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Again if there are foue half aediculage of elongated type self into
the roof which is square plan if there are four corner aediculae and
forty eight small flase dormer windows is there is a base of
whatoever type desired this is said to suastibandbana which all type
of elements are suitable.
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This is the procedure with diagrams which are even now the for
theose which are odd is given the (main) temple occpies only one

31
square the diagram for the first enelosare is the pitbe (a squares)
that for the second the stbandila (49 squares) that for the medlan on
the.
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Width by one two three of four units (The relationship between)
the lenghth and the width the ornamentation and the proporations
of walls and pillars are the same as given above (for pavilions) but
all the elements which the above the consoles of the entablature are
like the corresponding ones in temple everything regarding the
arrangement of rafters conforms with what been laid in the chapter
on roofs.
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Now tha sancthuary enclosure are prescribed just as they have been
given by the experts. They are inrended protect and embellish the
temple and to contain the attendant’s Shrines as well
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if the king so desires an underground apartment (may be built) fpr
the queen and princes which is to be under ground at the end of a
malika or where the imagination dictates.
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going from on to nine cubits by successive increments of six digits.
It is said however that for temples of twelve or more storeys those
thirty-three (hights) start at five cabits whist the increments should
be three digits when the starting point is on cabits. \2

32
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explain the Vimana-bhaga the above of the sacred image the best
part of the temple for the understanding of namerous disciples and
men of intelligence. \M
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That chamber where is the penestal the place in which is the best
pindika that glorious square shrin (varga mandira) is known as the
vimana.

33
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In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of

request to the Smithsonain Institution for information about flight
experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft: a
small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for
controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping os a method
for arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircraft’s rolling
motion and balance.

(1) Wright Brother – Birds of a Feather

The Wright Brothers spent a great deal of time
observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds sorred into the
wind and that the air flowing over curved surface of their wings
created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and
maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to
obtain roll control by warping, or changing the shape, of a portion
of the wing.

(2) Wright Brothers – Gliders

Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother
Orville would design a series of gliders which would be flown in
both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the
works of Cayley, and Langley, and the hang gliding flights of Otto

35
Lilienthal. They corresponded with Ocrave Chanute concerning
some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying
aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve.

Following a successful glider test, the Wrights built

and tested a full-size glider. They selected Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina as their test site because of its wing, sand, hilly terrain and
remote location.

In 1990, the Wrights successfully tested their new 50-

pound biplane glider with its 17 foot wingspan and wing-warping
mechanism at Kitty, in both unmanned and piloted flights. In fact,
it was the first piloted glider. Based upon the results, the Wtight
Brothers planned to refine the controls and landing gear, and build
a bigger glider.

In 1990, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, the

Wright Brothers flew the largest glider ever flown, with a 22-foot
wingspan, a weight of nearly 100 pound and skids for landing.
However, many problems occurred: the wings did not have enough
lifting power; forward elevator was not effective in controlling the
pitch; and the wing-warping mechanism occasionally caused the
airplane to spin out of control. In their disappointment, they
predicted that man will probably not fly in their lifetime.

In spite of the problems with their last attempts at

flight, the Wrights reviewrd their test results and determined that
the calculations they had used were not reliable. They decided to
build a wind tunnel to test a variety of wing shape and their effect

36
 on lift. Based upon these tests, the inventors had a greater
understanding of how an airfoil (wing) works and could calculate
with greater accuracy how well a particular wing desing would fly.
They planned to design a new glider with a 32-foot wingspan and a
tail to help stabilize it.

(3) Wright Brother – Inventing the Flyer

During 1992, the brothers flew numerous test glider
using their new glider. Their studies showed that a movable tail
would help balance the craft and the Wright Brothers connected a
movable tail to the wing-warping wires to coordinate turns. With
successful gliders to verify their wind tunnel tests, the inventors
planned to build a powered aircraft.

After months of studying how propellers work the

Wright Bothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough
to accommodate the motor’s weight and vibrations. The craft
weighed 700 pound and came to be known as the Flyer.

(4) Wright Brother – First Manned Flight

The brothers built a movable track to help launch the
Flyer. This downhill track would help the aircraft gain enough
airspeed to fly. After two attempts to fly this machine, one of
which resulted in a minor crash, Orville Wright took the Flyer for a
12-second sustained flight on December 17, 1903. This was the
first successful, powered, piloted flight in history.

In 1904, the first lasting more than five minutes took

place on November 9. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright.

37
 In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse
when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17, Orville
Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash,
but his passenger, Signal Crops Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did
not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with
them since May 14, 1908.

In 1909, the U.S. Government bought its first airplane,

a Wright Brothers biplane, on July 30. The airplane sold for
$25,000 plus a bonus of $5,000 because it exceeded 40 mph.

(5) Wright Brothers – Vin Fiz

In 1911, the Wrights’ Vin Fiz was the first airplane to
cross the United States. The flight took 84 days, stoping 70 times.
It crash-landed so many times that little of its original building
materials were still on the plane when it arrived in California. The
Vin Fiz was named after a grape soda made by the Armour Packing
Company.

(6) First Armed Airplane

In 1912, a Wright Brothers plane, the first airplane
armed with a machine gun flown at an airport in College Park,
Maryland. The airport had existed since 1909 when the Wright
Brother took their government-purchased airplane there to teach
Army officers to fly.
On July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section of the Signal
Crops (part of the Army) established. Its flying unit contained

38
 airplanes made by the Wright Brothers as well as some made by
their chief competitor, Glenn Curtiss.

(7) Patent Suit

That same year, the U.S. Court had decided in favor of
the Wright Brothers in a patent suit against Glenn Curtiss. The
issue concerned lateral control of aircraft, for which the Wrights
maintained they held patents.
Althogh Curtiss’s invention, ailerons (French for
“little wing”), was far different from the Wrights’ wing-warping
mechanism, the Court determained that use of lateral controls by
others was “unauthorized” by patent law. \X

39
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