty name="foo" property="today"

value="<%=java.text.DateFormat.getDateInstance().format(new
java.util.Date()) %>" / >
<%-- scriptlets calling bean setter methods go here --%>
</jsp:useBean >
Q: How can I prevent the word "null" from appearing in my HTML input
text fields when I populate them with a resultset that has null values?
A: You could make a simple wrapper function, like
<%!
String blanknull(String s) {
return (s == null) ? \"\" : s;
}
%>
then use it inside your JSP form, like
<input type="text" name="lastName" value="<%=blanknull(lastName)% >" >
Q: What's a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets and JSPs?

SingleThreadModel Interface or Synchronization?
A: Although the SingleThreadModel technique is easy to use, and works well for
low volume sites, it does not scale well. If you anticipate your users to increase
in the future, you may be better off implementing explicit synchronization for
your shared data. The key however, is to effectively minimize the amount of
code that is synchronzied so that you take maximum advantage of
multithreading.
Also, note that SingleThreadModel is pretty resource intensive from the

server\'s perspective. The most serious issue however is when the number of
concurrent requests exhaust the servlet instance pool. In that case, all the
unserviced requests are queued until something becomes free - which results
in poor performance. Since the usage is non-deterministic, it may not help
much even if you did add more memory and increased the size of the instance
pool.
Q: How can I enable session tracking for JSP pages if the browser has
disabled cookies?
A: We know that session tracking uses cookies by default to associate a session
identifier with a unique user. If the browser does not support cookies, or if
cookies are disabled, you can still enable session tracking using URL
rewriting. URL rewriting essentially includes the session ID within the link
itself as a name/value pair. However, for this to be effective, you need to
append the session ID for each and every link that is part of your servlet
response. Adding the session ID to a link is greatly simplified by means of of
a couple of methods: response.encodeURL() associates a session ID with a
given URL, and if you are using redirection, response.encodeRedirectURL()
can be used by giving the redirected URL as input. Both encodeURL() and
encodeRedirectedURL() first determine whether cookies are supported by
the browser; if so, the input URL is returned unchanged since the session ID
will be persisted as a cookie.
Consider the following example, in which two JSP files, say hello1.jsp and
hello2.jsp, interact with each other. Basically, we create a new session within
hello1.jsp and place an object within this session. The user can then traverse
to hello2.jsp by clicking on the link present within the page. Within
hello2.jsp, we simply extract the object that was earlier placed in the session
and display its contents. Notice that we invoke the encodeURL() within
hello1.jsp on the link used to invoke hello2.jsp; if cookies are disabled, the
session ID is automatically appended to the URL, allowing hello2.jsp to still
retrieve the session object. Try this example first with cookies enabled. Then
disable cookie support, restart the brower, and try again. Each time you
should see the maintenance of the session across pages. Do note that to get
this example to work with cookies disabled at the browser, your JSP engine
has to support URL rewriting.
hello1.jsp
<%@ page session=\"true\" %>
<%
Integer num = new Integer(100);
session.putValue("num",num);
String url =response.encodeURL("hello2.jsp");
%>
<a href=\'<%=url%>\'>hello2.jsp</a>
hello2.jsp
<%@ page session="true" %>
<%
Integer i= (Integer )session.getValue("num");
out.println("Num value in session is " + i.intValue());
%>
Q: What is the difference b/w variable declared inside a declaration part
and variable declared in scriplet part?
A: Variable declared inside declaration part is treated as a global variable.that
means after convertion jsp file into servlet that variable will be in outside of
service method or it will be declared as instance variable.And the scope is
available to complete jsp and to complete in the converted servlet class.where
as if u declare a variable inside a scriplet that variable will be declared inside a
service method and the scope is with in the service method.
[ Received
from
Neelam
Gangadhar] TOP
Q: Is there a way to execute a JSP from the comandline or from my own

application?
A: There is a little tool called JSPExecutor that allows you to do just that. The
developers (Hendrik Schreiber <hs@webapp.de> & Peter Rossbach
<pr@webapp.de>) aim was not to write a full blown servlet engine, but to
provide means to use JSP for generating source code or reports. Therefore
most HTTP-specific features (headers, sessions, etc) are not implemented, i.e.
no reponseline or header is generated. Nevertheless you can use it to
precompile JSP for your website
Response has already been commited error. What does it mean? - This error show
only when you try to redirect a page after you already have written something in your
page. This happens because HTTP specification force the header to be set up before
the lay out of the page can be shown (to make sure of how it should be displayed,
content-type=”text/html” or “text/xml” or “plain-text” or “image/jpg”, etc.) When you
try to send a redirect status (Number is line_status_402), your HTTP server cannot
send it right now if it hasn’t finished to set up the header. If not starter to set up the
header, there are no problems, but if it ’s already begin to set up the header, then your
HTTP server expects these headers to be finished setting up and it cannot be the case
if the stream of the page is not over… In this last case it’s like you have a file started
with <HTML Tag><Some Headers><Body>some output (like testing your variables.)
Before you indicate that the file is over (and before the size of the page can be setted
up in the header), you try to send a redirect status. It s simply impossible due to the
specification of HTTP 1.0 and 1.1
1. Is there a way I can set the inactivity lease period on a per-session basis? -
Typically, a default inactivity lease period for all sessions is set within your
JSP engine admin screen or associated properties file. However, if your JSP
engine supports the Servlet 2.1 API, you can manage the inactivity lease
period on a per-session basis. This is done by invoking the
HttpSession.setMaxInactiveInterval() method, right after the session has been
created. For example:
2. <%
3. session.setMaxInactiveInterval(300);
4. %>
would reset the inactivity period for this session to 5 minutes.
The inactivity interval is set in seconds.
5. How can I set a cookie and delete a cookie from within a JSP page? - A
cookie, mycookie, can be deleted using the following scriptlet:
6. <%
7. //creating a cookie
8. Cookie mycookie = new Cookie("aName","aValue");
9. response.addCookie(mycookie);
10. //delete a cookie
11. Cookie killMyCookie = new Cookie("mycookie", null);
12. killMyCookie.setMaxAge(0);
13. killMyCookie.setPath("/");
14. response.addCookie(killMyCookie);
15. %>
16. How does a servlet communicate with a JSP page? - The following code
snippet shows how a servlet instantiates a bean and initializes it with FORM
data posted by a browser. The bean is then placed into the request, and the call
is then forwarded to the JSP page, Bean1.jsp, by means of a request dispatcher
for downstream processing.
17. public void doPost (HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse
response) {
18. try {
19. govi.FormBean f = new govi.FormBean();
20. String id = request.getParameter("id");
21. f.setName(request.getParameter("name"));
22. f.setAddr(request.getParameter("addr"));
23. f.setAge(request.getParameter("age"));
24. //use the id to compute
25. //additional bean properties like info
26. //maybe perform a db query, etc.
27. // . . .
28. f.setPersonalizationInfo(info);
29. request.setAttribute("fBean",f);
30. getServletConfig().getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher
31. ("/jsp/Bean1.jsp").forward(request, response);
32. } catch (Exception ex) {
33. . . .
34. }
35. }
The JSP page Bean1.jsp can then process fBean, after first
extracting it from the default request scope via the useBean
action.
jsp:useBean id="fBean" class="govi.FormBean" scope="request"
/ jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="name"
/ jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="addr"
/ jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="age"
/ jsp:getProperty name="fBean" property="personalizationInfo" /
36. How do I have the JSP-generated servlet subclass my own custom servlet
class, instead of the default? - One should be very careful when having JSP
pages extend custom servlet classes as opposed to the default one generated by
the JSP engine. In doing so, you may lose out on any advanced optimization
that may be provided by the JSP engine. In any case, your new superclass has
to fulfill the contract with the JSP engine by:
Implementing the HttpJspPage interface, if the protocol used is HTTP, or
implementing JspPage otherwise Ensuring that all the methods in the Servlet
interface are declared final Additionally, your servlet superclass also needs to
do the following:
o The service() method has to invoke the _jspService() method
o The init() method has to invoke the jspInit() method
o The destroy() method has to invoke jspDestroy()
If any of the above conditions are not satisfied, the JSP engine
may throw a translation error.
Once the superclass has been developed, you can have your
JSP extend it as follows:
<%@ page extends="packageName.ServletName" %>
37. How can I prevent the word "null" from appearing in my HTML input
text fields when I populate them with a resultset that has null values? -
You could make a simple wrapper function, like
38. <%!
39. String blanknull(String s) {
40. return (s == null) ? "" : s;
41. }
42. %>
43. then use it inside your JSP form, like
44. <input type="text" name="shoesize" value="<%=blanknull(shoesize)%
>" >
45. How can I get to print the stacktrace for an exception occuring within my
JSP page? - By printing out the exception’s stack trace, you can usually
diagonse a problem better when debugging JSP pages. By looking at a stack
trace, a programmer should be able to discern which method threw the
exception and which method called that method. However, you cannot print
the stacktrace using the JSP out implicit variable, which is of type JspWriter.
You will have to use a PrintWriter object instead. The following snippet
demonstrates how you can print a stacktrace from within a JSP error page:
46. <%@ page isErrorPage="true" %>
47. <%
48. out.println(" ");
49. PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
50. exception.printStackTrace(pw);
51. out.println(" ");
52. %>
53. How do you pass an InitParameter to a JSP? - The JspPage interface
defines the jspInit() and jspDestroy() method which the page writer can use in
their pages and are invoked in much the same manner as the init() and
destory() methods of a servlet. The example page below enumerates through
all the parameters and prints them to the console.
54. <%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
55. <%!
56. ServletConfig cfg =null;
57. public void jspInit(){
58. ServletConfig cfg=getServletConfig();
59. for (Enumeration e=cfg.getInitParameterNames(); e.hasMoreElements();)
{
60. String name=(String)e.nextElement();
61. String value = cfg.getInitParameter(name);
62. System.out.println(name+"="+value);
63. }
64. }
65. %>
66. How can my JSP page communicate with an EJB Session Bean? - The
following is a code snippet that demonstrates how a JSP page can interact with
an EJB session bean:
67. <%@ page import="javax.naming.*, javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject,
foo.AccountHome, foo.Account" %>
68. <%!
69. //declare a "global" reference to an instance of the home interface of the
session bean
70. AccountHome accHome=null;
71. public void jspInit() {
72. //obtain an instance of the home interface
73. InitialContext cntxt = new InitialContext( );
74. Object ref= cntxt.lookup("java:comp/env/ejb/AccountEJB");
75. accHome =
(AccountHome)PortableRemoteObject.narrow(ref,AccountHome.class);
76. }
77. %>
78. <%
79. //instantiate the session bean
80. Account acct = accHome.create();
81. //invoke the remote methods
82. acct.doWhatever(...);
83. // etc etc...
84. %>
RequestDispatcher description.
RequestDispatcher defines an object that receives requests from the client and sends
them to any resource (such as a servlet, HTML file, or JSP file) on the server. The
servlet container creates the RequestDispatcher object, which is used as a wrapper
around a server resource located at a particular path or given by a particular name.
An object implementing the RequestDispatcher interface may be obtained via the

following methods:
• ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher(String path)
• ServletContext.getNamedDispatcher(String name)
• ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher(String path)
The ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher method takes a String argument

describing a path within the scope of the ServletContext. This path must be relative to
the root of the ServletContext and begin with a '/'. The method uses the path to look
up a servlet, using the servlet path matching rules, wraps it with a
RequestDispatcher object, and returns the resulting object. If no servlet can be
resolved based on the given path, a RequestDispatcher is provided that returns the
content for that path.
The ServletContext.getNamedDispatcher method takes a String argument
indicating the NAME of a servlet known to the ServletContext. If a servlet is found, it
is wrapped with a RequestDispatcher object and the object is returned. If no servlet
is associated with the given name, the method must return null.
To allow RequestDispatcher objects to be obtained using relative paths that are
relative to the path of the current request (not relative to the root of the
ServletContext), the ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher method is provided in
the ServletRequest interface. The behavior of this method is similar to the method of
the same name in the ServletContext. The servlet container uses information in the
request object to transform the given relative path against the current servlet to a
complete path. For example, in a context rooted at '/' and a request to
/garden/tools.html, a request dispatcher obtained via
ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher("header.html") will behave exactly like a
call to ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher("/garden/header.html").
RequestDispatcher creation and using.
public class Dispatcher extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {
RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
request.getRequestDispatcher("/template.jsp");
if (dispatcher != null) dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}
}
forward should be called before the response has been committed to the client (before
response body output has been flushed). If the response already has been committed,
this method throws an IllegalStateException. Uncommitted output in the response
buffer is automatically cleared before the forward.
public class Dispatcher extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {
RequestDispatcher dispatcher =
getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/banner");
if (dispatcher != null) dispatcher.include(request, response);
}
}
Includes the content of a resource (servlet, JSP page, HTML file) in the response. In
essence, this method enables programmatic server-side includes. The
ServletResponse object has its path elements and parameters remain unchanged
from the caller's. The included servlet cannot change the response status code or set
headers; any attempt to make a change is ignored.
package javax.servlet;
public interface RequestDispatcher {
public void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse

response)
throws ServletException, java.io.IOException;
public void include(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, java.io.IOException;
}
The include method of the RequestDispatcher interface may be called at ANY time.
The target servlet of the include method has access to all aspects of the request object,
but its use of the response object is more limited. It can only write information to the
ServletOutputStream or Writer of the response object and commit a response by
writing content past the end of the response buffer, or by explicitly calling the
flushBuffer method of the ServletResponse interface. It CANNOT set headers or call
any method that affects the headers of the response. Any attempt to do so must be
ignored.
The forward method of the RequestDispatcher interface may be called by the calling
servlet ONLY when NO output has been committed to the client. If output data exists in
the response buffer that has not been committed, the content must be cleared before
the target servlet's service method is called. If the response has been committed, an
IllegalStateException must be thrown.
The path elements of the request object exposed to the target servlet must reflect the
path used to obtain the RequestDispatcher. The only exception to this is if the
RequestDispatcher was obtained via the getNamedDispatcher method. In this
case, the path elements of the request object must reflect those of the original request.
Before the forward method of the RequestDispatcher interface returns, the response
content MUST be sent and committed, and closed by the servlet container.
The ServletContext and ServletRequest methods that create RequestDispatcher
objects using path information allow the optional attachment of query string
information to the path. For example, a Developer may obtain a RequestDispatcher
by using the following code:
String path = "/raisins.jsp?orderno=5";

RequestDispatcher rd = context.getRequestDispatcher(path);
rd.include(request, response);
Parameters specified in the query string used to create the RequestDispatcher take
precedence over other parameters of the same name passed to the included servlet.
The parameters associated with a RequestDispatcher are scoped to apply only for the
duration of the include or forward call.
Additional request-scoped attributes.
Except for servlets obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, a servlet that
has been invoked by another servlet using the include method of RequestDispatcher
has access to the path by which it was invoked.
The following request attributes must be set:
• javax.servlet.include.request_uri
• javax.servlet.include.context_path
• javax.servlet.include.servlet_path
• javax.servlet.include.path_info
• javax.servlet.include.query_string
These attributes are accessible from the included servlet via the getAttribute method
on the request object and their values must be equal to the request URI, context path,
servlet path, path info, and query string of the INCLUDED servlet, respectively. If the
request is subsequently included, these attributes are replaced for that include.
If the included servlet was obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, these
attributes MUST NOT be set.
Except for servlets obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method, a servlet that
has been invoked by another servlet using the forward method of RequestDispatcher
has access to the path of the ORIGINAL request.
The following request attributes must be set:
• javax.servlet.forward.request_uri
• javax.servlet.forward.context_path
• javax.servlet.forward.servlet_path
• javax.servlet.forward.path_info
• javax.servlet.forward.query_string
The values of these attributes must be equal to the return values of the
HttpServletRequest methods getRequestURI, getContextPath, getServletPath,
getPathInfo, getQueryString respectively, invoked on the request object passed to
the first servlet object in the call chain that received the request from the client.
These attributes are accessible from the forwarded servlet via the getAttribute method
on the request object. Note that these attributes must always reflect the information in
the original request even under the situation that multiple forwards and subsequent
includes are called.
If the forwarded servlet was obtained by using the getNamedDispatcher method,
these attributes must not be set.
What if the main method is declared as private?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not
public." message.
What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?
Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the
value. Pass by value means passing a copy of the value.
If you’re overriding the method equals() of an object, which other

method you might also consider?
hashCode()
What is Byte Code?
Or
What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte
codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform
independent.
Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String
args[])?
public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program is
executed so it has to accessible from java environment. Hence the access
specifier has to be public.
static: Java environment should be able to call this method without creating an
instance of the class , so this method must be declared as static.
void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void
The argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command
line and arg is an array for string given during command line.
What are the differences between == and .equals() ?
Or
what is difference between == and equals
Or
Difference between == and equals method
Or
What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator ==
or the method equals()?
Or
How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be
equal under the == operator?
The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object
in memory i.e. present in the same memory location. It is possible for two String
objects to have the same value, but located in different areas of memory.
== compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public

boolean equals(Object obj) is provided by the Object class and can be overridden.
The default implementation returns true only if the object is compared with itself,
which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to compare aliases to
the object. String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals() method. For two
String objects, value equality means that they contain the same character
sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means that the primitive
values are equal.
public class EqualsTest{
public static void main(String[] args){

String s1 = "abc";
String s2 = s1;
String s5 = "abc";
String s3 = new String("abc");
String s4 = new String("abc");
// if we remove the brackets around "s1 == s5' it gives a different result.
System.out.println("== comparison : " +(s1 == s5));
System.out.println("== comparison : " +(s1 == s2));
System.out.println("Using equals method : " +s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println("== comparison : " +s3 == s4);
System.out.println("Using equals method : " +s3.equals(s4));
}
}
Output
== comparison : true
== comparison : true
Using equals method : true
false
Using equals method : true
What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main
method?
Or
What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver?
Oracle provides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle “thin” driver. This
driver includes its own implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracle’s Net8
written entirely in Java, so it is platform independent, can be downloaded to a
browser at runtime, and does not require any Oracle software on the client side.
This driver requires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client connection
string uses the TCP/IP port address, not the TNSNAMES entry for the database
name.
What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you
understand by the java final keyword?
Or
What is final, finalize() and finally?
Or
What is finalize() method?
Or
What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?
Or
What does it mean that a class or member is final?
o final - declare constant

o finally - handles exception
o finalize - helps in garbage collection
Variables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class can't be extended
i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security reasons with basic
classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some
optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A final method
can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final
variable (is a constant). finalize() method is used just before an object is
destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in exception handling
and will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, closing
of open connections is done in the finally method.
What is the Java API?
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that

provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.
What is the GregorianCalendar class?
The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.

What is the ResourceBundle class?
The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be

loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the particular locale in
which it is being run.
Why there are no global variables in Java?
Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally accessible
variables due to following reasons:
* The global variables breaks the referential transparency
* Global variables creates collisions in namespace.
How to convert String to Number in java program?
The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number.

Here is the code example:
String numString = "1000";
int id=Integer.valueOf(numString);
What is the SimpleTimeZone class?
The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.
What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?

A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the
next loop iteration should occur. A do while statement (post test) checks at the
end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do
statement will always execute the loop body at least once.
What is the Locale class?
The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a

particular geographic, political, or cultural region.
Describe the principles of OOPS.
There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism,
Inheritance and Encapsulation.
Explain the Inheritance principle.
Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another
object. Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reused and enables
changes to make once and have effect in all relevant places
What is implicit casting?
Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one entity to another without
any transformation guidance to the compiler. This type of casting is not permitted
in all kinds of transformations and may not work for all scenarios.
Example
int i = 1000;
long j = i; //Implicit casting

Is sizeof a keyword in java?
The sizeof operator is not a keyword.
What is a native method?
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.
In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println?
System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a

built-in overloaded method in the out object.
What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism
Or
Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of
Polymorphism.
Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism

enables one entity to be used as a general category for different types of actions.
The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation.
Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:

• Method overloading
• Method overriding through inheritance
• Method overriding through the Java interface
What is explicit casting?
Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically informed to
about transforming the object.
Example
long i = 700.20;
int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting

What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
The Java Virtual Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardware-
based platforms
What do you understand by downcasting?
The process of Downcasting refers to the casting from a general to a more
specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy
What are Java Access Specifiers?
Or
What is the difference between public, private, protected and default
Access Specifiers?
Or
What are different types of access modifiers?
Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member
of a class. These keywords are for allowing privileges to parts of a program such
as functions and variables. These are:
• Public: accessible to all classes
• Protected: accessible to the classes within the same package and any
subclasses.
• Private: accessible only to the class to which they belong
• Default: accessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within
the same package
Which class is the superclass of every class?

Object.
Name primitive Java types.
The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean.
What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
Or
What are class variables?
Or
What is static in java?
Or
What is a static method?
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific
instances of a class. Each object will share a common copy of the static variables
i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created
from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in
a class. These are declared outside a class and stored in static memory. Class
variables are mostly used for constants. Static variables are always called by the
class name. This variable is created when the program starts and gets destroyed
when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same an instance
variable. Its initial value is same as instance variable and gets a default value
when its not initialized corresponding to the data type. Similarly, a static method
is a method that belongs to the class rather than any object of the class and
doesn't apply to an object or even require that any objects of the class have been
instantiated.
Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the
type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A
static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a
subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you
can't override a static method with a non-static method. In other words, you can't
change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.

What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the &&
operator?
If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are
evaluated, whereas the && operator is a short cut operator. When an expression
involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first
operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. If the first
operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped.
How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?
It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type
allowed by the operation.
What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
Program compiles and runs properly.

What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a
variable?
In declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without
initializing it. Defining means declaration + initialization. E.g. String s; is just a
declaration while String s = new String ("bob"); Or String s = "bob"; are both
definitions.
What type of parameter passing does Java support?

In Java the arguments (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With
objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original
reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.
Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that
operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside
interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their data
to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a
protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by
other code defined outside the wrapper.
What do you understand by a variable?
Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program.
The variable is used to hold the data and it can be changed during the course of
the execution of the program.
What do you understand by numeric promotion?
The Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger
numeric type, so that integral and floating-point operations may take place. In
the numerical promotion process the byte, char, and short values are converted
to int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The
long and float values are converted to double values, as required.
What do you understand by casting in java language? What are the types
of casting?
The process of converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are
two types of casting in Java; these are implicit casting and explicit casting.
What is the first argument of the String array in main method?
The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++
where the first element by default is the program name. If we do not provide any
arguments on the command line, then the String array of main method will be
empty but not null.
How can one prove that the array is not null but empty?
Print array.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been
null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print
array.length.
Can an application have multiple classes having main method?
Yes. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM
will look for the main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned.
Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method.
When is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When

exactly a static block is loaded in Java?
Static variable are loaded when classloader brings the class to the JVM. It is not
necessary that an object has to be created. Static variables will be allocated
memory space when they have been loaded. The code in a static block is
loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first initialized. A class can have
any number of static blocks. Static block is not member of a class, they do not
have a return statement and they cannot be called directly. Cannot contain this or
super. They are primarily used to initialize static fields.
Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is
already defined in the class.
Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine
which first converts .java file into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing
but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes.
How can I swap two variables without using a third variable?
Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the Second
value with the result Value. and assign to Second variable. Subtract the Result of
First Variable With Result of Second Variable and Assign to First Variable.
Example:
int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b;
What is data encapsulation?
Encapsulation may be used by creating 'get' and 'set' methods in a class

(JAVABEAN) which are used to access the fields of the object. Typically the fields
are made private while the get and set methods are public. Encapsulation can be
used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do calculations on data that is
stored in a field or fields, or for use in introspection (often the case when using
javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of data and function into a single unit
is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrapping up the data
and associated methods into a single unit in such a way that data can be
accessed with the help of associated methods. Encapsulation provides data
security. It is nothing but data hiding.
What is reflection API? How are they implemented?
Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at

runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using
Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc.
Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the
getName method.
Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate objects in
heap? Is this the OS heap or the heap maintained by the JVM? Why
Yes, the JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but
references to those objects are on the STACK.
What is phantom memory?
Phantom memory is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality.
Can a method be static and synchronized?
A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM will obtain a lock on
the java.lang. Class instance associated with the object. It is similar to saying:
synchronized(XYZ.class) {
What is difference between String and StringTokenizer?
A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up string.
Example:
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("Hello World");
while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
System.out.println(st.nextToken());
Output:
Hello
World
Explain Garbage collection mechanism in Java?
Garbage collection is one of the most important features of Java. The purpose of
garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by
a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is
subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in
which it is used. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management
as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from
the memory. Every class inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the
finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more
references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into
a variable when no more in use.
In Java on calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused
objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected.
Garbage collection is an automatic process and can't be forced. There is no
guarantee that Garbage collection will start immediately upon request of
System.gc().
What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?
It is a daemon thread.
Can an object’s finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable?
An object’s finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the
object is still reachable. However, an object’s finalize() method may be invoked by
other objects.
Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of
memory?
Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory.
It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are
garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not
subject to garbage collection.
What is the purpose of finalization?
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to

perform any cleanup, before the object gets garbage collected. For example,
closing an opened database Connection.
If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again?
Once an object is garbage collected, It can no longer become reachable again.

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JSP Interview

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Q: What is a output comment?

Displays in the page source:

Q: What is a Hidden Comment?

A declaration must contain at least one complete declarative statement. You

<%! somedeclarations %>

Q: What are implicit objects? List them?

Q: Difference between forward and sendRedirect?

Q: What are the different scope valiues for the <jsp:useBean>?

Q: Explain the life-cycle mehtods in JSP?

[ Received from Sumit

Q: How does JSP handle run-time exceptions?

[ Received from Sumit Dhamija ] TOP

Q: How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page? What are the

Q: How do I use a scriptlet to initialize a newly instantiated bean?

<jsp:useBean id="foo" class="com.Bar.Foo" >

<jsp:setProperty name="foo" property="today"

<%-- scriptlets calling bean setter methods go here --%>

[ Received from Sumit Dhamija ] TOP

then use it inside your JSP form, like

<input type="text" name="lastName" value="<%=blanknull(lastName)% >" >

[ Received from Sumit Dhamija ] TOP

Q: What's a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets and JSPs?

Also, note that SingleThreadModel is pretty resource intensive from the

[ Received from Sumit Dhamija ] TOP

Q: Is there a way to execute a JSP from the comandline or from my own

An object implementing the RequestDispatcher interface may be obtained via the

The ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher method takes a String argument

public interface RequestDispatcher {

public void forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse

String path = "/raisins.jsp?orderno=5";

What if the main method is declared as private?

What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?

If you’re overriding the method equals() of an object, which other

What is Byte Code?

what is difference between == and equals

Difference between == and equals method

== compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public

public class EqualsTest{

public static void main(String[] args){

Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".

o final - declare constant

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that

The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.

The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be

Why there are no global variables in Java?

How to convert String to Number in java program?

The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number.

What is the SimpleTimeZone class?

The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.

What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?

The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a

long j = i; //Implicit casting

The sizeof operator is not a keyword.

What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.

In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println?

System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a

Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism

Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:

int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting

Which class is the superclass of every class?

Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.