Unit – II

1. The compression ratio of an Otto cycle is 7. Find the air standard efficiency. Assume that
the index of compression and expansion is 1.4.

2. Air flows into a gasoline engine at 0.95bar and 300 K. The compression ratio is 8. In the
combustion process 1300 kJ/kg of heat is added. Find the temperature and pressure after
combustion.

3. A spark-ignition engine works an air-standard Otto cycle that has a heat addition of
1800kJ/kg and compression ratio of 7. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of
the compression process are 0.9 bar and 283 K. Determine the maximum pressure and
temperature of the cycle thermal efficiency of the cycle and the mean effective pressure.

4. A diesel engine works with a compression ratio of 20. The inlet conditions of air are 0.95
bar, 290 K and 0.5 litre volume. The maximum cycle temperature is 1800 K. find the
maximum pressure, net specific work and the thermal efficiency.

5. In an ideal air-standard Diesel cycle, the state before the compression process is 0.95 bar,
290 K. the compression ratio is 20. Find the maximum temperature (by iteration) in the
cycle to have a thermal efficiency of 60%.

6. The cut-off ratio and compression ratio of an air standard Diesel cycle are 1.65 and 14.
Assume γ = 14, find the air standard efficiency.

7. The compression ratio of a Diesel cycle is 15. The air before compression is at 15 °C and
1 atm. 1860 kJ/kg of heat is added to the gas per cycle. Find the pressure and temperature
at each point of the cycle, the heat rejection, thermal efficiency and the cut-off ratio.

8. Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 15.5. Compression begins at 1 bar and 673 K. the
heat added is 1.75 MJ/kg. Calculate the maximum temperature in the cycle, work done
per kg of air, thermal efficiency, the mean effective pressure and Carnot efficiency.
 9. An ideal Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 14, takes in air at 1 bar and 293 K. If
cut-off takes place at 5% of the stroke, find the mean effective pressure of the cycle.

10. An ideal Diesel cycle operates on 1 kg of standard air with initial pressure of 1 bar and a
temperature of 35 °C. the pressure at the end of compression is 33 bar and the cut-off 6%
of the stroke. Determine: (i) the compression ratio, (ii) the percentage clearance, (iii) the
heat supplied and (iv) the heat rejected. Take γ = 1.4 and cp =1 kJ/kg K.

11. In a mixed cycle, the compression ratio is 12 and the initial conditions of air are 1.03 bar
and 303 K. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 41.4 bar and the maximum temperature
is 1666 K. Find the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure.

12. An engine working on the dual combustion cycle has pressure ratio of 1.41. The diameter
of engine cylinder is 200 mm and stroke is 420 mm. If the compression ratio is 13.5 and
cut-off occurs at 5% of the stroke, determine the air standard efficiency of the engine.

13. An oil engine operates on ideal dual combustion cycle with pressure at the beginning of
compression 0.97 bar, temperature at the beginning of compression 328 K, pressure ratio
= 1.5, cut-off ratio =1.6: compression ratio =11 and γ=1.4. Determine the temperature at
the end of each operation and the efficiency of the engine.

1. An engine working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m 3, pressure 1 bar and
temperature 30 °C at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of compression
stroke, the pressure is 11 bar and 210 kJ of heat is added at constant volume. Determine

(i) Pressure, temperature and volumes at salient points in the cycle

(ii) Efficiency

2. Explain any four of classification of Internal Combustion engines.

3. With a neat sketch explain any one type of ignition system.

4. Following data relates to 4 cylinder, A stroke petrol engine. Air/Fuel ratio by weight
16:1. Calorific value of the fuel = 45200 kJ/kg, mechanical efficiency = 82%. Air
standard efficiency =52%, relative efficiency =70%, volumetric efficiency = 78%,
stroke/bone ratio = 1.25 suction conditions = 1 bar, 25 °C. Speed= 2400 rpm power at
brakes = 72 kW. Calculate

(i) Compression ratio

(ii) Indicated thermal efficiency

(iii) Brake specific fuel consumption and

(iv) Bore and stroke.

5. Derive an expression for the maximum work required for a two-stage reciprocating air
compressor with perfect intercooling and neglecting clearance.

6. A two stage air compressor air from 1 bar and 20 °C to 42 bar. If the law of compression
is pv1.35 = constant and the intercooling is perfect. Find per kg of air

(i) The work done in compression

(ii) The mass of cooling water necessary for abstracting the heat in the intercooler, if
the temperature rise of the cooling water is 25 °C.

7. With a neat sketch describe any one type of rotary compressor.

8. A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor delivers 14 m 3 of free air per
minute from 1 bar to 7 bar. The speed of compressor is 310 rpm. Assuming that
compression and expansion follow the law pv1.35 = constant and clearance is 5% of the
 swept volume, find the diameter and stroke of the compressor. Take stroke length is 1.5
times the bore diameter.

9. The following observations were taken during trial on a single cylinder oil engine

Duration of trial = 1 hours

Fuel consumption = 7.6 kg

Total revolutions = 12000

Net brake load =1.5 kN

Brake drum diameter =1.83 m

Total cooling water circulated = 550 kg

Inlet temperature of cooling water = 15 °C

Outlet temperature of cooling water = 60 °C

Temperature of exhausted gases = 300 °C

Atmospheric temperature = 20 °C

Air consumption = 360 kg

Mean effective pressure = 6 bar

Take the following:

C.V of fuel = 45000 kJ/kg

Cp (for exhaust gases) = 1 kJ/kg-K

Bore = 30 cm

Stroke = 45 cm
 Determine:

(i) Brake power

(ii) Mechanical efficiency

(iii) Indicated thermal efficiency of B.H.P basis and

(iv) Draw up the heat balance.

10. Explain the principle of Magneto ignition system. Enumerate its advantages and
disadvantages?

11.

(i) What is the purpose of cooling an I.C Engine?

(ii) What are the ill effects of improper cooling?

(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of air cooled system?

12. Explain briefly about the classification compressors.

13. A single stage, single acting reciprocating compressor running at 1000 rpm delivers air at
25 bar. The suction conditions are 1.013 bar and 15 °C, and the volume delivered
measured at this suction conditions is 0.25 m3/min. the volumetric efficiency is 88% and
the stroke/bore ratio is 1.2 : 1. The index of compression is 1.3. Calculate the stroke
length, the indicated power and the isothermal efficiency.

14. A single acting reciprocating compressor is required to deliver air at 70 bar from an
induction pressure of 1 bar. The temperature at the end of compression is carried out in
two stages with an ideal intermediate pressure and complete intercooling. The index of
compression and expansion for both stages is 1.25. Mass of air compressed per second is
0.049 kg. Find out the saving in power over single-stage compression. If the clearance
volume is 3% of swept volume in each cylinder, calculate the swept volumes of the
cylinders. The speed of the compressor is 750 rpm. Also find out the heat rejected in the
inter cooler.

15. A gas turbine works on Brayton cycle. Air at 100 kPa and 15 °C enters the compressor
and the compression ratio is 4. The isentropic efficiency of compressor and the turbine
are 85% and 90% respectively. The maximum temperature in the cycle is 1300 K.
calculate the following.
(i) The temperature at the exit of compressor and turbine
(ii) Network from the gas, turbine
 (iii) The thermal efficiency.

16.
(i) What are the advantages of multistage compression?

(ii) A single stage single acting reciprocating air compressor takes in 17 m3/min at
suction conditions of 100 kPa and 25 °C. the delivery pressure is 700 kPa. The
clearance volume is 6% of swept volume. The compression and expansion follows
the law pv1.3= constant. The speed of the compressor is 600 rpm. Stroke to bore ratio
is 1.
Find the power required to drive the compressor and Cylinder dimensions.

17. A single-acting two stage compressor with complete intercooling delivers 10.5 kg/min of
air at 16 bar. The suction occurs at 1 bar and 27 °C. the compression and expansion
processes are reversible, polytropic index n= 1.3. the speed of the compressor is 440 rpm.
Calculate the following.
(i) The power required to drive the compressor
(ii) Isothermal efficiency
(iii) Free air delivered
(iv) The heat transferred in the intercooler.

18. The compression ratio in an air-standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of the
compression stroke the pressure is 0.1 Mpa and the temperature is 15 °C. The heat
transfer to the air per cycle is 1800 kJ/kg of air. Take Cp and Cv for air as 1.005 and
0.718 kJ/kg k respectively. Determine the following
(i) The pressure and temperature at the end of each process of the cycle.
(ii) The thermal efficiency
(iii) The mean effective pressure.

19. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and compression begins at 1.013
bar, 50 °C. The maximum pressure is 70 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant
pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate the temperature at the cardinal
points of the cycle and the cycle efficiency.

20. A single stage reciprocating compressor is required to deliver at 70 bar from an induction
pressure of 1 bar. The temperature at the end of induction process is 32 °C. Calculate the
power required if the compression is carried out in two stages with an ideal intermediate
pressure and complete inter-cooling. The index of compression and expansion for both
stages is 1.25. Mass of air compressed per second is 0.049 kg. Find out the saving in
power over single-stage compression. If the clearance volume is 3% of swept volume in
each cylinder, calculate the awept volumes of the cylinders. The speed of the compressor
is 750 rpm. Also find out the heat rejected in the inter cooler.

21. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and compression begins at 1.013
bar, 50 °C. The maximum pressure is 70 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant
 pressure is equal to that at constant volume. Estimate the temperatures and pressures at
the cardinal points of the cycle and the cycle efficiency.

22. Compare a two stroke cycle engine with a four stroke cycle based on the following:
power output, size.

23. Describe the working principle of a four stroke engine with the help of indicator and
valve timing diagrams.

24. What are the differences between two stroke and four stroke engines?

25. Draw the actual and theoretical P-V diagrams of a four stroke engine and explain why
there is a variation.

26. Explain the following in connection with IC engines.

(i) Lubrication
(ii) Cooling systems

27. The following observations were made during a test on a two stroke oil engine:
Room temperature = 20 °C
Bore =200 mm
Stroke = 250 mm
Speed = 350 rpm
Brake drum diameter = 1.2 m
Net brake load = 450 N
Mean effective pressure =2.8 bar
Oil consumption = 3.6 kg/hr
C.V of oil = 45200 kJ/kg
Determine the Indicated power, brake power and Brake thermal efficiency.

28. Explain with a neat sketch the working principle of a fuel pump of S.I engine.

29. Describe the phenomenon of ‘Knocking’ in S.I engine. What are its effects on the engine.

30. Derive an expression for the work done per kg of air for an air compressor.

31. Explain with neat sketch Air Cooling of engines.

32. Explain any one lubrication system adopted in multicylinder SI engines.

33. What are the various factors influencing the flame speed in SI Engines?

34. Explain the combustion phenomenon in SI Engines.

35. A 4- cylinder, 4 – stroke petrol engine 6 cm bore and 9 cm stroke was tested at constant
speed. The fuel supply was fixed to 0.13 kg/min and plugs of 4 – cylinders were
successively short – circuited without change of speed:

The power measurements were as follows:

With all cylinder working = 16.25 kW
With No.1 – cylinder cut-off = 11.55 kWh
With No.2 – cylinder cut-off = 11.65 kW(B.P)
With No.3 – cylinder cut-off = 11.70 kW(B.P)
With No.4 – cylinder cut-off = 11.50 kW(B.P)

Find (1) The I.P of the engine,

(2) The Mechanical efficiency
(3) Indicated thermal efficiency if C.V of fuel used is 42000 kj/kg
(4) Also find the relative efficiency on I.P basis assuming clearance volume 65 cu
cm.

36. Explain the Diesel knock in SI Engines.

37. Draw the actual and theoretical P-V diagrams of a two-stroke engine and explain why
they differ each other.

38. Why the actual cycle efficiency is much lower than the air standard cycle efficiency? List
and explain the major losses in an actual engine.

39. The venture of a simple carburetor has a throat diameter of 20 mm and the coefficient of
flow is 0.8. The fuel orifice has a diameter of 1.14 mm and coefficient of fuel flow is
0.65. The gasoline surface is 5 mm below the throat, calculate
(i) The air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08 bar when the nozzle tip is neglected
(ii) The air-fuel ratio when the nozzle tip is taken into account
(iii) The maximum velocity of air or the critical air velocity required to start the fuel
flow when the nozzle tip is provided.
Assume the density of air and fuel to be 1.2 kg/m3 respectively.
40. Explain how knocking takes place in diesel engines and discuss the various methods of
controlling it. Compare the knocking in diesel engines with that of the petrol engines.

41. Discuss the significance of various factors affecting flame speed in SI engines.

42. A test on a single cylinder 4 stroke oil engine havig bore of 180 mm and stroke of 360
mm gave the following results.

Speed = 290 rpm, brake torque = 392 N-m, IMEP = 7.2 bar, oil consumption =3.5 kg/h,
coolant flow = 270 kg/h, cooling water temperature rise = 36 °C, air-fuel ratio by weight
= 25, exhaust gas temperature = 415 °C, room temperature = 21 °C. The fuel has a
calorific value 45200 kJ/kg and take specific heat of the exhaust gases as 1.0035 kJ/kg-K.

Calculate
(i) Indicated thermal efficiency
(ii) Draw up a heat balance sheet kj/min basis.

43. Draw the port timing diagram with fuel injection of a two-stroke diesel engine and
explain the salient points.

44. Explain the effects of time loss fact and heat loss factor with suitable graphs on the
performance of actual I.C Engines.

45. Determine the size of the fuel orifice to give 13.5 : 1 air-fuel ratio, if the venture throat
has a 3 cm diameter and the pressure drop in the venture is 6.5 cm Hg. The air
temperature and pressure at carburetor entrance are 1 bar and 27 °C respectively. Take
density of gasoline as 740 kg/m3 and discharge coefficient as unity. Assume atmospheric
pressure to be 76 cm of Hg.