One of the main factors in this rectangular slot is the width 7. J. Zhao, J. Wang, G. Zhang, and J.L.
and J.L. Li, Compact microstrip UWB
of slot that has been shown by W. Figure 7 represents paramet-
ric studies for various values for W. It’s shown that the optimum
value is W 5 0.2 mm. Feed line width is Wf51 mm to satisfy 50
ohm input impedance and its length is Lf53 mm.
The rectangular patch presents dimensions of 12.6 3
4.6 mm2 to satisfy the required bandwidth. Figure 8 presents
simulation results for different values of the rectagular patch
design. Multi-input structure of the antenna requires a good iso-
lation among ports to avoid. Figure 9 provides surface current
of the proposed antenna for three frequencies. It’s clear that on
the rejection band (5.5 GHz) there is a strong coupling between
the parasitic element and patch.
4. MEASUREMENT RESULTS
Figure 10 shows photograph of the fabricated antenna on an
FR4 substrate with dimensions of 24 3 22.5 3 1 mm3. Fabri-
cated antenna has been tested in the Antenna Lab of Iran Tele-
communication Research Center (ITRC). Measurement results
that is shown in Figure 11, illustrates that the filtered frequency
band, 5.1 GHz to 5.9 GHz, completely covered by the slot
antenna fed with the second port. Furthermore, there is accept-
able isolation between two ports.
Figure 12 shows the simulated radiation patterns including
the co-polarization and cross-polarization in the H- (y–z plane)
and E-planes (x–z plane) for 3.5 GHz, 6.5 GHz, and 9.5 GHz.
The distortion in higher frequencies, can be interpreted as the
result of non-uniform distribution of the current surface on the
main patch and parasitic element.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a novel multi-input multi-output Elliptical antenna
with an added slot Antenna in its parasitic element, for UWB
and WLAN/WiMAX systems has been proposed. The proposed
structure provides UWB while rejecting the band 5–5.9 GHz
through port one. The slot antenna structure that is introduced
inside the parasitic element provides the rejected band separate-
ly for WLAN/WiMAX requirements. Mutual coupling between
ports is less that 210 dB which indicates satisfactory
decoupling.
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bandpass filter with dual notched bands using E-shaped resonator,
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C 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
INVESTIGATION OF A
RECONFIGURABLE DUAL NOTCHED
UWB ANTENNA BY CONCEPTUAL
CIRCUIT MODEL AND TIME-DOMAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
Guoping Gao, Bin Hu , Lele He, Shaofei Wang, and
Chen Yang
School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University,
Gansu 730000, P. R. China; Corresponding author: bh@lzu.edu.cn
Received 3 November 2016
ABSTRACT: In this paper, an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with
reconfigurable performance is proposed. The antenna consists of a U-
shaped radiation patch and a ground plane which is symmetric with the
edge of the radiation patch. By using two open-ended L-shaped slots
(OEL-S) and one U-shaped slot Defected Ground Structure, the dual
notched bands at 3.5 GHz for WiMAX and 5.5 GHz for WLAN are
obtained. Three switches are embedded in both L-shaped and U-shaped
slots in order to achieve four switchable modes by switching them
between ON and OFF states. There are three modes that the antenna
can be switched in, which are dual, single and no band-notched modes.
The measured result illustrates that the operation frequency band is
from 2.7 GHz to 12 GHz (VSWR < 2). Moreover, the conceptual circuit
model and time-domain characteristics of the antenna are also proposed
to investigate the dual band-notched performance. V C 2017 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1326–1332, 2017;
View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/
mop.30535
Key words: reconfigurable UWB antenna; dual band-notched; concep-
tual circuit model; time-domain characteristics
1. INTRODUCTION
There has been some existed wireless communication systems in
ultra-wideband (UWB) communication system, for example, the
WiMAX band (3.3–3.7 GHz) and the WLAN band (5.15–
5.825 GHz). To avoid the conflict, band-notched UWB antenna
has attracted great interests [1–4], but there are no reconfigura-
ble characteristics of these UWB antennas. It is necessary to
design a band-notched UWB antenna with reconfigurable char-
acteristics. Some reconfigurable UWB antennas have been
reported [5–9], however their structures are complex and diffi-
cult to manufacture in practical applications.
In this article, a small sized antenna is designed and its
reconfigurable characteristics are obtained by controlling the
switches in ON or OFF state. The dual notched bands at
DOI 10.1002/mop
 Figure 1 Geometry of the UWB antenna. (a) Top view and (b) Bottom view. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 2 Photograph of the fabricated antennas. (a) antenna-1 and (b) antenna-2. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

3.5 GHz for WiMAX and 5.5 GHz for WLAN are achieved by
using two open-ended L-shaped slots (OEL-S) and one U-
shaped slot Defected Ground Structure (USSDGS). The mea-
sured results show that the proposed antenna has a wide imped-
ance bandwidth and omni-directional patterns to meet the
requirements of UWB communication system.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of the antenna is illustrated in Figure 1. The sub-
strate is FR4 material with the size of 26 mm 3 38.1 mm, the
thickness of 1.5 mm and the relative dielectric constant of
er 54.4. Physical dimensions of the antenna are shown in Table
k
1. The parameters of slots are predicted by using Ls1 1Ls2  4g ,
kg k e 11
23Lu1 1Lu2 223Wu  2 , kg 5 pffiffiffiffi0 ffi
eeff , and eeff 5 2 [10], where k0
r
is the wavelength in free space. At the beginning, two strip lines
are embedded into the open-ended L-shaped slots (OEL-S),
which stand for the ON state of switch-1 (SW1) and switch-2
(SW2). Another strip line is embedded into the USSDGS, which
stands for ON state of switch-3 (SW3). Two antennas with all
switches in ON and OFF states are fabricated, as shown in Fig-
ure 2. The antenna with all switches in ON states is called
antenna-1 while in OFF states is called antenna-2. The SW1 and
SW2 are symmetrical and they work as one switch in the study.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 3(a) shows the reconfigurable functions of the antenna
under different switch states. The impedance band of antenna-1
is from 2.7 GHz to 12 GHz with all switches ON, while it has

TABLE 1 The Dimensions of the Proposed UWB Antenna

Parameter W L Ls1 Ls2 Lu1 Lu2 W1 Wu Ws1
Value 26 38.1 4.5 8 8.1 1.6 2.4 0.5 0.6
Parameter R1 R2 R3 H H1 H2 Hg Hu g1
Value 4 12 8.3 1.5 6.4 7.7 16.8 5.6 0.6
All dimensions are in millimeters.

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 1327
Figure 3 Performance of the UWB antennas. (a) Reconfigurable function and (b) Band-notched characteristics. [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Figure 4 Simulated and measured VSWR. [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
dual notched bands at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz when all switches
are OFF, which is called the antenna-2. The antenna has a single
notch band at 3.5 GHz when both SW1, SW2 are OFF, and
SW3 is ON, while it has a single 5.5 GHz notched band when
opposite. So the antenna is designed to work in four modes by
changing the states of these switches. The dual band-notched
characteristics are simulated as shown in Figure 3(b). The
results illustrate that the 3.5 GHz WiMAX band-notched is
achieved by a pair of L-shaped slots on the U-shaped radiation
patch and 5.5GHz WLAN band-notched is obtained as well by
USSDGS, which can avoid the conflict from WiMAX and
WLAN communication systems, respectively.
The antenna-1 and antenna-2 are simulated by CST Micro-
wave Studio (MWS) software and measured by Agilent E5071C
Vector Network Analyzer. The results are shown in Figure 4.
The dual band-notched can get rid of the WiMAX and WLAN
bands disturbance when all switches are OFF, so the antenna-2
can be recognized as a dual band-notched UWB antenna.
The central frequencies of two notched bands depend on the
size of slots in antenna-2. Figure 5(a) shows that with Ls1
increases from 4 mm to 5 mm, the 3.5 GHz notched band
moves to a lower frequency. The length Ls2 has a similar result
as Ls1, which is consistent with the formulae mentioned above

Figure 5 Parameter study. (a) Ls1 and (b) Lu1. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1328 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 6 Current distribution of the antenna-1 and antenna-2 at the
difference frequencies. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlineli-
Figure 8 Gain of the antenna with difference switches states. [Color
brary.com]
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

[10]. The results show that the first notched band mainly
depends on the length Ls1 and Ls2, at the meantime Ls1 and Ls2
have less effect on 5.5 GHz WLAN band. Figure 5(b) shows
that the WLAN notched band moves to a lower frequency with
an increasing of the Lu1. The length of Lu2 has the same trend
with Lu1. So it can be concluded that the second notched band
mainly depends on the length of Lu1 and Lu2. Both of them have
less influence on 3.5 GHz WiMAX band. Hence, it is very fea-
sible to control the dual band-notched by changing the size of
slots.

Figure 7 Radiation patterns of the fabricated antennas. (a) E-plane of antenna-1, (b) H-plane of antenna-1, (c) E-plane of antenna-2 and (d) H-plane
of antenna-2. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 1329
 Figure 9 Input impedance of the antenna-2. (a) Real and (b) Imag. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

The surface current distribution at frequencies of 3 GHz, 3.5 circuit replaces the USSDGS at WLAN band. The resistance
GHz, 5.5 GHz, and 9 GHz is calculated. Figure 6 shows the sur- and reactance comparison between the equivalent circuit model
face current primarily flows along the edge of the radiation and the antenna-2 are shown in Figure 9, and both of them
patch and ground plane as well as the microstrip line, which matched very well at the dual band-notched frequencies.
means the antenna-1 behaves as a radiator. On the contrary, the
large current flows along the OEL-S at 3.5 GHz and USSDGS 5. CHARACTERIZATION OF UWB ANTENNA IN TIME-
at 5.5 GHz when all switches are OFF, which illustrates that the DOMAINS
radiation is very low and dual band-notched characteristics are
5.1. Transfer Function Study
achieved.
Time-domain characteristic of UWB antenna is essential and it
Radiation patterns of the antenna-1 and antenna-2 at 4 GHz,
has been reported much so far [13,14]. Transfer function and
7 GHz, and 10 GHz are shown in Figure 7. For the three fre-
group delay are indispensable indicators. In the UWB antenna
quencies, the H-plane patterns are almost omni-directional.
system, the magnitude of transfer function should be flat and
There are some distortions in the Figure 7(b) compared with
the group delay should be a constant. A pair of identical anten-
Figure 7(d) at 10 GHz, which is mainly because the leakage of
nas are set in face to face and side by side case, as shown in
electromagnetic wave from the short-ended L-shaped slot and
two straight line slots on the ground affect the radiation pattern. the inset of Figure 11(a) and Figure 11(b). The transfer function
The gain of the proposed antennas is shown in Figure 8. The is replaced by S21 and measured by connecting the two ports of
antenna-1 has a stable gain in the UWB band. Compared with the Agilent E5071C Vector Network Analyzer indoor [13,15].
antenna-1, the gain of antenna-2 decreases by 24.4 dB in the Figure 11(a) shows the magnitude of S21 and group delay
near of 3.5 GHz, and by 27.05 dB in the near of 5.5 GHz, when antenna-1 is set in face to face case. The measured result
which shows the dual notch band performance of the antenna-2. shows that for the proposed antenna-1 with all switches are ON,
the magnitude changes less than 10 dB (219 dB to 229 dB)
4. L-C RESONANT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS from 3 GHz to 8.4 GHz and the group delay is a constant.
There is sharply falling of S21 at 9.5 GHz. Figure 11(b) shows
It is well known that the band-notched performance can be
investigated by using an equivalent circuit based on the input the antenna-1 is set in side by side case. Measured result shows
impedance. Figure 9 shows the measured and simulated input that the magnitude of S21 is flat (225.6 dB to 235.6 dB) from
impedance of the antenna-2. The resistance is approximately 50 3 GHz to 10.3 GHz. The advantages exhibit that antenna-1 with
Ohm and the reactance is approximately 0 Ohm except for the all switches in ON states can be used for UWB application. Fig-
notched frequencies. While at the dual band-notched frequen- ure 11(c) shows the result of antenna-2 set in face to face case.
cies, the imaginary component curve value ranges from positive Measured result shows the magnitude of S21 is approximately
to negative, which shows parallel resonance characteristic and flat (223 dB to 233 dB) from 3 to 8.6 GHz, while it drops
the real component of the input impedance is on a high level
[11,12]. So, the OEL-S and USSDGS can be seen as an equiva-
lent parallel L-C resonant circuit.
In Figure 10, the L-C resonant circuit model is proposed to
check the theory. The equivalent circuit is simulated by the
Advanced Designer System (ADS) software. According to the
following expression, the resonant frequency can be predicted
by xpi 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
1
Li Ci
[12].
Other parameters of the circuit are shown in Figure 10. R3 is
the input impedance of the antenna. Ri, Li, and Ci (i 5 1, 2) are
resistor, inductor and capacitor values of the equivalent circuits
model, respectively. The first parallel L-C circuit is equivalent
to the OEL-S at WiMAX band and the second parallel L-C Figure 10 L-C resonant circuit model of the proposed antenna-2

1330 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 11 Measured magnitude of S21 and group delay for the antenna system. (a) face to face of antenna-1, (b) side by side of antenna-1, (c) face to
face of antenna-2 and (d) side by side of antenna-2. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

strongly at 3.5 GHz and 5.7 GHz. The group delay of the
antenna-2 is almost a constant from 3 GHz to 10.6 GHz except
at the dual band-notched frequencies. The group delay is flat to
make sure that the UWB radiated signal phase response is linear.
Some fluctuations of S21 and group delay are observed mainly
because of the impedance mismatching at the band-notched, lead-
ing to the received signals with a little distortion [16,17]. Figure
11(d) shows the measured transfer function of antenna-2 in side
by side case, and it has a similar conclusion as Figure 11(c).
5.2. Time-Domain Study
The excited pulse, radiated pulse, and received pulse of the pro-
posed two antennas in face to face case are shown in Figure 12.
The radiated pulse and received pulse have been moved along
the x-axis and their magnitudes are normalized. Compared with
excited pulse, the radiated pulse and received pulse are dis-
torted, so the power spectrum density (PSD) of the pulse is stud-
ied to assess the pulse characteristics. Figure 13 shows the
normalized PSD of the pulse for antenna-1 and antenna-2 in

Figure 12 The pulse waveforms for the antenna system. (a) face to face of antenna-1 and (b) face to face of antenna-2. [Color figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 59, No. 6, June 2017 1331
Figure 13 The normalized power spectrum density (PSD) of pulses for the antenna system. (a) face to face of antenna-1 and (b) face to face of
antenna-2. [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
face to face case. The frequency spectrum of antenna-1 covers
the entire UWB band. Compared with excited pulse at 3.5 GHz
and 5.5 GHz, there is a great decline of radiated and received
pulse PSD of antenna-2. So the signal in the range of these fre-
quencies cannot be transmitted or received, the dual band-
notched performances are obtained. The Figure also shows that
all the pulses conform to the requirements of FCC.
6. CONCLUSION
In this article, an antenna with the dual band-notched
characteristics and the reconfigurable characteristics is obtained
by using three switches. Performance of these antennas is mea-
sured within a real environment. The measured and simulated
results show that the band-notched characteristics of the antenna
can be controlled by turning these switches in ON or OFF
states. Also, it is demonstrated numerically that L-C resonant
circuit model and time-domain are correct to investigate the
UWB antenna.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Pro-
gram of China (973 Program) (No. 2014CB744600), the Nation-
al Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 61401183,
grant No. 60973138, and grant No. 61003240), the International
Cooperation Project of Ministry of Science and Technology
(No. 2013DFA11140), and the National Basic Research Program
of China(973 Program) (No. 2011CB711000).
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V
DOI 10.1002/mop