!"#$%!!

&'# %)*%+#,
-"+.,/,
 -0%+., /% +%1&1*%#!&,
+%1& 1*%#!&, ,2
3"$&3&%#*" 4 *+,#1-%+%#!&, /%
!,2"+ %# %2 -205" %)*%+#"
!" #$"%
#$"%&'
&'"(
"())*$ +$ ,$'-
,$'-.$
.$'&
'&""
/&.&0
12 *( ,3$#4( +$ #$"5"6$'/5( 73$
(/68( "&)#$ *&" (36&.-95*$": *("
*;'$(" +$ 6$'"5-' (<#$(:
63)$#;(" "3).(#5'(": $6/=>
?2 *( $*$9(/5-' +$ *(" (*(" +$
*&" (95&'$"=
@2 $* $',#
$',#5(
5(.5
.5$'
$'6&
6& +$ *A.5
*A.5'(
'(""
.$6A*5/(": 63)$#;(" +$ 9(%&# +$
(B3( & (B3( /(* /(*5$'6$: $'6#$
6#$
&6#&"=
!" '$/$"(#5( $' +5,$#$'6$"
(%*5/(/
(%*5/(/5&'
5&'$"
$" 5'B$'5
5'B$'5$#5
$#5*$"
*$" %&#73$
%&#73$
+$ $**( +$%$'+$ $* )3$'
,3'/5&'(.5$'6& +$ *&" +5"%&"5659&"
C "5"6$.(" +5"$D(+&" C 365*54(+&"
E$"5"6$'/5( (* .&95.5$'6&
.&95.5$'6 & +$)5+& ( *(
,#5//5-' C ( *( %#$"5-' !"6( /&',&#.(+( %&#0
G3$#4( 73$ 3' ,*35+& $H$#/$
!"#$#%
!"#$#%"&'
"&'$(
$( () *+,$*$
*+,$*$"&%"&%+ + -+. )(
"&)#$ 3' /3$#%& "3.$#B5+&
/.$'
/.$''$
'$0&
0& #1-"
#1-"./
./$'
$'$(  56   !"
$()) 23 4  !" *(
$' <* $' +5#$//5-' +$* ,*3H&=
/&.%
/&.%&' &'$'
$'6$
6$ +$ *( ,3$#,3$#4(
4( /&#6
/&#6('
('6$
6$
I$%$'+$ +$ *( +$'"5+(+ +$*
6('B$'/5(* "&)#$ *( "3%$#,5/5$ +$)5+&
,*35
,*35+&
+& JK2:
JK2: +$ *( 9$*&
9$*&/5
/5+(
+(+
+
( *( /&'+5/5-' +$ '& +$"*54(.5$'6& $'
/&#
/&##5$'
#5$'6$
6$ (##5
(##5)(
)( JL2:
L2: C +$*
+$*
*( +5#$//5-' +$* ,*3H&=
6(.(D&: ,&#.( C &#5$'6(/5-'
!"#$#%
!"#$#%"&'
"&'$(
$( () *+,$*$
*+,$*$"&%
"&%+
+ -+. )(
+$* /3$#%&: $'6#$ &6#("
 -."#$0& 2756  !" *( /&.%&'$'6$ +$ *(
("%$/6&"=
,3$#4( +$ %#$"5-' $' *( +5#$//5-' +$*
!" $%&'($(&)*& +& ,&-(-*&)$(.
,*3H& : +$%$'+$ +$ *( ,&#.( &
." /%0(/(&)*%0
/&',&#.(/5-' +$* /3$#%& %&# *& 73$
6(.)5<' "$ **(.( #$"5"6$'/5( (*
.&95.5$'6& %&# *( ,&#.(=
!'6&'/$"0
 G*35+& G&#4(+& "&)#$ /3$#%& &)63"&

M&" $,$/6&" 95"/&"&" "$ +(' "-*& +$'6#& +$ *( /(%( *;.56$: *(

#$B5-' "$%(#(+( C *( $"6$*(: ,3$#( +$ $"6(" 4&'(" "$ %3$+$
/&'"5+$#(# (* ,*35+& /&.& '& 95"/&"&=
 N#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&# 
I$%$'+$ +$* ,*3H&0

M(" %#&%5$+(+$" +$* ,*35+& 9(#;(' /&' *( 6$.%$#(63#(0

26 789:8;67<;6 =8 :8>?@<>6A   N$.%$#(63#( %#&.$+5&

$'6#$ *( 6$.%$#(63#( +$ *( /(%( *;.56$ JNO2 C * (
6$.%$#(63#( N  $' $* )&#+$ $P6$#5&# +$ *( /(%( *5.56$
!

Q3('+& "$ $"63+5( 3' $*$.$'6& "$ 3"( /&$,5/5$'6$" %#&.$+5&0

I$ #$"5"6$'/5( (* .&95.5$'6&0

I$ /&'9$//5-'0
-205" B,+,2%2" 1"C+%
B2,!,1 B2,#,1
 Q&$,5/5$'6$ +$ ,#5//5-'

81(&9+ ") /)1;+ "# %+%()*"&%" )(*$&(. #+<." %+9( )( -)('(6

Q&$,5/5$'6$ *&/(*0 Q&$,5/5$'6$ +$ ,#5//5-' %#&.$+5&0

81(&9+ ") /)1;+ "# %+%()*"&%" %1.<1)"&%+ #+<." %+9( )( -)('( + )( ."A$0&
)(*$&(. "# 9"*(#$(9+ -"B1"C( "& .")('$0& ( )( %1.<1)"&%(

R(#(0

Q&$,5/5$'6$ *&/(*0 Q&$,5/5$'6$ +$ ,#5//5-' %#&.$+5&0

81(&9+ "=$#%" >+&( %1.<1)"&%( ? )(*$&(. ( )( ,"> 

!* /&$,5/5$'6$ +$ ,#5//5-' %#&.$+5&

81(&9+ ") /)1;+ "# %1.<1)"&%+ ? (9"*@# "=$#%" (#-".">(

#1-"./$'$() "& )( -)('(
Q&$,5/5$'6$ +$ 6#('",$#$'/5( +$
/(*&# 
81(&9+ ") /)1;+ "# %+%()*"&%" )(*$&(. #+<." %+9( )( -)('(
$#+%D.*$'(6

R#ST=U

Q&$,5/5$'6$ %#&.$+5&0

81(&9+ ") /)1;+ "# %+%()*"&%" %1.<1)"&%+ #+<." %+9( )(

 -)('( $#+%D.*$'( + )( ."A$0& )(*$&(. "# 9"*(#$(9+
 -"B1"C( "& .")('$0& ( )( %1.<1)"&%(

R(#(0

M&/(* 0 R#&.$+5&
 81(&9+ "=$#%" >+&( %1.<1)"&%( ? )(*$&(. ( )( ,"> #+<." )(
 -)('( $#+%D.*$'(6

R(#( 0

!* /&$,5/5$'6$ %#&.$+5&0

!6DE =8 9678;F6>8D @EG @EG=<@7FHF=6=8D 7I;9F@6D 8>8H6=6DJ

M&/(*0

R(#( 6&+&" *&" '8.$#&" R#('+6*0

B>6@6 @EG 7;69E FGF@F6> GE @6>8G76=EA
 G*3H& 3'5,&#.$ +$ /(*&# 
Q3('+& "$ 65$'$ 3' ,*3H& +$ /(*&# "3%$#,5/5(* 3'5,&#.$: $' *3B(# +$ 3'(
6$.%$#(63#( 3'5,&#.$

M( 9$*&/5+(+ +$ 6#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&# C *( 6$.%$#(63#( "3%$#,5/5(*

( 3'( +5"6('/5( P: "$ +$6$#.5'( .$+5('6$0

I&'+$0
 -205" , *+,$%1 /%
!&2&#/+"1 4 %1-%+,1
con frecuencia se encuentra el flujo que pasa a
través de cilindros y esferas.

Por ejemplo, los tubos en un intercambiador de

calor de coraza y tubos involucran flujo interno,
por los tubos, y flujo externo, sobre éstos, y los
dos flujos deben considerarse en el análisis del
intercambiador.

Asimismo, muchos deportes como el futbol, el

tenis y el golf están relacionados con el flujo
sobre pelotas esféricas.
V M&'B563+ /(#(/6$#;"65/( %(#( /5*5'+#&" C
$",$#(" $" I5A.$6#& $P6$#'& I=
E$ W LIX0 
E$/#  W ? P 1T Y
E$ Z ? P 1T Y /(%( *;.56$ *(.5'(#=
E$ [ ? P 1TY Q(%( *;.56$ 63#)3*$'6(=
El fluido que se aproxima al cilindro se ramifica y
rodea al cilindro, formando una capa límite que lo
envuelve.

Las partículas de fluido sobre el plano medio chocan

contra el cilindro en el punto de estancamiento,
haciendo que el fluido se detenga por completo y,
como consecuencia, elevando la presión en ese
punto.

La presión disminuye en la dirección del flujo, al

mismo tiempo que aumenta la velocidad de este
último.
V !' $* %3'6& +$ $"6('/(.5$'6& *( %#$"5-' $" .(C&# C *3$B& 9(
+5".5'3C$'+&=
V Q&$,5/5$'6$ +$ #$"5"6$'/5( W QI /&',&#.(+& %&#0
\ E$"5"6$'/5( %&# %#$"5-'=
\ E$"5"6$'/5( %&# ,#5//5-'=
V R(#( E$ Z 1T: %#$+&.5'( *( #$"5"6$'/5( %&# *( ,#5//5-'=
V R(#( E$ S YTTT: %#$+&.5'( *( #$"5"6$'/5( %&# *( %#$"5-'
V !'6#$ 1T ZE$ Z YTTT: *(" +&" #$"5"6$'/5(" "&' "5B'5,5/(659&"=
!' *( ,5B3#( "$ +(' *&" /&$,5/5$'6$" +$ #$"5"6$'/5( (* .&95.5$'6& %#&.$+5&
QI %(#( $* ,*3H& /#34(+& "&)#$ 3' "&*& /5*5'+#& /5#/3*(# *5"& C "&)#$ 3'(
$",$#(=
Efecto de aspereza en la superficie
V M( #3B&"5+(+ #$*(659( & ("%$#$4( "3%$#,5/5(* +5".5'3C$
$* /&$,5/5$'6$ +$ #$"5"6$'/5( QI %(#( $",$#(" C /5*5'+#&" =
V R$#& $"6( #$+3//5-' +$ QI "$ /3.%*$ %(#( /5$#6&"
#('B&" +$ E$ /&.& "$ .3$"6#( $' *( "5B35$'6$ 6()*(=

VR(#( ](**(# *( ,3$#4( +$ #$"5"6$'/5( "$ #$$.%*(4( $'0

GI W QI= L?=^KX?

VI&'+$ ^ $" $* A#$( ,#&'6(*=

Efecto de la aspereza superficial sobre el coeficiente de
resistencia de una esfera
 Transferencia de Calor
V !* 9(*&# %#&.$+5& +$ _3 "&)#$ 6&+( *( "3%$#,5/5$ %(#( /5*5'+#&" $"0

V M(" %#&%5$+(+$" +$* ,*35+& "$ $9(*8(' ( *&/1&,.*2,. +& 1&"3$2".4

N'  W ` JNa b N"2

V !* 9(*&# %#&.$+5& +$ _3 "&)#$ 6&+( *( "3%$#,5/5$ %(#( $",$#(" $"0

_3$",  W 5IX6  W ? b cT=dE$1X? b T=TUE$?X@e R# T=d Jf a X f"21Xd

V LA*5+( %(#( T=g h R# h @iT C @=Y h E$ h iT TTT= M(" %#&%5$+(+$" +$*

,*35+& "$ $9(*8(' Na: $P/$%6& %(#( f " 73$ "$ 365*54( N"=
V M( $/3(/5-' +$ _3 %(#( /5*5'+#&": "$ %3$+$ $P%#$"(# +$
.('$#( .A" /&.%(/6( /&.&0
V _3/5*  W 5IX6  W Q E$/ R# )
V I&'+$ ) W 1X@: C *( *&'B563+ /(#(/6$#;"65/( $" I
J+5A.$6#&2 = M(" /&'"6('6$" Q C / %(#( /5*5'+#&"
/5#/3*(#$" C '& /5#/3*(#$": 73$ "$ 3"(' %(#( *&" /A*/3*&"
+$ E$ C _3: "$ +(' $' *( "5B35$'6$ 6()*(=
!  E$*(/5-' %(#( 3' "&*& /5*5'+#& & +&'+$ '& 5',*3C(' $'6#$ "; *&" ,*3H&"=
-205" , *+,$%1 /%
C,#!"1 /% *0C"1
V R(#( 3' )('/& +$ 63)&" /(+( 63)&
5',*3C$ $' $* %(6#-' +$ ,*3H& C '59$*
+$ 63#)3*$'/5( (B3(" ()(H&: %(#(
*&" "5B35$'6$" 63)&": /&.& "$
.3$"6#( $' *( ,5B3#(: %&# *& 6('6&
6(.)5<' 5',*3C$' $' *(
6#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&# +$* "5"6$.(
V M&" )('/&" +$ 63)&" "3$*$' $"6(#
."()&.+%- & &-$."%).+%-  $'
+5#$//5-' (* ,*3H&=
V M( *&'B563+ /(#(/6$#;"65/( $" $* +5A.$6#& $P6$#5&# +$* 63)& I=
V O$B8' *( ,5B3#( "5B35$'6$ 6$'$.&" *(" "5B35$'6$" +5"6('/5("0
ON0 %("& 6#('"9$#"(*=
OM0 %("& *&'B563+5'(*=
OI0 %("& +5(B&'(*=
V !* '8.$#& +$ E$C'&*+" "$ ('(*54( /&' *( 9$*&/5+(+ .AP5.( 73$ "$
65$'$' +$'6#& +$* )('/&= N$'5$'+&0
E$I W KL.(PI K f W L.(P I K j
La velocidad máxima se
determina con base en el
requisito de conservación
de la masa para el flujo
incompresible
estacionario.
V M( 9$*&/5+(+ (3.$'6(: +$)5+& ( 73$ $* A#$( 73$ $"6A $'6#$ *&"
63)&" $" .$'&# (* A#$( 5'5/5(*0 ^ 1 W OMM S ^N W JON k I2M
V L.(P   +$%$'+$ "5 $"6A' (*5'$(+&" & $"/(*&'(+&": $' )("$ ( *(
/&'"$#9(/5-' +$ .("( +$ 3' ,*35+& 5'/&.%#$"5)*$ $"6(/5&'(#5&=
V (2 R(#( *&" )('/&" (*5'$(+&": *( 9$*&/5+(+ .AP5.( "$ 65$'$ $' $*
A#$( .;'5.( ^ N: 73$+('+&0
L.(P W ON L X JON k I2
V )2 R(#( *&" )('/&" $"/(*&'(+&": "$ 65$'$' +&" /&'+5/5&'$"0
V O50 ?^I Z ^N ! L.(P W ON L X ?JON k I2
M( 9$*&/5+(+ .AP5.( "$ +( $' *(" "$//5&'$" 6#('"9$#"(*$"
+5(B&'(*$"=

V O50 ?^I S ^N ! L.(P W ON L X JON k I2

M( 9$*&/5+(+ .AP5.( &/3##$ $' ^ N= O$ /3.%*$ *( .5".(
$/3(/5-' %(#( (*5'$(+&"=
V M( 6#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&# (3.$'6( $' *(" ,5*(" %&"6$#5&#$": ]("6( **$B(# ( 3'
9(*&# /&'"6('6$ %3$" '& "$ 65$'$ /(.)5& "5B'5,5/(659& (* (9('4(# *(" ,5*("=
V R(#( ](**(# *( /&'"6('6$ +$ 6#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&#0
_3I W 5IX6  W 7  E$I. R# ' JR#XR# "2T=?Y
I&'+$ 7 : /8 ) "&' /&'"6('6$" 73$ +$%$'+$' +$ E$: %(#( T Z E$I Z ?P1TU C
T=g Z R# Z YTT: J9$# 6()*( "5B35$'6$ 2
V M( .(C&#;( +$ %#&%5$+(+$" "$ $9(*8( N. W JN5 b N$2X?:
N5 0 6$.%$#(63#( +$* ,*35+& $' *( (+.5"5-'
N$0 6$.%$#(63#( $' *( "(*5+( +$* )('/& +$ 63)&"=
R# " "$ $9(*8( /&' N$.%$#(63#( "3%$#,5/5(*0 N "=
_3I "$ /3.%*$ %(#( '8.$#& +$ ,5*(" 5B3(* & .(C&# ( 1U=
Q3('+& *(" ,5*(" "$(' .$'&#$" ( 1U: "$ 3"( 3' ,(/6&# +$ /&##$//5-'
9 : %(#( E$I S 1TTT
_3I: _M W 9 _3I

N()*( %(#( $* 9(*&# +$ G "$B8' $* '8.$#& +$ ,5*(" J_M2 C "5 $"6A' (* 5'$(+&" &
$"/(*&'(+&"=
V R(#( *( #(4-' +$ 6#('",$#$'/5( +$ /(*&# 6$'$.&"0
lW 5 ^ mN*'

!'6&'/$"0 N$ W N" k JN" k N52 $P% JL ^"5X ./%2

V R#5'/5%5& +$ /&'"$#9(/5-' +$ *( $'$#B;(0

:; /71 <= & > =  ?
( 
V I$)5+& ( *( #$"5"6$'/5( +$ *&" 63)&" (* ,*3H&: $P5"6$ 3'(
/(;+( +$ %#$"5-'0 mR W _M ' @ KL.(P? X ?
'4 G(/6&# +$ ,#5//5-':  @ 0 ,(/6&# +$ /&##$//5-'=
V M( %&6$'/5( #$73$#5+( %(#( .&9$# 3' ,*35+& ( 6#(9<" +$
3' )('/& +$ 63)&" +$%$'+$ +$ *( /(;( +$ %#$"5-':
$'6&'/$" *( %&6$'/5( +$ )&.)$& "$ +$6$#.5'( /&.&0
n )&.)( W .mR X K