The Philippines in Rizal's Time

Overview of Spanish Slavery

16th Century Spain
Fray Pedro Mejia

 made it a custom to hold a non-Christian slave

 Slaves were usually blacks (from Africa)
 Some slaves were Moros (from other captives in wars)
 Slaves were considered goods
 taken to the main market (Calle de las Guades)
 sold at public auction / dealers

 one of the most prominent slave exporters

Bishop Rodriguez de Fonseca

 put up slaves in seville marts as naked as they were born

 child of a slave was automatically the master's possession

Slaves Duties
Works:

 bakers
 blacksmith
 jewelers
 stonemasons
 tailors
 weavers

others:

 can be rented by another

 sent for his master's personal debts
 to serve a jail for his master's place

 promulgated by the Christian monarchs of Spain

 to protect the rights of the native in Spain's overseas colonies
 promote their welfare

The Laws of the Indies

The Spanish
Colonial System
The Evils of Spanish
Colonial System
The Political System
Spain governed its colonies through Ministro de Ultramar
(Ministry of Colonies)
Functions:

 helped the Spanish monarch in governing the colonies

 exercised legislative, executive, judicial and religious powers

The Encomienda System

Frailocracy
The Social System
rights of Encomendero:

 right to collect tributes

 use the personal services of the inhabitants

 came from the word encomendar

 person in charge is called encomendero
 Spanish monarch granted lands to certain individual who had rendered great services to
Spain

Obligations of Encomendero:

 to protect the people

 give them some education

-called frailocracy because it was "a government of Friars"

-Friars are consists of Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans
-feudalism was the social structure of the Philippines society

Structure of the Philippines society

Headed by Governor - General
The Tribute

 Filipinos paid tribute as a symbol of vassalage to Spain.

 consists of eight reales, payable in kind or money.

the Spanish officials

the few favored Filipinos
the Indios
Powers of a Gov. General:
  state power
 power over religious matters
 power to issue executive orders and proclamations
 power to act as a commander in chief
 power over all financial matters
 power over all the affairs in the Philippines
 power to supervise and discipline

Racial Discrimination
-Filipinos were regarded as inferior beings

The Polo

 instituted in 1580
 was impose on the Filipinos, except the chieftains and their sons
 Filipinos were required to serve 40 days
 polistas given only 1/4 real w/ some rice per day

Agencies that checked the Governor-General

Maladministration of Justice
-corruption characterized the courts in the Philippines because justice was costly, partial and slow.
-in winning a case, wealth, prestige, and color of skin were the necessary factors.

Visita

 Royal Audiencia
 Residencia
 Visita

 was and investigating agency

 investigating officer is called Visitador

Functions:

 to investigate the conditions of the country, the works of the governor-general and other
Spanish officials
 to investigate cases, such as:
 conflict between gov. general and the Royal Audiencia and pronounce judgement over the
case.

Residencia

 was a judicial body

Function:

 put under trial that those outgoing governors and other spanish officials
Purpose:
Royal Audiencia
Bandala

 to uncover the corruption of the Spanish officials

 was the supreme court in Spain

 it possess judicial, legislative and executive powers

Functions:

 do as gov. general in case post is vacant

 do as promulgator of laws for the colonies
 do as auditor to the colonies; and
 do as judge of all criminal case in the land

Denial of Human Rights and Inequality before the Law

 introduced by Gov. Gen. Hurtado de Corcuera

 is and annual quota assigned to each province
 everyone had to make a compulsory sale of his products to the government

 spanish constitution of 1812 made several changes such as

 freedom of the press
 freedom of speech
 freedom to association

-Spaniards cherished these rights among themselves only, thus they denied this rights to the
Filipinos
-the Leyes de Indies provide good laws for the Philippines but were not implemented
-promulgated by the Christian monarchs of Spain to protect the rights of the natives in Spain
colonies and to promote their welfare

Provincial Government
Corrupt Spanish Officialdom
Divide and Rule
Kinds of Provinces (under provincial government)

 Gen. Rafael de Izguierdo enraged the Filipino people by executing GomBurZa in 1872
 Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera
 enriched himself through bribes and gambling clubs in Manila

 Spaniards recruited the natives in one region to support them and use them to put down
the revolts in another region
-were called alcaldias
- headed by an alcalde mayor

 Kn wn
 Unkn wn

-were called corregimientos

- headed by a coregidor (an army officer)
City/Municipal Government
-also called Aguntamiento
-headed by two alcaldes en ordinario (mayor & vice mayor)

Barangay

 Gov. Camilo de Polavieja

 the one who executes Rizal

-called cabeza de barangay

-headed by a filipino or a chinese mestizo
-the guardia civil (headed by an alferez) helped the cabeza de barangay

functions:
-to maintain peace and order
-to collect taxes from the people

Failure of the Colonial Administration

The Guardia Civil

 due to decline of Spain in the 19th century, the Philippines also affected
 the Spain changed the policies in the Philippines and made periodic replacements of
spanish officials.
 therefore, the Philippines economy and politics grew from bad to worse to worse at that
time

 instituted in 1852
 to maintain peace and order in the Philippine islands especially in the provinces
 most of its members were untrained and ignorant, thus they turned out to be agents of
abuses
 some of this abuses are maltreating innocent people, looting their carabaos chickens,
valuable belongings and raping helpless women

The Filipinos in this time were unfortunate victims of the evils of an unjust,
biased and deteriorating power.
These are: 1. Instability of colonial administration

2. Corrupt Colonial Officials

3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

5. No Equality Before the Law

6. Maladministration of Justice

7. Racial Discrimination

8. Frailocracy

9. Forced Labor

10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars

11. The Guardia Civil

 The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King

Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) marked the beginning of political chaos in
Spain.

 This political instability in Spain adversely affected Philippine affairs

because it brought about frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies
and periodic rigodon of colonial officials.

 1835 to 1897: 50 Governor-Generals each serving an average term of

only one year and three months.

Corrupt Colonial Officials

 Spaniards arrogantly regarded the brown skinned Filipinos as inferior

beings.

 Spanish Penal Code, which was enforced in the Philippines,

particularly imposed heavier penalties on Native Filipinos or mestizos
and lighter penalties on white-complexioned Spaniards.

Thank you :)
  During Rizal’s times the Spanish friars belonging to different religious
orders were the richest landlords, for they owned the best haciendas
(agricultural lands) in the Philippines.

 The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were

notoriously corrupt.

 Justice was costly, partial and slow.

 Wealth, social prestige and color of skin were preponderant factors in

winning a case in court.

 The judicial procedure was so slow and clumsy that it was easy to have
justice delayed.

Haciendas Owned by the Friars

Racial Discrimination
Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-77)
> was a good Moro fighter, but was an inept and weak
administrator
Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

 Known as polo.

 Compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on adult

Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals,
building and repair of roads and bridges, building of ships and other
public works.

 Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other

constitutions in succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed freedom
of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association, and other
human rights (except freedom of religion).

 The Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights in Spain

denied them to the Filipinos in Asia.

The Philippines of Rizal's Time (19th Century)

General Fernando Primo de Rivera (1880-83 and 1897-98)
> Governor General for two terms enriched himself by accepting
bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he scandalously
permitted to operate.
  To win the support of her overseas colonies during the Napoleonic
invasion, Spain granted them representation in the Cortes (Spanish
parliament).

 Accordingly, the Philippines experienced her first period of

representation in the Cortes from 1810 to 1813.

No Equality Before The Law

Guardia Civil
Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)

> a boastful and ruthless governor general who ordered the execution of
Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

 Had rendered meritorious services in suppressing the bandits in the

provinces, they later became infamous for their rampant abuses, such
as maltreating innocent people, looting their carabaos, chickens and
valuable belongings and raping women.

 Rizal himself witnessed the discrimination of how the guardia civil

(either Filipino or insulares) treated the Filipinos.

 Filipinos as inferior beings who were infinitely undeserving of the rights

and privileges that the white Spaniards enjoyed.

 Spaniards called the brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos “Indios”

(Indians), in retaliation, the Filipinos dubbed their pale-complexioned
detractors with the disparaging term “bangus” (milkfish).

General Valeriano Weyler (1888-91)

> A cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German
ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain
millionaire.

 Ventura de los Reyes- The first Philippine delegate who took active
part in the framing of the Constitution 1812.

- Another achievement was the abolition of the Galleon Trade.

Frailocracy
1800

Maladministration of Justice
  They were either highly corrupt, incompetent, cruel or venal.

Forced Labor
Instability of Colonial Administration
General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-97)

> An able militarist but heartless governor general, was widely detested by the
Filipino people for executing Dr. Rizal.

King

Ferdinand VII

1900
Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

 The friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans) controlled the

religious and educational life of the Philippines, and later in the 19th
century they came to acquire tremendous political power, influence and
riches.

 Almost every town in the archipelago, except in Islamic Mindanao and

Sulu and in Pagan hinterlands, was ruled by a friar curate.