TENSES

1.Simple Present

a). exprima o actiune care se desfasoara in mod obisnuit sau repetat, pe axa prezentului

Forma afirmativa se realizeaza adaugand terminatia ‘-s’ verbelor la persona a 3-a sg. m, f, n. Exceptie fac doar cateva verbe
care primesc terminatia ‘-es’ : do, go, wash , watch.

Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:

every+ day /week /month/ year
ever e.g. Do you ever go to school?
never e.g I never do my homework in the morning.
always
often
usually e.g. I usually walk to the park.
sometimes
on Saturday ...prin mentionarea unei perioade
during...the weekend...pe parcursul

b).exprima un adevar general valabil

e.g. Water boils at 100 degrees C.

c).exprima o actiune viitoare, parte a unui program oficial

e.g. Our plane leaves at 10 o’clock.

2. Present Continuous
a). exprima o actiune care se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii

vb.’to be’ + vb. de conjugat +-ing

e.g. I am learning now.

Always apare ca o exceptie, se refera la o actiune prin care aratam iritarea vorbitorului in legatura cu alta actiune.
e.g. He is always starting his car when I want to have a rest.

b).exprima o actiune planificata, un aranjament care se va petrece in viitorul apropiat

e.g.We are visiting our neighbours tomorrow.

3. Past Simple exprima o actiune care s-a desfasurat la un moment dat si care nu are nici o legatura cu prezentul

Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:

yesterday
last + week/ month/ year
a day before yesterday
…ago
- se foloseste cu mentionarea unui an anterior celui prezent : e.g.I read this book in 1995.
Forma afirmativa:+ ed / vb. neregulate forma II
Forma interogativa: did
Forma negativa: did not

USED TO exprima o atitudine personala, repetitiva, in trecut:

e.g. I used to go swimming a lot (but I don’t now).

WOULD poate exprima o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod obisnuit la un moment dat in trecut, o activitate obisnuita,
caracteristica unei persoane:
e.g. Every week he would buy his mother a bunch of flowers.

Cand conjunctia “when” isi formeaza singura intrebarea este urmata in mod obligatoriu de past tense.
e.g. When did you arrive?
4. Past Continuous

a). exprima o actiune in desfasurare, la un moment dat in trecut.

e.g. I was walking in the park at 2 o’clock yesterday.

Forma afirmativa: vb. “to be” (la trecut) + vb +ing

Forma interogativa: Was I walking in the park?
Forma negativa: was/were + not

b). exprima o actiune in desfasurare in trecut intrerupta de o alta actiune

e.g. I was reading the book when the phone rang.

c). exprima doua actiuni in trecut care nu se exclud

e.g. I was reading the book while she was sleeping.

Always marcheaza o actiune care irita vorbitorul in trecut.

e.g. I remember he was my pupil ten years ago and he was always talking.

5. Present Perfect exprima o actiune nedefinita care s-a incheiat cu putin timp inaintea momentului vorbirii.

Has/have + the past participle (vb. la forma a III-a)

e.g. I have just seen that film.

Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:

Just
Already e.g. I have already spoken to him.
Yet (deja?; inca) e.g. Have you seen the film yet? I haven’t seen the film yet.
Ever e.g. I haven’t ever seen the sea.
Never e.g. I have never seen the sea.
Lately, recently (in ultima vreme) e.g. I have read a good book lately.
For (lungimea perioadei de timp) e.g. I haven’t seen you for ages.
Since ( marcheaza inceputul perioadei de timp) e.g. I haven’t seen you since you were a boy.
This (morning, afernoon...)

Poate fi folosit cu grade de comparatie:

e.g. This is the best wine I have ever drunk.

6. Present Perfect Continuous arata continuitatea actiunii din prezentul perfect simplu.

He has fished in this river for two hours. (nu mai pescuieste)
He has been fishing in this river for two hours. (pescuieste si in prezent)
Marin Preda wrote several good books.(e mort)
Marin Sorescu has written several plays. (inca traieste)

Obs.
Present Perfect arata rezultatul e.g. I have written six letters.
Present Perfect Continous arata durata e.g. I have been writing letters all morning.

I have lived all my life here. (se prefera Present Perfect – care marcheaza o durata mai mare, desi este acceptat si Present
Perfect Continuous).

I have been studying German for two weeks.

7. Past Perfect Simple exprima o actiune trecuta, anterioara altei actiuni trecute

had + vb. la forma a III-a

e.g. He told me that he had sent the letter.

Adverbe cu care se utilizeaza:

Abia ca: Hardly…..when
No sooner ….than
Just…..when
e.g. He had hardly got into the room when somebody rang at the door.
I had no sooner got into the room than somebody rang at the door.
I had just got into the room when somebody rang at the door.

8. Past Perfect Continuous exprima o actiune in progres si anterioara fata de alta actiune trecuta

had + been + vb.+ ing

e.g We had been walking for two hours when we saw a lake in the distance. ( mai intai am realizat o actiune in progres,
accea de a umbla timp de 2 ore si abia apoi am realizat o actiune fixa , am zarit lacul, dar ambele actiuni s-au realizat in
trecut)

Se utilizeaza cu since ( pentru a indica un moment in timp) si for ( pt a indica o perioada de timp)
e.g I had been learning since 2 o’clock when hw arrived home. ( momentul din timp e ora 2)
She had been watching TV for 3 hours when mother came home. (perioada de timp e de 3 ore)

9. Future Simple
will + vb.
e.g We will write you a letter.

Atentie!!!!! Nu se foloseste in propozitii temporale cu referire la viitor

e.g I will give you a phone, when I arrive home. ( deci I will give you a phone e principala , iar when I arrive home e
subordonata temporala. Nu e corect spus I will give you a phone, when I will arrive home.) „ Te voi suna cand ajung acasa.”
NU „ Te voi suna cand voi ajunge acasa”

10. Future Continuous se refera la o actiune planificata in viitorul apropiat.

Will+ vb.+ ing

e.g. This time next week I will be flying to Paris.

11. Future Perfect exprima o actiune viitoare, dar anterioara fata de un alt moment din viitor
Will + have+ V la forma a III-a

e.g I will have written the letter by noon tomorrow.

12. Future Perfect Continuous exprima o actiune anterioara si in progres fata de un moment din viitor
Will + have+been + V+ ing

e.g Next year in May, my sister will have been working in this shop for ten years.

13. Alte mijloace de exprimare a viitorului:

To be going to = a avea de gand sa

e.g. I am going to help you.
To be to = a urma sa
e.g. I am to do this.

To be about to = a fi pe cale sa
e.g. She is about to leave us.

To be due to (scheduled time)

e.g. The play is due to start in 5 minutes.
The flight is due at 6.20.

I will vs I am going to
will - decizia e luata in momentul vorbirii
e.g. "George phoned while you were out. ""Oh, really? I' ll phone him back"
going to - decizia e luata inainte de momentul vorbirii
e.g. "George phoned while you were out. ""Yes, I know. I' m going to phone him back.

MODAL VERBS

Conceptul de capacitate, posibilitate, necesitate sau obligatie este redat de asa numitele "modal auxiliary verbs" : can,
could, should, must, need, ought to, used to, dare.

Caracteristici:

 Nu au infinitiv lung
 Nu primesc "s" la persoana a III a singular prezent simplu
 Nu primesc "-ing"
 Verbele care urmeaza sunt la infinitiv scurt; excceptie: used to, ought to
 Nu au toate timpurile si modurile unui verb normal, de aceea unele au echivalenti
 Formeaza interogativul prin inversiune; negativul + not

1. Can

 Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la prezent si viitor

 Exprima o continuitate alaturi de verbele de perceptie
 Exprima o permisiune (informal English)
 Exprima o posibilitate atunci cand imprejurarile o permit If you come in my town we can swim (I have a swimming
pool)
 Exprima o imposibilitate, neincredere: cu acest inteles can poate fi urmat de un infinitiv prezent(pentru actiune
simultana) sau infinitiv perfect (pentru actiune anterioara )

Nu se poate/este imposibil sa faca o asemenea greseala He can’t make such a mistake

Nu se poate sa fi facut o asemenea greseala He can’t have made such a mistake

 Exprima o cerere politicoasa Can I help you?

2. Could

 Abilitate fizica si intelectuala la trecut.Cu acest inteles can/could poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul.Dar cand
intelesul este de to succid in, to manage, to achieve-se foloseste numai echivalentul, dar nu si la negativ
 Cerere politicoasa, mai politicoasa decat can Could I help you?

3. May
  Exprima o permisiune(formal english). Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul  to be allowed to; to
be permited to
 Exprima o posibilitate. Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu it is possible/ maybe/ perhaps

 
It is possible for you to know her
Poate ca o cunosti

Maybe/perhaps you know her

You may hnow her

May+infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii  Ex: She may be sleeping now.

May+infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea unei actiuni in trecut  Ex: She may have lost the key.

 Exprima o urare, speranta May all your dreams come true! sau May good luck attend you!
 In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust: I hope that you may find tickets.
 In propozitia de scop dupa so that: I sit on the first row so that I may see and hear well.

4. Might

 Exprima o permisiune la trecut

 Exprima o posibilitate in prezent, viitor si trecut (o posibilitate mai indepartata)

Might + infinitiv continuu=posibilitatea indepartata a unei actiuni in momentul vorbirii

Might + infinitiv perfect=posibilitatea indeparata a unei actiuni in trecut

 Exprima indignare, iritare, repros You might look in to my eyes when I’m talking to you.
 In propozitia concesiva dupa : whatever, whenever, whereever, whoever, thought, althought, no matter how
 In completiva directa dupa to hope, to trust
 In propozitia de scop dupa so that

5. Must

 Exprima obligatie, comanda, necessitate .Cu acest inteles el poate fi inlocuit cu echivalentul to have to

Must =obligatie impusa de vorbitor(regula)

Have to =obligatie externa impusa de autoritati sau imprejurari externe pe care vorbitorul nu le poate controla

 
Don’t have to
 Haven’t got to Lipsa de obligatie

Needn’t

Must not Interdictie, prohibitie (regula)

 Eprima deductie, concluzie logica, probabilitate

NOTA: cand must exprima probabilitate el poate fi inlocuit cu: I’m sure/certain/positive, Certain/obviously, It’s
likely/probable, Is likely

6. Need – are 2 sensuri:

A. verb notional, obisnuit = to be need of (dupa care apare un pronume, substantiv, verb la gerunziu sau infinitiv lung)

Ex: Mother needs a pair of shoes.The windows need washing.

B. Verb modal auxiliar = to have to apare mai mult in interogativ si negativ; poate sa apara si in afirmativ alaturi de never,
hardly, barely

Ex: She need hardly mention her name, since I know it.

Diferenta dintre prezent si trecut:

Do I need...? = actiune obisnuita, repetata

Need I...? = ocazie speciala

Didn’t need to... = actiune care nu a fost necesara si nu a fost facuta

Needn’t have+V (forma a III a) = actiune care nu a fost necesara, dar a fost facuta

7. Should

 Exprima obligatie, sfat, recomandare (obligatia este mai slaba decat cea cu must)
 Exprima surpriza in intrebare retorica Ex:Why should I go there?
 Exprima presupunere, deductie logica
 In completiva directa dupa: to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advise, to urge...that
 In propozitia subiectiva dupa constructii impersonale: it is/was
advisable/essential/better/fair/important/natural/necessary/right..that
 In propozitia de scop dupa: so that, in order that, lest(ca sa nu..., ca sa nu cumva...), for fear that
 In propozitia conditionala tip I si II (intamplare)
 Dupa verbe de emotie: to feel sory, to be delighted, to be annoyed, to be shocked
 Dupa: don’t think why, see no reason why, can’t think why

8. Ought to ( = ar trebui, s-ar cuveni)

 Exprima o datorie, obligatie morala

  Ought to + Infinitive Perfect = datorie, obligatie neimplinita
Ex: You ought to have waited until the light were green.

9. Would

 Exprima o cerere politicoasa : Would you pass..., Would you please..., Would you be so kind..., Would you mind+
V (-ing)

 Exprima o actiune repetata in trecut si incetata prezent (obisnuiam sa...)

 Diferenta dintre used to si would+infinitiv este ca al doilea se foloseste narativ
 Apare dupa wish si if only pentru o dorinta in viitor
 Exprima o probabilitate Ex: That girl would be his sister!
 Exprima o vointa la trecut iar la negativ refuz Ex:She had to go there whether she would or wouldn’t.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES ( Concordanta timpurilor)

Exista 2 cazuri: - timpul din principala e la prezent (Axa prezentului )

- timpul din principala e la trecut(Axa trecutului )

Axa prezentului

1). Propozitia principala ----anterioritate---> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut inaintea celei din
principala)
Present--------------------------------------------Present Perfect

e.g. He tells me that he has come to me.

Imi spune ca a fost pe la mine.

2). Propozitia principala ------simultaneitate--> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut in acelasi timp
cu cea din principala)

Present ------------------------------------------------Present

e.g. He tells me that he comes to me.

Imi spune ca vine la mine.

3). Propozitia principala -----posterioritate---> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut dupa cu cea din
principala)

Present-----------------------------------------------------Future

e.g. He tells me that he will come to me.

Imi spune ca va veni la mine.

Axa trecutului

1). Propozitia principala -----anterioritate---> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut inaintea celei din
principala)

Past tense -------------------------------------------Past perfect

e.g. He told me he had come to me.

Mi-a spus ca a venit la mine.

2). Propozitia principala -----simultaneitate--> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut in acelasi timp
cu cea din principala)

Past tense---------------------------------------------- Past tense

e.g. He told me that he came to me.

Mi-a spus ca vine la mine.

3). Propozitia principala -----posterioritate---> Propozitia secundara ( Actiunea din secundara s-a petrecut dupa cu cea din
principala)

Past tense----------------------------------------------Future in the past

e.g. He told me that he would come to me.

Mi-a spus ca va veni la mine.

Obs.

- Nu se foloseste viitorul dupa:“if”, “whether”, “as soon as”,“as long as”, “whenever”, “after”, “before”, “till”, “until”,
“directly”, “immediately”.

e.g. He tells me that he will help me when he has time.

He told me that he would help me when he had time.

- In propozitiile atributive introduse de that nu se respecta corespondenta timpurilor.

e.g. I saw a house that I liked / I like.

- In propozitiile comparative introduse de than nu se respecta corespondenta timpurilor.

e.g. Last year he learnt better than he learns this year.

THE CONDITIONAL

Main clause.............. if ..................Secondary Clause

I. FUTURE ……………………………………… PRESENT (Regula I se foloseste cu referire la o actiune viitoare)

I shall write the letter if you give me the address.

II. PRESENT CONDITIONAL.............PAST TENSE (Regula II se foloseste cu referire la o actiune prezenta )

I shouldn’t go there if I were you.

III. PERFECT CONDITIONAL………………PAST PERFECT (Regula III se foloseste cu referire la o actiune trecuta)

(Should/would + have +f.III )

I should have got a good mark if I had learnt my lesson.

I.
Voi citi cartea aceasta daca mi-o vei imprumuta.
I shall read this book if you lend it to me.

II.
As citi cartea acesta daca mi-ai imprumuta-o.
I should read this book if you lent it to me.
III.
As fi citit cartea aceasta daca mi-ai fi imprumutat-o.
I should have read this book if you had lent it to me.

Obs.

If+will+infinitive (=be willing/not mind) - it is frequently used in polite requests

e.g. If you will wait a moment.

If+should+infinitive (should used for all persons-->less likely conditions)

e.g. If Tom should come he' ll bring you the book. --> este putin probabil
e.g. Should he come he' ll bring you the book.
(inversion, should replaces if)

if not = unless (+ verb la afirmativ)

e.g. Mrs. Brown won't buy this dress unless her husband likes it.

THE PASSIVE VOICE ( Diateza pasiva)

Ca si in lb. romana exista si in lb.engleza 3 diateze:

- d. activa = actiunea o face un subiect e.g Eu spal vasele / I wash dishes

- d. pasiva = actiunea verbului e suportata de catre subiect e.g Vasele sunt spalate de mine / The dishes are washed by me
- d. reflexiva = actiunea e facuta si suportata de subiect e.g Eu ma spal / I wash myself

Marca diatezei pasive este verbul TO BE utilizat ca auxiliar

Diateza pasiva se formeaza astfel: Subiect + verbul TO BE la timpul cerut de context + Participiu trecut al vb de
conjugat (adica V3 in cazul vb neregulate sau V+ ed in cazul vb regulate)

TENSES ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present I drive I am driven

Simple Past I drove I was driven
Present Perfect I have driven I have been driven
Past Perfect I had driven I had been driven
will-future I will drive I will be driven
Future Perfect I will have driven I will have been driven

Present Continuous I am driving I am being driven

Past Continuous I was driving I was being driven
*
Present Perfect Continuous I have been driving I have been being driven
Past Perfect Continuous I had been driving * I had been being driven
Future Continuous I will be driving * I will be being driven
Future Perfect Continuous I will have been driving * I will have been being driven

* ACESTEA SUNT FORME FOARTE RAR UTILIZATE

e.g Simple Present Peter drives a car. A car is driven by Peter.
Simple Past Peter drove a car. A car was driven by Peter.
Present Perfect Peter has driven a car. A car has been driven by Peter.
Past Perfect Peter had driven a car. A car had been driven by Peter.
Will - future Peter will drive a car. A car will be driven by Peter.

GERUND Vs. INFINITIVE

THE GERUND (-ING) is used:

a). after verbs commonly followed by the –ing form:

admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dread, endure,
enjoy, escape, excuse, face, finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, involve, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, postpone,
practise, recollect, resent, resist, risk, suggest, understand

e.g. He suggested going to the cinema.

Try to avoid using the car.

b). after verbs with prepositions:

accuse of, agree with, approve /disapprove of, consist in, excuse from, insist on, prevent from, rely on, succeed in,
decide against, apologize for, think of/about, suspect of, congratulate on, thank for, forgive for, warn against

c). after phrasal verbs:

to go on, to keep on, to give up, to put off, to get through, to leave off

d). after the expressions:

can’t help, can’t stand, can’t bear, it’s no fun / good / use, to be looking forward to, to be worth (while), to feel like, to
have difficulty in, it’s a waste of money / time, spend / waste (time), to be accustomed to, to be used to, burst out
(laughing, crying), to keep (somebody waiting)
e.g. I am used to waiting for the bus for a long time.
We are looking forward to receiving your reply.

e). after be/get + adj / past participle + preposition:

to be afraid of, to be agreeable to, to be annoyed at, to be capable of, to be intent on, to be interested in, to be
responsible for, to be surprised at, to be/get used to, to be tired of/fed up with, to be keen on / fond of, to be
enthusiastic about, to be experienced in, to be good / clever / skilful at, to be opposed to, to be bored with, to be afraid
/ scared of

f). Go and come can be followed by the –ing form when used in expressions connected with sports and other (mainly
physical) activities:

e.g. Why don’t you come skating with me.

I usually go shopping on Friday afternoons

THE INFINITIVE

a). verbs commonly followed by the to infinitive:

afford, agree, appear, arrange, attempt, care, choose, consent, decide, determine, endeavor, fail, happen, hesitate,
hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, swear, undertake

Notice the negative form with NOT TO.

e.g. They agreed to leave in the morning.

He happened to meet Paul at the station.
I’ll pretend not to see you.
I wouldn’t dare (to) ask him. But: I daren’t tell him what happened.

b). verbs commonly followed by an object + infinitive:

want, ask, expect, help, mean (intend), would like, would prefer

e.g. Can somebody help him (to) move this table?

Everyone wanted him to win the race.

Tell, remind, force, enable, persuade, order, warn, invite, teach, get (persuade)

e.g. I got Jack to repair my car.

Advise, recommend, encourage, allow, permit, forbid, force

e.g. He doesn’t allow anyone to smoke in this house. (BUT He doesn’t allow smoking in this house).

Make, let (verb + infinitive)

e.g. They made me do it

Let them go.

GERUND OR INFINITIVE?

Need

need + Infinitive = it's necessary

e.g. He needs to work harder.

Need + Gerund = it needs to be done

e.g. This jacket is rather dirty. It needs cleaning.

Begin, cease, start are followed by the infinitive when they express a mental activity.
e.g. At last, the boy began to understand.

Begin, cease are usually followed by the Infinitive when expressing an involuntary action.
e.g. It began to snow.
Begin, cease are usually followed by the Gerund when it expresses a deliberate action.
e.g. The man began eating.

Chance

Chance + to Infinitive = din intamplare

e.g. He chanced to find the letter while he was looking for a book.
Chance = Gerund – implica actiune voluntara
e.g. As they were running he chanced jumping into the water.

Go on
Go on + Infinitive = refers to a new aspect
e.g. Anne turned on the light and went on to read.
Go on + Gerund = to continue the activity
e.g. We went on looking at the pictures. (am continuat sa…)

stop
stop + Infinitive = in order to
e.g. When he saw us, he stopped to look at us.
Stop + Gerund = to cease
e.g. The girl stopped singing.

Try
Try + Infinitive = to make an effort / attempt
e.g. Please try to be quiet when you come home because everyone will be asleep.
Try + Gerund = to try the alternative, make the experiment
e.g. Paul has got a terrible headache. He tried taking an aspirin, but it didn’t help.

Remember
Remember + Infinitive = not forget
e.g. Please remember to post the letter.
Remember + Gerund = you remember doing something after you did it
e.g. I clearly remember locking the door before I left. (I locked it and now I clearly remember this)

like
like + Infinitive = to prefer, to want
e.g. I like to do something = I find it good or right to do something.
like + Gerund = I enjoy
e.g. Do you like cooking? ( = do you enjoy it?)

I don’t like swimming. (= I dislike, I hate)

I don’t like driving. ( = I don’t enjoy it)

Verbele neregulate:
http://www.lingolex.com/simplepast/allverbs.htm
http://website.lineone.net/~eshp/verbs.htm

Substantive neregulate:
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/pluralsl.htm

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/index.cfm
http://www.englishforum.com
http://www.ilovelanguages.com/
http://www.dailygrammar.com/archive.shtml
http://www.english-online.org.uk/course.htm
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/grammar.htm
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/bryson.htm
http://efl.bravepages.com/grammar.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20011024222309/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/2527/presentperfect.html
http://eslzone1.tripod.com/eslzone1-tenses/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/words/grammar/
http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~jlynch/Writing/contents.html
http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/
http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/grlinkte.htm
http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~lfried/grammar/grammar.html
http://www.yellowallet.com.br/Gerund%20or%20Infinitive.htm
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/newlessonf.php

Pronuntie:
http://international.ouc.bc.ca/pronunciation/

Teste:
http://secure.vec.bc.ca/vec/online-test.cfm
http://dias.marcom-education.com/viewForm.php?CustomerId=1&FormId=2