VEHICLE SPEED MONITORING

SYSTEM
AIM:
To monitor the speed of the moving vehicle and inform the driver when it crosses the speed
limit.

INTRODUCTION:

In a high populated country, the World Health Organization has revealed in its first ever Global
Status Report on Road Safety that more people die in road accidents in India than anywhere else
in the world. At least 13 people die every hour in road accidents in the country, the latest report
of the National Crime Records Bureau reveals. In 2007, 1.14 lack people in India lost their lives
in road mishaps.
Speed is the main reason behind accidents. The research conducted for traffic safety reveals that
exceeding the limit or driving fast is one of the major factors leading to the fatal road accidents.
An increase in average speed is directly related to both the likelihood of a crash occurring and to
the severity of crash consequences. A 5% increase in average speed leads to an approximately
10% increase in crashes that cause injuries and a 20% increase in fatal crashes. Zones of 40
kmph can reduce crash risk and injury severity and are recommended in areas where road users
are particularly at risk.
This clearly indicates that a system which continuously monitors the speed of the vehicle and
well informs the driver when he crosses the speed limit is needed” so this can help in reducing
the accidents on road due to over speeding and it is also help full in finding the location of the
vehicle it leads to very help full system for police for monitoring the vehicles on road and if
driver of any vehicle crosses the speed limit intentionally then police can easily monitor the
speed of the vehicle using this system and can extract the information of the vehicle and easily
send the notice to the vehicle owner.

1) This system works based on global positioning system (GPS) GPS is used for monitoring
the vehicle and track the position of the vehicle with satellite.
2) GPS is installed in the vehicle which consists of all the related information of the vehicle
and it is monitored by the base stations which also consisting GPS. Base station can be
police or RTO which will continuously monitors the vehicle.
3) When the vehicle arrives near the speed limit region it is monitored by the sensors then
the driver of the vehicle is warned by sending a signal using GPS to reduce the speed,
then the driver reduces the speed of the vehicle manually.
4) If the driver crosses the speed limit intentionally it is observed by the base station and
then the base station gets the information i.e., registration number and owners address of
the vehicle and then take the action.
 Wired
connection

Processing Processing Processing

element element element

Wireless
Speed limit
zone
Vehicle

Longitude
Latitude
Fig 1. a: The functioning of vehicle speed monitoring

In the above figure 1 we can see that the Processing element can be any system like computer or
any system which continuously monitors the vehicle and we can see in the above figure the
processing elements are connected with wired connection nothing but LAN and the vehicle also
consisting of one processing element and the processing element consists of all the information
about the vehicle and the connection between the vehicle and those processing elements is
wireless like we are using GPS here as shown in the figure above

When the vehicle arrives near the speed limit zone then the processing element observes the
vehicle through sensors and inform the driver of the vehicle speed limit zone ahead, reduce the
speed, the driver can then manually reduce the speed which reduces accidents and also increase
tier life.

Fig 1. b: The functioning of GPS system

ARCHITECTURE:
The vehicle speed monitoring system consist of the following

1) Sensors

2) GPS (Global Positioning Systems)

3) Base stations (processing elements)

4) Network

5) Speed limit zone

Networ
k

Base stations

Speed limit
zone

Vehicle
GPS

Fig 2: Architecture for Vehicle Speed Monitoring

THE MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS:

Newton's Second Law ……………………………….. (1)

In kinematics, the speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its
position); it is thus a scalar quantity.
The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance traveled by the object
divided by the duration of the interval; the instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed
as the duration of the time interval approaches zero.

Like velocity, speed has the dimensions of a length divided by a time; the SI unit of speed is the
meter per second, but the most usual unit of speed in everyday usage is the kilometer per hour or,
in the USA and the UK, miles per hour. For air and marine travel the knot is commonly used.

DEFINITION

The speed v is defined as the magnitude of the velocity v, that is the derivative of the position r
with respect to time:

……………………………. (2)

If s is the length of the path traveled until time t, the speed equals the time derivative of s:

……………………………(3)

In the special case where the velocity is constant (that is, constant speed in a straight line) this
can be simplified to v=s/t. The average speed over a finite time interval is the total distance
traveled divided by the time duration.

UNITS
Main article: Conversion of units Speed or velocity

Units of speed include:

• Meters per second (symbol m s−1 or m/s), the SI derived unit;

• Kilometers per hour (symbol km/h);
• Miles per hour (symbol mph);
• Knots (nautical miles per hour, symbol kn or kt);
• Feet per second (symbol fps or ft/s);
• Mach number, (dimensionless) speed divided by the speed of sound;
• The speed of light in vacuum (symbol c) is one of the natural units:

c = 299,792,458 m/s.
 m/s
km/h mph knot ft/s
1 m/s = 1 3.6 2.236936 1.943844 3.280840
1 km/h = 0.277778 1 0.621371 0.539957 0.911344
1 mph = 0.44704 1.609344 1 0.868976 1.466667
1 knot = 0.514444 1.852 1.150779 1 1.687810
1 ft/s = 0.3048 1.09728 0.681818 0.592484 1
Fig 3: Conversions between common units of speed

COMMUNICATION
The physical communication includes physical connection between the devices

RS232 (Recommended Standard 232)

RS485 (Recommended Standard 485)

In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a

series of standards for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a
DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is
commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and
timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors. These
wires are used here for the wired connection between the devices in network

STANDARD DETAILS

In RS-232, user data is sent as a time-series of bits. Both synchronous and asynchronous
transmissions are supported by the standard. In addition to the data circuits, the standard defines
a number of control circuits used to manage the connection between the DTE and DCE. Each
data or control circuit only operates in one direction that is, signaling from a DTE to the attached
DCE or the reverse. Since transmit data and receive data are separate circuits, the interface can
operate in a full duplex manner, supporting concurrent data flow in both directions. The standard
does not define character framing within the data stream, or character encoding.

Other serial interfaces similar to RS-232:

1. RS-422 (a high-speed system similar to RS-232 but with differential signaling)

2. RS-423 (a high-speed system similar to RS-422 but with unbalanced signaling)
3. RS-449 (a functional and mechanical interface that used RS-422 and RS-423 signals - it
never caught on like RS-232 and was withdrawn by the EIA)
4. RS-485 (a descendant of RS-422 that can be used as a bus in multidrop configurations)
5. MIL-STD-188 (a system like RS-232 but with better impedance and rise time control)
 6. EIA-530 (a high-speed system using RS-422 or RS-423 electrical properties in an EIA-
232 pin out configuration, thus combining the best of both; supersedes RS-449)

7. EIA/TIA-561 8 Position Non-Synchronous Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment

and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange
8. EIA/TIA-562 Electrical Characteristics for an Unbalanced Digital Interface (low-voltage
version of EIA/TIA-232)
9. TIA-574 (standardizes the 9-pin D-subminiature connector pin out for use with EIA-232
electrical signaling, as originated on the IBM PC/AT)
10. Space Wire (high-speed serial system designed for use on board spacecraft)

Standard EIA RS-485

Physical Media Twisted Pair
Network Topology Point-to-point, Multi-dropped, Multi-point
33 - Including one detachable terminal (32 drivers
Maximum Devices
and 32 receivers)
Maximum
1200 meters (4000 feet)
Distance
Mode of Operation Differential
Maximum Baud
100 kbit/s - 10 Mbit/s
Rate
Voltage Levels -5 V to +5 V (max)
Mark(1) Positive Voltages (B-A > +200 mV)
Space(0) negative voltages (B-A < -200 mV)
Tx+/Rx+, Tx-/Rx- (Half Duplex)
Available Signals
Tx+, Tx-, Rx+, Rx- (Full Duplex)
Connector types Not specified.

11. EIA-485, also known as TIA/EIA-485 or RS-485, is a standard defining the

electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in balanced digital multipoint
systems. The standard is published by the ANSI Telecommunications Industry
Association/Electronic Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA). Digital communications
networks implementing the EIA-485 standard can be used effectively over long
distances and in electrically noisy environments. Multiple receivers may be connected
to such a network in a linear, multi-drop configuration. These characteristics make
such networks useful in industrial environments and similar applications.

GPS

GPS is used here for the wireless connection between the moving vehicle and the network. The
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of
24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally intended
for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available for civilian
use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day. There are no
subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
Fig 4: An Example of GPS
system

Working of GPS
System

GPS satellites circle

the earth twice a day in
a very precise orbit and
transmit signal
information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the
user's exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by
a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away
the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can
determine the user's position and display it on the unit's electronic map.

A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D
position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the
receiver can determine the user's 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the user's
position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed,
bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more.

Fig 5: Working of GPS system

APPLICATIONS
1. Provides real-time information about the location of your vehicle
2. Instantly notifies you if your vehicle exceeds a speed limit.
3. Notifies you if a certain geographical boundary set by you has been crossed
4. Informs where and how long their vehicle was stopped
5. Easily find when the vehicle breaks down
6. Recover Lost or stolen vehicles
LabVIEW INTRODUCTION

Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) is a graphical

programming language that uses icons instead of lines of text to create programs. You can use a
software development method to create LabVIEW solutions. This method helps programmers in
developing code that has greater potential to solve a problem as compared to writing code
without a plan. This method also helps to make code more readable, scalable, and modifiable.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

2. "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232

3. Electronics Industries Association, "EIA Standard RS-232-C Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment
and Data Communication Equipment Employing Serial Data Interchange"

4. Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, The Art of Electronics Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge MA

5. Joakim Ögren. "Serial (PC 9)". http://www.hardwarebook.info/Serial_(PC_9).

6. Tony Lawrence. "Serial Wiring". http://aplawrence.com/Unixart/serial.art.html

7. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume I,
Section 8-2. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1963).

8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed