Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
1874. Photograph. Downtown Tacoma. By Ron Karabaich, Collection. Charleston, SC:
Arcadia Publishing, 2009. 11. Print.
This is a photograph taken in 1874 of New Tacoma, a halfway built city. It is
shown from the opinion of a resident, who would have had to deal with how it
looked. This photograph helps show some of the burdens the citizens of Tacoma
had to deal with.
1874. Photograph. Downtown Tacoma. By Ron Karabaich, Collection. Charleston, SC:
Arcadia Publishing, 2009. 14. Print.
This is a photograph of New Tacoma in the 1880s, from the point of view of a
resident. This photograph helps, as it can be compared to an earlier one where
New Tacoma was mostly just a bunch of logs.
1874. Photograph. Downtown Tacoma. By Ron Karabaich, Collection. Charleston, SC:
Arcadia Publishing, 2009. 24. Print.
Taken in 1888, this photograph shows many people celebrating the completion of
the railroad, as they were excited for all of the economic opportunities. This photo
shows a benefit, and how much the people were excited.
1875. Photograph. The Story of Union Station in Seattle. Seattle, WA: Sound Transit,
1999. 5. Print.
This is a photograph from 1877, showing Seattle’s first train passing over the
railroad tracks. It is biased towards the people who were more excited for the
trains to come to Seattle, and had invested in it. I used this photograph to show
how wound up many people were for a railroad in Seattle.
1875. Photograph. The Story of Union Station in Seattle. Seattle, WA: Sound Transit,
1999. 6. Print.
This is another photograph from Seattle, of its first railroad depot. It is biased
towards the people in Seattle who wanted the railroad. This photograph was used
to show how quickly the railroad impacted Seattle, once they finally got one.

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1950s, Decade. "Collecting Iron Horses | Collectors Weekly." Best of Antiques, Vintage,
Collecting | Collectors Weekly. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/collecting-iron-horses/>.
The Minnetonka was the first engine used on the Northern Pacific Railway and
was shipped by boat around Cape Horn. This picture was taken by the company to
show what was like. I used this image to show how the future was impacted.
A Description of the Lands and Country Along the Line of the Northern Pacific Railroad.
1873. Photograph. Tacoma. HistoryLink.org. Web. 7 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=922>.
This poster promotes the Northern Pacific Railroad, along with a large list of the
other terminuses from the railroad. The point of view is from the railroad
company, as they want their railroad to become more popular. I used this image to
show some of the economic benefits that they gained through advertising.
"Commencement Bay." UW Courses Web Server. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.
<http://courses.washington.edu/commbay/frameset_commencement_bay.html>.
This site shows images of Commencement Bay’s early history and ecology. The
drawing I used accurately shows the final product, the terminus. This drawing
made a great addition to my conclusion.
Curtis, Asahel. 1930. Photograph. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 7 Jan.
2011. <http://digitum.washingtonhistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?
CISOROOT=/curtis&CISOPTR=443&CISOBOX=1&REC=3>.
A picture of one of the many trains the Northern Pacific Railroad had, along with
Seattle in the background. There is a bias of the railroad in Seattle in later years,
after some time of just having the Great Northern. I used this picture to help prove
the future successes of the railroad.
Curtis, Asahel. Northern Pacific Train at Seattle. 1927. Photograph. Seattle. Washington
State Historical Society. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://digitum.washingtonhistory.org/cdm4/item_viewer.php?
CISOROOT=/curtis&CISOPTR=434&CISOBOX=1&REC=17>.
This is a photograph of a Northern Pacific Railroad train in Seattle. The bias is
towards the city of Seattle, where they had to wait some time to gain the railroad.

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 This picture helps show that Seattle and Tacoma were able to settle any
differences, and allowed their railroads to share trains.
"General M. M. McCarver." Photograph. Orphan Road: The Railroad Comes to Seattle,
1853-1911. Pullman, WA. Washington State UP, 1999. 32. Print.
This is a painting of General M. M. McCarver, who was one of the major men in
the decision of the terminus. It is biased towards him being a good man, as he
looks good. I used this photograph to show what the people involved looked like.
"Homestead Act of 1862 - Google Search." Google. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.google.com/images?rlz=1T4ADBS_enUS300US300&q=homestead
act of 1862&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&source=univ&ei=3OA4Tdz4CouisQPVhbmFAw&sa=X&oi=image_result_gro
up&ct=title&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQsAQwBA&biw=1621&bih=763>.
The Homestead Act of 1862 was an act made by Abraham Lincoln that promoted
people to develop the west. This was a key moment in the history of the Puget
Sound that eventually led into the need of a Terminus in the Puget Sound region. I
used this source to show what kind of people were involved.
[Indian Ticket, Northern Pacific Railroad]. Northern Pacific Railroad. Print.
This ticket allowed for the passage of one Native American via the train. It was
printed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and is biased towards the white men
who worked on the railroad. This image will be useful to display as an example of
what train tickets looked like in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Jay Cooke. 1875. Photograph. Baker Library, Harvard Business School. Jay Cooke's
Gamble: the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873.
Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2006. Print.
This is a photograph taken of Jay Cooke, a major financer of the Northern Pacific
Company, from 1875. The photograph has a bias towards Cooke, as he hired a
company to take good photographs of him. I used this picture to show one of the
major people involved in the choice of the terminus.
"Locating the Terminus." Weekly Intelligencer [Seattle] 24 Apr. 1871: 2. Print.

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 An article about where the terminus would be placed when much of the decision
was happening. It is biased towards Seattle, and it getting the terminus. I used this
article to help show some of the debate in choosing the terminus.
"Map of the Greater Northern Railway (Western Section)." Map. Montana Railroad
History. Web.
<http://www.montanarailroadhistory.info/BasicMontanaMaps.htm>.
A map of the Great Northern, the railroad that took Seattle a few years after
Tacoma got the Northern Pacific Railroad. The picture is biased towards the
company. I used this image to show how they still expanded with different
railroads.
McGregor, Alex R. "Route and Lands of the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Country
Opened for Settlement in the New North-West of the United States and Adjacent
Parts of Canada." Map. 1880. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan.
2011. <http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=49076>.
This map illustrates the route and lands of the Northern Pacific Railroad from
where it began in Minnesota to where it ended in the Pacific Northwest. It was
originally included in a larger promotion publication titled “The New North-West
of the United States.” This map was used to show the path the Northern Pacific
Railroad used to reach Tacoma.
Morgan, Murray. Puget's Sound: a Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound.
Seattle: University of Washington, 2003. Print.
Murray Morgan’s book reflects on the stories of early Puget Sound and its
development. It had many pictures that supported my topic economically.
Morinaga, Yukio. West Railroads Made. 1925. Photograph. Tacoma. Washington State
Historical Society. Web. 7 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.washingtonhistory.org/wshm/featuredexhibits/westrailroadsmade.as
px>.
This is a picture of one of the trains from the Great Northern, which was located
in Seattle. The bias is towards the good parts of the terminus, and how it helped. I
used the image to show how Seattle dealt with having the later terminus, and still
did well.

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Nicol, Richard. Stock Certificate for the Seattle and Walla Walla Railroad and
Transportation Company, 1879. 1879. Photograph. Seattle. King County Collects.
Web. 7 Jan. 2011. <http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?
CISOROOT=/kccollects&CISOPTR=473&CISOBOX=1&REC=11>.
This is a check for part of the Seattle and Walla Walla railroad. It is biased
towards the railroad, as they made it. This helps show how Seattle grew after
getting the Great Northern terminus.
"Northern Pacific Lines Actual and Proposed 1870-1884." Map. Orphan Road: The
Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853-1911. Pullman, WA. Washington State UP,
1999. 33. Print.
A map of the different routes the Northern Pacific Company had for many years,
along with ones they didn’t get. This is biased towards the company, as it has
some of the routes they didn’t have, but planned. I used this map to show how the
railroad grew and expanded over fourteen years, including the two cities in the
running for the main line.
Northern Pacific Railroad. Advertisement. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 9
Jan. 2011. <http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=45535>.
The Northern Pacific Railroad Company printed this advertisement in 1882. It
was used to promote and give information about the Northern Pacific Railroad
and the land around it, a lot of which was owned by the same company printing
the advertisements. This picture was displayed to give an example of Northern
Pacific Railroad’s advertisement.
Northern Pacific Railroad. "City of Tacoma, WT: Western Terminus of N.P.R.R. Puget
Sound." Map. 1885. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=37971>.
This image provides a bird’s-eye view of the city of Tacoma in 1885. It is the bias
of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. This picture was used to illustrate
Tacoma before and after the Northern Pacific Railroad arrived.
Northern Pacific Railroad Company. "Map of the Northern Pacific Railroad and Its
Connections." Map. The Northern Pacific Railroad: Its Route, Resources,

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 Progress and Business: the New Northwest and Its Great Thoroughfare. J. Cooke,
1871. Print.
This is a map of the Northern Pacific Railroad, along with all of its connections. It
is biased towards the company. I used this image to show how N.P. expanded
after gaining their Tacoma terminus.
Northern Pacific Railroad. "Map of the City of Tacoma, W.T. Pacific Terminus,
N.P.R.R." Map. 1885. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=58269>.
People at the Northern Pacific Railroad drew this map about proposed harbor
usage. It was originally found in a brochure promoting the Northern Pacific
Railroad and their improvements to the town of Tacoma, making the bias that of
the NPRR Company. This map helps show what Tacoma looked like after the
railroad arrived.
"Northern Pacific Railway 1900." Welcome to the World of Historic Maps. Web. 20 Jan.
2011. <http://www.history-map.com/picture/004/Northern-Pacific-Railway-
1900.htm>.
This source is a Company map of the tracks in 1900.It helped make a stronger
conclusion in my documentary, as it shows how the tracks ended up all over the
place.
N.P.R.R. Yards Ellensburg Wash.2004. 1906. Photograph. Washington State Historical
Society, Seattle. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=34397>.
This image of the Northern Pacific Railroad yards in Ellensburg, Washington was
printed as a postcard in 1906. The bias of this postcard is that of the unknown
photographer. This postcard was used to show some of the Northern Pacific
Railroad’s facilities.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. "Frederick Law Olmsted's Plan For Tacoma, Washington."
Map. Downtown Tacoma. Tacoma, WA: Arcadia Pub., 2009. 9. Print.
A plan for what New Tacoma was suppose to look like, focusing around the
railroad. Drawn in 1873 by Frederick Law Olmsted. It shows the plans for how

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 the city would look once they gained the terminus, and is used by me to show
some of the economic benefits.
"Panic of 1873." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873>.
In 1873 Jay Cooke and Company had to declare bankruptcy. This was a huge
event that made economics a large debate. It shows how hard they worked, even
in such a bad time.
Photograph. Tacoma. South on the Sound: An Illustrated History of Tacoma and Pierce
County. 1st ed. United States of America: Windsor Publications, 1984. 62. Print.
This is a picture of a train from the Northern Pacific Railroad. It is biased to be
slightly bad, as there are dead trees in the back, showing the impact of the
railroad. This image is used to show some of the negative effects of the railroad.
"Railroad Map of the Inland Empire Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho, Showing
the Railroads Centering at Spokane: The Metropolis of an Area of More Than 250
Miles Square." Map. Washington Territory. Pullman: Washington State UP, 2002.
Print.
This is a map from 1893, showing all of the railroads in eastern and western
Washington. It is biased as much of the land is shown through ‘farming country’
and other terms. This map helps prove that Seattle didn’t have many issues, as
they gained a railroad a few years later.
Reeves, Belle. Told by the Pioneers: Tales of Frontier Life as Told by Those Who
Remember the Days of the Territory and Early Statehood of Washington. Vol. 3.
Washington State: Washington Pioneer Project, 1938. Print.
This book takes short passages from pioneer’s lives in around 1870. It is biased
towards them. I used this book for names of important people, and to learn what
life was like.
Rice, R. D., and J. C. Ainsworth. Letter to General M. M. McCarver. 14 July 1873.
Tacoma, Its History and Its Builders: a Half Century of Activity, by Herbert Hunt:
Index to Volumes I, II, and III, Chicago, Illinois, The S.J. Clarke Publishing
Company, 1916. Tacoma, WA: Tacoma Historical Society, 2005. 187. Print.

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 This is the telegram sent that held the decision for the location of the terminus. It
is biased as it shows how they wanted Tacoma to win because of Commencement
Bay. I used this to show the decision after the debate for the location.
"Route of George B. McClellan July 1853-January 1854." Chart. Orphan Road: The
Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853-1911. Pullman, WA. Washington State UP,
1999. 10. Print.
This is a chart of George B. McClellan’s route of his scouting in 1853. The bias is
towards his journey, making it look much more challenging. I used this chart to
show some of the debate and how they looked for the terminus location.
Rutter, Thomas H. Half Moon. N.P.R.R. Tacoma. 1896. Photograph. Washington State
Historical Society. Web. 9 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=46209>.
This photograph shows a view of the Northern Pacific Railroad’s Half Moon
Yards in Tacoma with the railroad’s headquarters visible on the bluff. It is the
bias of the photographer. This image was used to show the headquarters of the
Northern Pacific Railroad’s Tacoma railway.
"Terminus Questions." Weekly Intelligencer [Seattle] 19 July 1873: 2. Print.
“Terminus Questions” is a short article about the decision to place the terminus in
Tacoma. It is biased towards Seattle, as the newspaper was from that city. I used
this article to better my understanding of how Seattle felt.
“The Snoqualmie Pass.” Weekly Intelligencer 1 May 1871: 2-3. Print.
This is an article from the Weekly Intelligencer, from 1871, talking about one of
their previous articles about the railroad. It is the bias of the author, who is
unknown. I used this source to understand more of what life was like, and the
route the railroad would be taking.
U.S. Coast Survey. "Commencement Bay and the City of Tacoma, Washington
Territory." Map. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=93623>.
This is a map drawn of Tacoma and Old Tacoma, drawn in the 1880s. The bias is
towards Tacoma, or New Tacoma, where they focused on drawing what it would
look like. I used this picture to show the plans for Tacoma, a social benefit.

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Waters. [Northern Pacific-Coal Hopper]. 1909. Photograph. Washington State Historical
Society, Seattle. Washington State Historical Society. Web. 6 Jan. 2011.
<http://collections.washingtonhistory.org/details.aspx?id=19229>.
This postcard displays an image of a coal hopper used by the Northern Pacific
Railroad and several rather pudgy workers dressed in overalls holding shovels. A
photographer who supported the Northern Pacific Railroad took it. This postcard
was used to show an example of a necessary structure.
Wilkeson, Samuel. Wilkeson's Notes on Puget Sound: Being Extracts from Notes by
Samuel Wilkeson of a Reconnaissance of the Proposed Route of the Northern
Pacific Railroad Made in the Summer of 1869. Seattle, WA: Shorey Book Store,
1964. Print.
This is a book full of notes taken by one of the men, Samuel Wilkeson, in 1869,
of his scouting of Puget Sound. The book is a bias of his personal opinions on the
land, but some is actual fact. His notes helped support what types of things they
were looking for in the choice of the terminus.
Secondary Sources
Armbruster, Kurt E. Orphan Road: the Railroad Comes to Seattle, 1853-1911. Pullman,
WA: Washington State UP, 1999. Print.
A book about the railroad connecting between Seattle and Tacoma, known as
Orphan Road, along with the history of both railroads. The book has the point of
view of the people living in the cities, along with the author’s. I used this book to
show future impacts of the Northern Pacific Railroad in both important cities.
Belle Reeves. Told by the Pioneers. Reminiscences of Pioneer Life in Washington Vol 3.
This book was made by the WA state government in the 1930’s. Parts of texts
explain events that took place in Puget Sound. It is biased towards the people who
lived there, and helps show some people’s opinions on the terminus.
Crowly, Walt and Heather MacIntoch. The Story of Union Station in Seattle. Seattle:
Sound Transit, 1999. Print.
This is a short book on Union Station, a station located in Seattle. The book is
biased towards Seattle, and its railroad. Like Orphan Road, it covers many of the
future effects of the two railroads in Seattle and Tacoma.

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Ficken, Robert E. Washington Territory. Pullman: Washington State University Press,
2002. Print.
This book contains details about Washington before it became a state. It includes
social, economic, and political background information about the selection of
Tacoma as the terminus.
Gallacci, Caroline D, and Ron Karabaith. Downtown Tacoma. Charleston: Arcadia
Publishing, 2009. Print.
Downtown Tacoma is a large collection of pictures, mostly from the collection of
Ron Karabaith. The photographs all have different biases, depending on whom
took them and where they are from. Many of these pictures were used for our
PowerPoint, and a greater understanding of the decision.
Jones, Nard. Seattle. Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1972. Print.
This is an old book on the history of Seattle, written by Nard Jones. The sections
on the terminus are biased from the opinion of many people in Seattle. I used this
book to get more details to help prove my thesis.
Lubetkin, M. John. Jay Cooke’s Gamble: the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and
the Panic of 1873. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2006. Print.
This is a book about Jay Cooke, one of the prime financers of the Northern Pacific
Railroad, and his entire life. It is biased on his opinions, and the authors own
beliefs. I used this book a lot to show background on how they chose the location
of the terminus.
Morgan, Murray. Puget’s Sound: a Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound.
Seattle: University of Washington, 1979. Print.
This book contains details about the decision of where to place the
terminus and why Tacoma was the chosen location. The bias reflects the negative
feelings of the cities that were not chosen for the terminus placement and the
benefits for Tacoma. This source holds useful information and details that were
not mentioned in other places.
Morgan, Murray, and Rosa Morgan. South on the Sound: an Illustrated History of
Tacoma and Pierce County. Woodland Hills: Windsor Publications, 2009. Print.

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 This book has an entire chapter of information on the railroad. It contains detailed
statistics of property in Tacoma versus Seattle and several illustrations. It is
biased towards Tacoma, but only slightly. I used this book to show some of the
benefits of the railroad.
"N P Railroad 1." Joe's Train. 24 Apr. 2006. Web. 20 Jan. 2011.
<http://joestrain.com/np_history_1.html>.
This website holds information about the Northern Pacific Railroad and the
decision to make Tacoma the new terminus. The bias was that of the author,
whose identity is unknown. The information from this page was used to check
information to assure that it was accurate.
Sale, Roger. Seattle, Past to Present. Seattle: University of Washington, 1976. Print.
This book is about Seattle’s history, with some about Tacoma being chosen, and
what the cities were like beforehand. It is biased towards the good parts of what
happened, and doesn’t really talk much about the negatives. I used this source to
add more positive benefits of the Northern Pacific Railroad.
Warren, James R., and Mary-Thadia D’Hondt. King County and its Queen City, Seattle:
and Illustrated History. Woodland Hills: Windsor Publications, 1981. Print.
This book talks about Seattle s beginnings and briefly discuses why Seattle would
have made a good terminus. It is completely biased towards Seattle. This book
helps support Seattle’s reasoning for wanting the terminus.

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