Chapter 6

Rizal wrote mainly in Spanish which was the lingua franca of the Philippines under the
Spanish regime. Some of his letters though were written in Tagalog. Most of his works have
been translated into a number of languages.

Here is a list of the popular literary works which Jose Rizal produced during his lifetime.
Some other works may have been missed in the list.

Rizal’s Poems
1. Sa Aking mga.Kabata, 1869
Remarks: Written at age 8, is a poem about the love of one's native language.

2. Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First inspiration), 1874

Remarks: Written at age 13 during his third academic year at Ateneo de Municipal.
Rizal was happy to see his mother, Dona Teodora Alonso released from prison.

3. Al Nino Jesus (To the Child Jesus),1875

Remarks: Written at age 14 during his stay in Ateneo Municipal, this poem is
classified as an "Octave Real" having eight verses only— the standard of Spanish poetry.
This poem is one of the two religious poems that he wrote.

4. Felicitacion (Felicitation), 1875

Remarks: Written at are 14, a poem felicitating RizaI's brother-in-law Antonino Lopez,
husband of his sister Narcisa, on his saint's day.

5. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The Embarkation: A Hymn to Ferdinand

Magellan's fleet), 1875

6. Y Es Espanol: Elcano, El Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo (And He is Spanish: Elcano,

the first to circumnavigate the World,) 1875 December
Remarks: This is about Juan Sebastian Elcano, a Spanish Basque, Ferdinand Magellan's
second in command, who upon Magellan's death on the shores of Mactan in the Philippines,
took over and completed the first circumnavigation of the world.

7. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Job (The Baffle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo), 1875
December
Remarks: This was to hail Urbiztondo for the successful battle against the Muslims,
Rizai narrated how the great warrior defeated the Maros under Sultan Mahumat of Jolo.

8. A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary), 1876 December 3

Remarks: Written at age 15, this is another religious writing of Jose Rizal in praise of the
Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ

9. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (Memories of My Town), 1876

Remarks: Written at age 15, this poem is about the town of Calamba, Rizal’s birth place,
which he loved dearly.

10. El Cautivero y El Triunfo: Batalla de Lucena y Prision de Boabdil (The Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil), 1876 December
Remarks: This poem describes the defeat and capture of Boabdil, last Moorish sultan of
Granada.

11. Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolicos en Granada (The Triumphant Entry of the
Catholic Monarchs into Granada), 1876 December
Remarks: This poem relates the triumphant entry of Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain's “Most
Catholic Kings,” into the city of Granada in 1492. This entry is one of the most
powerful symbolic moments in Spanish history.

12. Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria, 1876 (Education Gives Luster to Motherland)
Remarks: Written in 1876 during his fifth year in Bachiller en Artes Ateneo
Municipal. It speaks of the Jesuits who established a strong relationship between
education and faith, the ratio studiorum (plan of studies). It advocates the importance of
education at a very young age. Education was compared to the goddess of light, wisdom,
hope, peace, and truth.

13. Alianza intima Entre La Religion y La Buena Educacion (the Intimate Alliance
Between Religion and Good Education), 1876
Remarks: Written at age 15

14. Ft La Tragedia de San Eustaquio (The Tragedy of St. Eustace), 1876 June
Remarks: This poem recounts the tragic story of St. Eustace.

15. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus),1877

Remarks: This poem praises Columbus for his adventurous spirit and his success as
an explorer.

16. Colon y Juan H (Columbus and John), 1877

Remarks: The poem relates how the King of Portugal, John II missed fame and riches
bv hip failure to finance the expedition of Columbus to the New World.

17. Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune),1878.

Remarks: This is a legend in verse of the tragic life of Columbus, the person credited
For discovering America.

18. Un Dialogo Alusive a la Despedida de los Cogiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students),
1878
Remarks: A farewell poem written during his last days at Ateneo Municipal.

19. A La Juventud Filipina (To the Philippine Youth), 1879

Remarks: Written at age 18, this poem gained recognition from known Spanish authors. The
poem contains the nationalistic sentiment insinuating that the Filipino youth is the “fair hope of
the Motherland.”

20. Abd-El-Azis y Mahoma (Abd-El-Azis and Mohammed), 1879 December

Remarks: Declaimed by Manuel Fernandez on December 8, 1879 in honor of the Ateneo’s
Patroness. The poem features the struggle between the Spaniards and the Moors in Spain.

21. A Filipinas (To the Philippines), 1880 February

Remarks: This is a sonnet for the Sea of Sculptures. The poem describes how beautiful the
Philippines is. He also referred the Philippines as his muse.

22. Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon (To M.R.P. Pablo Ramon), 1881

Remarks: Pablo Ramon was the Ateneo rector whom Rizal considered a very good and
helpful friend

23. A Fragment (Untitled, undated).

Remarks: Rizal dedicated this poem to his Creator as thanksgiving for the comfort he had
while he was in trouble. He believed that his Creator is a merciful and loving God. He also
mentioned that his Creator was a God of freedom that lets followers find their own fate.
The last stanza of the poem reflects Rizal’s gratitude to his creator for his
honorable parents, t h e l i f e h e e x p e r i e n c e d , a n d f o r t h e c o u n t r y t h a t m o l d e d
him through fortune and prudence lacked during this time.

24. Alin Mang Lahi(“Whate’er the Race), a kundiman attributed to Rizal

25. Adios A Leonor (Goodbye to Leonor), 1882

Remarks: It is an octave type of poetry written before his departure for Europe
in 1882. This poem is dedicated to his most beloved, Leonor Rivera, the lady to
whom he was engaged to be married.
26. Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses!), 1882 October
Remarks: Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippines and was
requested to write a poem which he personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve
reception held on Dec. 31, 1882.

27. A La Senorita C.O. y R. (To Miss Consuelo Ortiga y Rey), 1883 August 22, Madrid
Remarks: This poem was dedicated to Miss Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, daughter of the
v ic e p re s id e n t o f t h e Co u n ci l o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , M r . P a b l o O r t i g a y R e y ,
w h o s residence at Madrid was frequented by the Filipinos, including Rizal. In this poem of love,
Jose Rizal tries to express his feelings to Miss Consuelo Ortiga y R ey.

28. Alas Flores de Heidelberg (To the Flowers of Heidelberg), 1886 A pril 22, Germany
Remarks: While viewing the cool banks of the Neckar River, Rizal was fascinated by the flowers along its
banks.

29. Canto de Maria Clara (The Song of Maria Clara from Noli Me Tangere), 1887

30. Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn to Labor), 1888

Remarks: Rizal wrote this poem for Lipa in 1888 in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa (city)
by virtue of the Becerra Law in 1888, which was unique and far different from the others in the sense that
it prepared other members of a group to join the hymn.

31. A Mi Musa (To My Muse), 1890 December 15, La Solidaridad using the pen name Laong Laan
Remarks: The poem shows Rizal’s disappointment over the half-hearted attitude of the Filipinos
expatriates working for the reforms in Spain. This poem expressed his bitterness over the troubles in
Calamba.

32. Kundiman (Love Song), 1891 September 12

Remarks: The theme of the poem is Rizal's intense love for his Motherland. His words showed his
optimism that Philippines would be freed from injustice and bondage.

33. El Agua y El Fuego (Water and Fire), 1891

Remarks: This poem is a very short composition excerpt from the novel El Filibusterismo, Chapter "Bajo
Cubierta". The chapter mentions Isagani, one of the many characters of the novel, when he expressed
some grievances to Simoun Ibarra when they met in the ship going to Laguna de Bay.

34. Flor Entre Flores (Flower Among Flowers)

Remarks: This is an incomplete madrigal inspired by a precious young girl. This poem is a 48-lined verse
which talks about romance centered in the alluring beauty the poet's object of affection. Rizal indicated in
this poem that this girl is a flower among flowers that stands out with her soft bud which brings joy to all
she meets. It seenin the poem that this girl manifests that life without sorrow is possible with her as
mentioned as rose with no thorns.

35. To Josephine, 1895

Remarks: Rizal wrote this poem for Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman who went to Dapitan to have her
father George Taufer (Bracken was his adopted daughter), treated for an eye problem. Rizal married her
although without the Church's blessing because Rizal didn't agree to the priest's precondition of retraction.
Bracken conceived but had a stillbirth.

36. Himno Al Talisay (Hymn to Talisay), 1895 October

Remarks: Written while he was on exile in Dapitan

37. Mi Retiro (My Retreat), 1895

Remarks: Written as a reply to his request to describe his life in exile in Dapitan. Rizal expressed his
lonely life in his exile, becoming appreciative and sentimental about his life, nature, and surroundings. Mi
Retiro served as Rizal's autobiography in Dapitan. He described his but near the shore where the sand is
finer. He also described the sound of the animals and calm skies. Though full of gloom because of being
alone, Rizal managed to live, making his loved ones and the past memories as his inspirations.
38. El Canto Del Viaiero (The Song of the Traveler), 1896
Remarks: Written when Rizal received a letter from Governor Blanco on July 1, 1896, that his volunteer
application for medical service in Cuba was accepted.

39. Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell), 1896 December

Remarks: The most famous of Rizal's poems. This is his last poem written on the eve of his execution.
Originally, the poem was without a title and was not signed. The title was given by Father Mario Dacanay,
a Filipino priest-patriot. It was published for the first time in La Independencia, a newspaper of Gen.
Antonio Luna on Sept. 25, 1898, a year and a half after Rizal's execution. Currently, there are twenty-
eight translations of the poem.

Rizal's Novels
From La Revolucion Filipino
by Apolinario Mabini translated by Leon Ma. Guerrero

Articles published in a fortnightly were obviously not enough to attract the attention of the Spanish
government. Seeing that Marcelo del Pilar was editing the paper with rare ability, assisted by a sufficient
number of competent contributors, Rizal left its staff to give his work a more fit and forceful vehicle. It was
necessary to, picture the miseries of the Filipinos more movingly, so that the abuses, and the afflictions
they caused might be publicly revealed in the most vivid colors of reality. Only a novel could combine all
these attractions, and Rizal set himself to writing novels. The preface of the "Noli Me Tangere" states the
purpose of its author, which was no other than to expose the sufferings of the Filipino people to the public
gaze, as the ancients did with their sick so that the merciful and generous might suggest and apply a
suitable care. The principal character of the novel was the only scion of a wealth family of mixed Spanish
and Filipino blood. Ibarra for that was the name he bore, had been enrolled at a very early age in the
Ateneo, the Manila municipal school run by the Jesuits; afterward his father had sent him to Europe to
complete his studies. Having had little to do there with his countrymen, it was not to be wondered at that
upon his return to the islands Ibarra should know so little about his own country that when Elias
approached him in the name of the persecuted and oppressed , appealing to him to work for the reforms
that could mitigate their fate he should answer that he was convinced it was not yet time to change the
existing regime in the islands because it was the most suitable for the present state of development of the
Filipinos. It could not be doubted that Ibarra really loved his country, and yet, in all faith, he believed what
he said because he was happy, because he loved with all his heart a childhood friend, the daughter of
the friar who was the parish priest of his hometown, and his, love as tenderly returned. In one of those
poet ic outbursts proper to those in love, he promised his sweetheart, the personification of his native
land, that he would undertake at his own cost the construction of public works much needed in the town,
such as a good building for a public school.

For his part the parish priest could not allow, and felt it his obligation to prevent, the union of his
daughter with Ibarra because the Filipinos and their families were subjected to a thousand persecutions
and it were better for her to marry a Spaniard that she might live peacefully in the company of her
children. Besides, lbarra was a subversive who did not even kiss his hand and whose attitude, although
polite, was far from the servile submission required from natives. His anger knew no bounds when the
town mayor informed him of lbarra’s plan to build a school-house, and he exploded into such terrible
fulminations of reprisal against any who might collaborate in the Project that the young man had to have
recourse to the provincial governor, the director general of civil administration and the governor general
himself. These authorities lent him their support, but, at the laying of the cornerstone of the school, only
Elias saved him by a miracle from certain death.

The young man's situation became more crucial when another friar fell hopelessly in love with his
sweetheart. No Filipino in those times could doubt that the enemy of one friar was the enemy of his
Order, and that the enemy of two friars was that of all the religious Orders put together. So, it came to
pass that, when least expected, a riot broke out to murder the parish priest who, oddly enough, was not to
be found in the parish-house, while the constabulary, on the other hand, was able to surprise and capture
a number of the rioters. Whoever among the latter refused to point to lbarra as the leader and instigator of
the insurrection was tortured to death; the stronger ones preferred to die rather than to lie, but many gave
in to the severity of their sufferings and in the face of death. lbarra, warned in time by Elias, was able to
escape from the torture and fled to Manila, turning himself in to the higher authorities, who had him shut
up in Fort Santiago. Elias saved him anew and, once outside the fortress, told lbarra that he had buried
the latter's money and treasure in a place he described, adding that with these resources Ibarra could live
abroad and work from there for the deliverance of his countrymen. Ibarra, because of his wealth and
greater learning, would be more useful than Elias, and for this reason Elias, in an effort to save Ibarra from
a constabulary pursuit party that was almost upon him, drew them off the track and was killed.

The book contains various other scenes from Philippine life as it actually was, which are arranged
artistically in the novel to give unity of time and place and heighten the interest of the reader. The work's
second volume, entitled "El Filibusterismo," continues the story: lbarra had escaped abroad where he had
grown wealthy from trade; moving on to Cuba, as a jeweler, he had won the friendship of the governor
general of the island with expensive gifts, and lent them the money needed to secure from the Ministry a
transfer to the Philippines, where the governorship was more lucrative. Thus, under another name and
with the security afforded by his position as the new governor general's intimate friend and confidante, his
eyes always covered by enormous dark glasses to avoid his being recognized, Ibarra was able to return
to. the Philippines and dedicate himself, heart, and soul, to his campaign of subversion.

This consisted in deepening the blindness and inciting the base passions of the authorities so that,
by carrying to an extreme the abuses and oppressions inflicted on the natives, they should drive the latter
from exasperation to rage and this to revolution. The lamentations of the oppressed reached up o
heaven, and, if they did not move the oppressors to compassion, it was because their hearts were harder
than stone. But in spite of all, the people did not rise, their patience was greater than lbarra's, whose heart
burnt with the desire to avenge his ruined future and lost happiness. Unable to wait any longer, he
prepared a great banquet to be attended by the higher authorities and principal families of Manila and
planted a dynamite mine under the house which would explode before the end of the feast. Then, taking
advantage of the confusion such a disaster would cause, Intramuros, take his sweetheart away from the
Santa Clara nunnery, and escape with her. A Filipino, to whom lbarra confided his plans, was so horrified
by the proposed crime that he frustrated it, and this led to the discovery of the plot, Ibarra, pursued and
mortally wounded, took refuge in the house of Father Florentino, who made him see the error his ways.
Shortly thereafter, overcome by sorrow and remorse because he had not spend his time on useful
benefactions, Ibarra died. Father Florentino, to whom Ibarra had left a chest filled with jewels, threw into
the, sea all the wealth which had been the cause. And origin of untold sufferings, so that it might cease to
work evil, calling instead on the virtuous youths ready to offer the sacrifice of their pure and stainless blood
to obtain from heaven the salvation of the native land.

The foregoing extract from his works shows that Rizal made it his purpose to give, in particular, two
pieces of advice which might serve as warnings not only to the Spaniards but also to the Filipinos. By the
first, he served notice on the Spaniards that, if the Spanish government in order to please the friar
remainead deaf to the demands of the people, the latter would have recourse in, desperation to violent
means and independence relief for its sorrows; and by the second, he warned the Filipinos that if they
should take up their country's cause motivated by personal hatred and ambition, they would, far from
helping it, only make it suffer all the more. He wanted to say those actions would benefit the Filipinos
which were dictated by true patriotism, not only demands the sacrifice to the common good of personal
revenges and ambitions but also requires, when necessary, the disinterestedness and abnegation of
Elias. Did the Spaniards know how to profit by this advice to them? Or the Filipinos by that given to them?
If the reader has the patience to follow me in this brief study, which I shall try to make impartial so it may
be the more enlightening, I hope that at its conclusion he may answer these questions for himself. For the
time being observation that very few Spaniards read Rizal's novel, because they had been written by a
subversive, and that not many Filipinos read them either because their publication and reading in the
islands were prohibited. Sin, says the proverb, in its own explanation.

Rizal's Novels

1. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), 1887

Remarks: The first novel of Jose Rizal. The title is Latin for "Touch me and is taken from John 20:17 in the
Bible, where a newly-risen Jesus admonishes Mary Magdalene: “Touch me not; for I am not yet
ascended to my Father.” Austro-Hungarian writer Ferdinand Blumentritt noted that "Noli Me Tangere”
was a name used by ophthalmologists for cancer of the eyelids. Written to expose the inequities of the
Spanish Catholic priests and the ruling government. After he read Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher
Stowe, he had an inspiration to write his own novel with the same topic-to expose Spanish colonial abuse
in print. The first half of Noli Me Tangere was written in Madrid, Spain from 1884-1885 while Dr. Jose
Rizal was studying for medicine. While in Germany, Rizal wrote the second half of Noli Me Tangere from
time-to-time starting February 21, 1887. At the time when the novel is ready for printing, he ran out of
fund. He contacted his friend, Maximo Viola who agreed to lend him money for publishing. In 1887, the
first edition of Noli was published in Berlin, Germany. To express his gratitude, he gave the original plus
the plume he used to Viola. Rizal also signed the first print and gave it to Viola with dedication. Banned by
Spanish authorities in the Philippines, although copies were smuggled into the country. The first Philippine
edition (and the second published edition) was finally printed in 1899 in Manila by Chofre y Compania in
Escolta.

2. EI Filibusterismo (The Filibustering), 1891

Remarks: El Filibusterismo (Spanish for "The Filibustering"). Second novel written by Jose Rizal. It is the
sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Written about four years after the Noli. Rizal started writing El Filibusterismo in
October 1887 in Calamba during his first homecoming. The novel was written against the background of
threats and oppressions that he and his family suffered because of the Noli and the Calamba agrarian
trouble. Continued writing and revising the novel in London, Paris, and Brussels in 1888. Completed the
novel by March 29, 1891 in Biarritz. Initially, Rizal financed El Fili's printing by pawning his properties. Due
to lack of funds, Valentin Ventura partially financed the novel's publication. 47 whole pages from the 279-
page manuscript were removed to save printing expenses. Finally Published on September, 1891, in
Ghent. The 'Filibusterismo' in the novel's title is derived from the simpler term 'filibustero'. "The word
"filibustero" according to Rizal means a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged or well, a
presumptuous man." Hence, the word 'filibustero' contextually means subversive, dissident, revolutionary,
seditious, insurrectionary, and treasonous. Rizal dedicated the book to the memory of the Gomburza, the
three Filipino patriotic priests who were accused of being 'filibustero' and thus executed. As
a continuation of the Noli, the El Filibusterismo exposes the real picture of Filipino
society at the hands of the Spanish authorities.

3. Makamisa (After Mass), undated

Remarks: Makamisa is the unfinished novel by Jose Rizal. The original manuscript was found by
historian Ambeth Ocampo 1987 while he was going through a 245-page Collection of papers. This draft
is written in pure, vernacular. Lagunense Tagalog and has no written direct signature or date of
inscription. The novel has only one chapter. Itruns for only ten pages and is hand-written in the old
orthographic ancillary glyphs. Although written in a different language, its style, characterization and
setting mirror those of Rizal's two previous works which he wrote in Spanish. The novel explores the
rnysterious ill-temperament of the town curate, Padre Agaton.
Rizal later restarted work on Makamisa, using Spanish. However, the novel remained unfinished.
("Makamisa - Wikipedia," 2017)

4. Visita del Senor a Filipinas (The Lord Gazes at the Philippine islands), undated
Remarks: Unfinished Novel

Rizal’s Short Stories

1. La Vision de Fray Rodriguez

Remarks: This is a satire that pictures a conversation between Saint Augustine and the
Augustinian Friar Jose Rodriguez. To counter the effects of "Noli Me Tangere,"
especially those from Fr. Jose Rodriguez, Jose Rizal wrote La Vision del Fray Rodriguez"
through a small pamphlet. He used his pen name Dimas Alang and made
it as a satire with a simple plot. Saint Augustine criticizes the priest on his beliefs and
actions which oppose the priesthood. He also reveals the priest's abusive actions
performed using the Catholic Church's name. Saint Augustine goes on to great lengths
of criticizing the friar's deficiency in understanding Christian teachings and doctrines.
To punish him, Saint Augustine attacks his stubbornness combined with stupidity
through writing "so that the world will laugh" at him. In reality, Friar Jose Rodriguez
was an Augustinian priest who criticized "Noll Me Tangere." He wrote pamphlets such
as "Cuestiones de Sumo Interes" and "Caiingat Caro." He said that Rizal's novel was
heretical. Thus, Rizal responded to the friar's claims through his satire. He published
it in Barcelona in 1889. This was published secretly because of its critical nature to
friars). With this, the Philippines only had limited number of copies since the Spanish
officials then ordered the destruction and confiscation of the pamphlet. ("La Vision de
Fray Rodriguez - Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia," 2017)
 Rizal’s Plays

1. San Euistaquio, Martyr (Saint Eustache, Martyr), 1876

Remarks: This is a play written in Spanish poetic verse in 1876 out of a Spanish translation in
prose from its original Italian version when he was 14, It serves as a composition exercise for
his class with Father Fr. Francisco Paula de Sanchez. This play centers on the legend of
Saint Eustache, likewise known as Eustace or Eustathius, a Christian martyr. He lived in the
2nd century AD and was known for his faith and valor.) ("St. Eustache, Martyr - Wikipilipinas:
The Hip’ in Free Philippine Encyclopedia," 2016)

2. El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods), 1879

Remarks: In 1880, when Jose Rizal was studying at the University of Santo Tomas
(U.S.T.), he joined another literary contest sponsored by the Artistic-Litergy Lyceum
which commemorates the 264th death anniversary of Cervantes, “Spain's most
glorified man-of-Letter” and world-renowned author of the classic "Don Quixote:
Scholars, journalists, writers, priests, and professor from U.S.T. participated just as
Rizal did. This time, he submitted an allegory in prose, "El Consejo de los Dioses (The
Council of the Gods), Full-blooded Spaniards composed the Board of Judges Th
judged each entry without first knowing the authors, since the contestants used 06
names. From there, after reading all the entries, they proclaimed Rizal’s Work as first
prize. However, when they discovered his identity, they took away his, laurel granted it to a
Spaniard, D. N. del Puzo, a writer linked with the Diario de Manila. Afterwards, the judges
conducted a serious and careful appraisal of the writings, and they finally proclaimed Rizal as
the Winner. They awarded him an "anillo de oro con El busto del Principe de los Ingenios
Espanoles." (gold ring with the bust of the genius prince of Spain) "El Consejo de los Dioses
Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia," 2017)

3. Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig), 1880

Remarks: This is a one-act zarzuela in Spanish staged by the Academy of Spanish Literature
members on December 8, 1880. Rizal wrote it to honor Nuestra Senora dela Paz y Buenviaje
de Antipolo (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage). Even when Rizal already graduated from
the Ateneo, and while he is already studying medicine in the University of Santo Tomas
(U.S.T.), he remained close to the Jesuits. As president of the Academy of Spanish Literature
and through his skills in writing he was asked to contribute to the celebration of the feast of
the Immaculate Conception, the college's patroness. From there, he wrote "Junto al Pasig"
and it was staged during 1880's feast. A Spanish professor, Bias Echegoyen, wrote the music
for the choruses.) ("Junto al Pasig Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia,"
2017)

4. Por Telepono (By Phone), 1889

Remarks: This play discusses social issues and plans for the Philippines by two Friars. It was
published in 1889 as a reply to a friar named Fr. Salvador Font in connection to
his discrimination about Noll Me Tangere apd for initiating the banning of Noli in the fall of
1889. The first pamphlet was printed in Barcelona under the authorship of Dimas Alang) ("For
Telefono Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia," 2017)

Rizal's Essays, Letters, Speeches, etc.

1. “Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila," 1872.

Remarks: Written from 1879 to 1881 (aged 17-20) this is the memoirs or reminiscences of
Jose Rizal as a student using P. Jacinto as penname.

2. "El Amor Patrio" (The Love of Country) by Laong Laan,1882 August, Diariong Tagalog
Remarks: Aims to establish nationalism and patriotism among the natives. It was also
intended for Rizal's compatriots in Spain, as nationalism should be exercised anywhere a
person is.

3. "Revista De Madrid" (Review of Madrid), 1882 November 29. (Unpublished)

4. "Pensamientos De Un Filipino" (Reactions of A Filipino), 1883-1885, Madrid, Spain

Remarks: Speaks of a liberal minded and anti-friar Filipino.

5. "Farewell to 1883," 1883 December 31, Speech

6. Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo," 1884

Remarks: Speech given at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid, on June 25, 1884, in honor of Juan
Luna, winner of the gold medal for his painting "El Expoliarium," and Felix Resureccion
Hidalgo, winner of a silver medal for his painting "Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al
Populacho" at la Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Art de Madrid

7. "Ma-yi" Ma-yi) 1888 December 6, London

Remarks: A historical commentary

8. Acerca de Tawalisi de Ibn Batuta,"1889 January 7, London

Remarks: A historical commentary on "Tawalisi," the northern part of Luzon and
the adjoining islands.

9. "La Political Colonial On Filipinas" (Colonial Policy in The Philippines), London

Remarks: A historical. Commentary

10. "Manila En El Mss De Diciembre" (Manila on the Month of December), London

Remarks: A historical commentary

11. "Historia De La Familia Rizal De Calamba (History of The Rizal Family of

Calamba), London
Remarks: A historical commentary

12. "Los Pueblos Del Archipelago Indico (The People of the Indian Archipelago), London
Remarks: A historical commentary

13. Ang Liham ni Dr. J ose Rizal sa mga Kadalagahan sa Malolos, Bulakan (To the Young
Women of Malolos, Bulacan) 1889 February, London
Remarks: Written in Tagalog, this essay directly addressed to the Malolos, Bulacan was
written as a response to Marcelo H. Del Filar's request. Rizal was greatly impressed by the
bravery of the 20 young women of were planning to establish a school where they could learn
Spanish despite the opposition of Fr. Felipe Garcia, Spanish parish priest of Malolos.

14. "Los Agricultores Filipinos" (The Filipino Farmers), 1889 March 25, La Solidaridad
Remarks: A depiction of the deplorable conditions of the Filipino farmers in the Philippines.

15. "A La Defensa" (To La Defensa), 1889 April 30, La Solidaridad

Remarks: An argument against the anti-Filipino article by Patricio de la Escosura published by
La Defensa on March 30, 1889 issue. Rizal rebutted the views of Escosura and cites the
insidious influences of the friars to the country.

16."Los Viajes" (The Travels) by Laong Laan, 169 May 15, La Solidaridad
Remarks: The benefits for people who are well-traveled.

17."La Verdad Para Todos" (The Truth for All), 1889 May 31, Solidaridad
Remarks: An argument against the Spanish charges that the natives were ignorant and
depraved

18. Specimens of Tagal Folklore, 1889

Remarks: Filipino proverbs and puzzles.

19. Two Eastern Fables, 1889 June

Remarks: A comparative study of the Japanese and Philippine folklore: The Filipino "The
Tortoise and the Monkey" and the Japanese "Baru Kani Kassen (Battle of the Monkey and
the Crab).
20. "Vicente Barrantes' Teatro Tagalo," (Vicente Barrantes' Tagalog Theater) 1889 June 15,
La Solidaridad
Remarks: An exposition of Barrantes’ lack of knowledge on the Tagalog theatrical art. In
1888, Vicente Barrantes, twice a colonial official in Spanish Philippines, published an essay
on the Tagalog theater. A year later, it provoked a strongly worded rebuttal from Jose Rizal.

21. Estado de religiosidad de los pueblos en Filipinas" (The Religiosity of the Filipino People).
Remarks: Rizal discussed about the different arts of the Spanish Catholicism in his time. He
made clear in his essay that he doesn't oppose the church but rather the friars running it. He
also emphasized on how important education is during his time.)

22. "Defensa del Noli" (Defense of ‘Noli’) 1889, June 18, La Solidaridad
Remarks: A defense of the novel Noli Me Tangere.

23. "Verdades Nuevas" (New Facts/ New Truths), 1889 July 31, La Solidaridad
Remarks: A reply to the letter of Vicente Belloc Sanchez which was published on July 4, 1889
in 'La ['atria', a Madrid newspaper. Rizal argued against Sanchez' allegation that provision of
reforms to the Philippines would destroy the diplomatic rule of the friars.

24. "Una Profanacion" (A Desecration/ A Profanation), 1889 July 31, La Solidaridad

Remarks: An attack to the friars for refusing to give Mariano Herhosa, Rizal's
brother in law, who died of cholera in May 23, 1889 a Christian burial.

25. "Crueldad" (Cruelty), 1889 August 15, La Solidaridad

Remarks: A defense of Blumenfritt from the libelous attacks of his enemies.

26. "Diferencias" (Differences), 1889 September 15, La Solidaridad

Remarks: An argument against the article "Old Truths," which was printed in La Patna on
August 14, 1889. "Old Truths" scorned those Filipinos who asked for reforms.

27. "Inconsequencias" (Inconsequences), 1889 November 30, La Solidaridad

Remarks: A defense for Antonio Luna against the attacks of the Spanish Pablo Mir Deas in
the Barcelona newspaper "El Pueblo Soherano".

28. Llanto Y Risas" (Tears and Laughter), 1889 November 30, La Solidaridad
Remarks: A condemnation of the racial prejudice of the Spanish against the brown race. Rizal
recalled that he earned first prize in a literary contest in 1880 but such honor was taken away
from him because he had a brown skin complexion.

29. Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the
Philippine Islands), 1889

30. "Filipinas Dentro De Cien Anos" (The Philippines a Century Hence),1889-90

September
Remarks: A socio-political essay written in four parts by Jose Rizal. It is one of the
most significant political works of the Filipino Reform movement in Spain. He
underscores the need to establish a new kind of political relationship between Spain and the
Philippines if the former does not wish a total break-up with the latter. Spain is being given a
sort of ultimatum: reform or independence. But more than a warning, the article is a sensible
request of an affectionate son who sincerely wishes to avoid a bloody separation between
Spain and the Philippines. He ends his article with a prediction on the possible political
intervention of European or neighboring powers or even that of the United States of America
should the Philippines declare itself independent from Spain. He dismisses that possibility,
given the existence of other more enticing economic prospects. Due to his idealistic and over-
trusting nature he fails to see through the greed and ambitions of the United States of
America and Japan, who under the pretext of the Manifest Destiny and Co-Prosperity Sphere
crushed the Philippines within a century, respectively in 1899 and in 1941.

31. "A La Patria" 1889 November 15, La Solidaridad

32. "Ingratitudes" (Ingratitude), 1890 January 15, La Solidaridad
Remarks: A reply to Governor General Weyler who told the people in Calamba that they
"should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain promises of their ungrateful sons."
Governor General Weyler was reacting to Rizal's project of relocating the oppressed and
landless Calamba tenants to North Borneo.

33. Reply to Barrantes' Criticism of the Noli Me Tatigere, 1890 January 15

34. "Sin Nombre" (Without Name) 1890 February 28, La Solidaridati

Remarks: It attacked the dismissal of the 1888 petition of the Calambeflos asking for
government intervention to avert the harassments of the Izermano administrador.

35. "The Philippines at the Spanish Congres," 1890 March 31

36. "Sobre La Nueva Ortografia De La Lengua Tagala" (On The New Orthography of
the Tagalog Language), 1890 April 1, La Solidaritiad
Remarks: An advocacy of a new spelling in Tagalog. It lays down the rules of the new
Tagalog orthography and gives credit to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, author of
"El Sanscrito en la Lengua Tagala" (Sanskrit in the Tagalog Language) which was
published in Paris in 1884.

37. "Let us be Just," 1890 April 15

38. "Cosas de Filipinas" (Things about the Philippines) 1890 April 30, La Solidaridad

39. “More on the Negros Affair,” 1890 May 15

40. “Sosobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinas” (On The Indolence of the Filipinos) 1890 July 15,
31, August 1, 31, September 1, La Solidaridad.
Remarks: Arguments against the accusations by Spaniards that Filipinos were
indolent (lazy) during the Spanish reign. Rizal argued that Filipinos are innately
hardworking prior to the rule of the Spaniards. Rizal also explained that Filipinos
were just wise in their level of work under topical climate. He explained, "violent
work is not a good thing in tropical countries as it is would be parallel to death,
destruction, annihilation.

41. "Cowardly Revenge," 1890 August 31

42. "A Reply to Mr. Isabel() de los Reyes," 1890 October 31

43. "F. Pi y Margall: The Struggles of Our Times," 1890 November 15

44. 'Come Se Gobiernan las Filipinas" (How the Philippines is Governed) 1890 December
15, La Solidaridad 45

45. "On the Calamba Incidents," 1890-91

46. "Ang Mga Karapatan Ng Tao" (The Rights of Man), Hong Kong
Remarks: Rizal's Tagalog translation of "The Rights of Man," which was
proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789.

47. "A La Nacion Espanola" (To the Spanish Nation), 1891, Hong Kong
Remarks: An appeal to Spain to rectify the wrongs which the Spanish government and clergy
had done to the Calamba tenants.

48. "Sa Mga Kababayan" (To My Countrymen), 1891 December, Hong Kong
Remarks: The Calamba agrarian situation.

49. "Executives of the town of Calamba," 1891-1892

50. "Rizal's speech delivered at Cafe Habanero," 1891 December 31
51. "Una Visita a La Victoria Gaol" (A Visit to Victoria Gaol), 1892 March 2, Hong Kong
Remarks: An account of Rizal's visit to the colonial prison of Hong Kong. Rizal
compares the harsh Spanish prison system with the humane and modern British
prison system.

52. "Colonizacion Du British North Borneo, Par De Families De Iles Philippines"

(Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from The Philippine Islands)
1892, Hong Kong
Remarks: Rizal ideas on the North Borneo colonization project.

53. "Proyecto De Colonizacien Del British North Borneo Por Los Filipinos" (Project of The
Colonization of British North Borneo by The Filipinos), 1892, Hong Kong
Remarks: Rizal ideas on the North Borneo colonization project

54. "La Mano Roja" (The Red Hand), 1892, Hong-Kong

Remarks: denounces the frequent outbreaks of fires in Manila.

55. "Estatuto de la L. F. (Liga Filipina)" (The Constitution of La Liga Filipina),1892

Remarks: La Liga Filipina was a civic organization founded by the Philippine National Hero,
Jose Rizal in July 3, 1892 in Tondo, Manila. As the founder and consultant of the said
organization, Rizal also prepared the constitution of La Liga Filipina (La ConstituciOn de La
Liga Filipina}. ("La Liga Filipina Constitution - Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine
Encyclopedia," 2017)

56. Letters to Father Pas ells, Dapitan, September 1, 1892, Dapitan, November 11,1892,
Dapitan, January 9, 1893, Dapitan, April 4, 1893
.
57. Rizal-Blumentritt Correspondence
Remarks: More than 50 letters between Jose Rizal and Ferdinand Blumentritt

58. By-laws of the Association of Dapitan Farmers, 1892

59. "Manifesto a Algunos Filipinos" (Manifesto to Certain Filipinos) 1896 December 15,
Fort Santiago
Remarks: Rizal Issues a Manifesto to Proclaim his Innocence on December 15, 1896
during his incarceration in Fort Santiago While awaiting trial, he tried to stop the
rebellion by writing a "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos."

60. "La Instruccion" (The Town Schools in The Philippines) by Laong Laan
Remarks: An assessment of the elementary educational system in the Philippines during his
time. Comparing with the educational systems in Europe, the Spanish-administered education
in his country poor and futile. Hence, he proposes reforms.

61. Order of the Marquis of Malinta

62. Petition of the town of Calamba

63. How to Deceive the Native Land

64. The Diaries of Jose Rizal

65. "Memorial de un gallo" (Memories of a Chicken) Unfinished

Remarks: Written in the first person, it is a fictional autobiography hatched chick trying to
fathom the mysteries of the world outside the secure confines of the eggshell.

Rizal's Paintings
1. Title: Saturnina Rizal
Material: Oil
Remarks: Now in Rizal Shrine in Fort Santiago
2. Title: Dapitan church curtains
Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894

3. Title: A painting on a pair of mother-of-pearl

Material: Oil
Remarks: Shells painted by Rizal in Dapitan and given as a gift to Dona Leonor Valenzuela
and later passed into the hands of Dona Margarita Valenzuela

4. Title: Spanish coat of arms

Material: Water color
Remarks: Done during a fiesta of San Rafael in Calamba in 1867

5. Title: Allegory on a pair of porcelain bases of the new year celebration

Material: Oil
Remarks: Made in Berlin in‘1886

6. Title: Christ crucified

Material: Crayon
Remarks: 1875

7. Title: Immaculate Conception

Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Manila, 1974

8. Title: Portrait of Miguel Morayta

Size: 304x432 cm
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in Barcelona, 1885

Rizal’s Sculptures

1. Title: Triumph of death over Fife Material: Clay

Remarks: Given to Dr. Blumentritt 1890 in 'Brussels

2. Title: Triumph of science over death

Material: Clay
Remarks: Given to Dr. Biumentritt in 1890 in Brussels

3. Title: Bust of Father Jose Guerrico Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan,1894

4. Title: Oyang Dapitana

Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1893 - 1894

5. Title: Model head of a Dapitan girl Material: Clay

Remarks: Made in Dapitan

6. Title: Sacred heart of Jesus

Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila in 1875 - 1877

7. Title: Sacred heart of Jesus

Material: Terra Cotta
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1894

8. Title: Composite statuette (nude lady lying down)

Material: Terra Cotta
Remarks: Molded in Brussels in 1890

9. Title: Mother's revenge

Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1894

10. Title: Josephine Bracken (medallion) Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Dapitan in 1895 - 1896

11. Title: Dr. Francisco Mercado (bust)

Material: Wood
Remarks: life-size. Made Calamaba in 1887 - 1888

12. Title: Prometheus bound

Material: Clay
Remarks: Given to Dr. Biumentritt in 18909 in Brussels

13. Title: Bust of Felix Pardo de Tavera

Remarks: Made in Paris

14. Title: Image of Virgin Maly Material: Wood

Remarks: Made in Ateneo de Manila

15. Title: Wild boar

Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan

16. Title: Orate Frantes (let us pray brethren)

Material: Wax
Remarks: Illustrated in Alejandro's La Senda Del Sacrificio

17. Title: San Antonio de Padua

Material: Clay

18. Title: Bust of Dr. Ricardo Carnicero

Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 1892-1893

19. Title: St. Paul the Hermit

Material: Clay
Remarks: Given as a gift to Fr. Pablo Pastelis by Rizal in Dapitan in 1893

20. Title: Bust of Gen. Blanco

Material: Ivory
Remarks: Made in Dapitan

21. Title: Heads of 3 Beckette Girls

Material: Bas Relief, Clay
Remarks: Made in London, 1888
22. Title: Josephine's Head
Material: Clay
Remarks: Made in Dapitan

23. Title: Two gate columns (depicting busts)

Material: Wood
Remarks: Made in Dapitan when the water service was completed in 1895

24. Title: Parting view of Manila

Material: Pencil
Remarks: Sketchbook of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882
Rizal's Sketches

1. Title: Singapore lighthouse

Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

2. Title: Along Suez Canal

Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

3. Title: Castle of St. Elmo

Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

4. Title: Aden
Material: Ink or pencil
Remarks: Sketch book of Rizal on his first trip on May 1882 or the diary

5. Title: Fishes caught in Dapitan

Material: Ink
Remarks: Made in Dapitan, 18 in number

6. Title: Sketch of himself

Remarks: Made in the training class in sketching

7. Title: Pencil sketch of Dr. Blumentritt

Material: Pencil
Remarks: Made in Leitmeritz, 1886

8. Title: Monkey and the Turtoise

Material: Ink
Remarks: Made by Rizal in the album of Mrs. Juan Luna in Paris in 1886

9. Title: Segunda Katigbak

Material: Ink

10. Title: Brooklyn Bridge

Material: Pencil
Remarks: De Nueva York (illustration) diary. Made in 1886

11. Title: Sulpakan

Material: Ink
Remarks: Epistolario Rizalino

12. Title: Father Pablo Pastells

Remarks: Lost
Title: Room in which El Filibusterismo was begun
Material: Crayon
Remarks: Made in October 1887 in Calamba

Rizal’s Maps and Plans

1. Title: Relief map of Mindanao

Remarks: Made in Dapitan church plaza by the end of 1892

2. Title: Pacific Ocean spheres of influence

Remarks: Made during the administration of Pres. Benjamin Harrison. Mentioned by
Rizal in his Article The Philippines a Century Hence," made in London in 1889.
3. Title: Plan for modern college (front and side views)
4. Remarks: Owned by Dr. L. L. R, apparently in Paris, 1872

5. Title: The lake district of central Luzon

Remarks: Mentioned in "Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila," 1872.

6. Title: Plan of the waterworks in Dapitan

Remarks: Made with Father Sanchez, in Dapitan, 1895

7. Title: Sketch of the Lumanao Hill where jewels were found

Remarks: Owned by Ateneo. Made in 1895