Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 5
 
Xrectbkbots & Ketãrceux
853
 Hãgbklrb <15< |
77
H`sscbr 9
Qr`gãhãs coo`veots
D
b sbgtbur eut`k`lcdb g`oê`ct, nelrcqub bt bxpbrtcsb hbs pcægbs
hb gerr`ssbrcb bt hb dcecs`os eu s`d á pertcr h–egcbr s`us n`rkb hb pr`-
hucts pdets. Á d–coster hbs eutrbs
h`kecobs cohustrcbds, dbs del`ret`crbs ketã-
rceux QWE s`ot bo quétb hb pcstbs h–ekãdc`-
retc`o bt h–bnſtgegctã `pãretc`oobddb. D–ãtuhb
prãsbotãb pr`p`sb db hãvbd`ppbkbot h–uob
kãtf`hb sckpdb h–bstcketc`o hbs geregtã-
rcstcqubs hb tregtc`o uoc-excedb (rãscsteogb kexckedb á de tregtc`o bt dckctb ãdestcqub)
á pertcr hb kbsurbs hb hurbtãs. De kcsb bo ŗuvrb hbs bssecs hb tregtc`o bst d`ojub bt
g`ýtbusb. Hb pdus, sur pcægbs, db prãdævbkbot hbs ãpr`uvbttbs o–bst pes t`ui`urs p`sscldb, s`ct p`ur hbs pr`ldãketcqubs hb surnegbs hb
prãdævbkbot cosunſtseotbs, s`ct vcs-á-vcs hb de g`kpdbxctã hb de jã`kãtrcb hbs pcægbs.
N`rt hb gbs cog`ovãocbots, QWE e s`ufectã
hãvbd`ppbr uob kãtf`hb hb geregtãrcse-
tc`o sckpdb bt repchb lesãb sur d–bssec steo-
herh hb hurbtã per pãoãtretc`o. O`us pr`-
p`s`os h–bxpd`rbr sur uo kãted hãn`rkã `u o`o hãn`rkã 9
• Dbs rbdetc`os eoedytcqubs rbdceot de hurbtã
eux geregtãrcstcqubs kãgeocqubs hb tregtc`o bt dbs cogbrtctuhbs ess`gcãbs.
• D–ãteldcssbkbot h–uo k`hædb hb d`c ãdest`-
pdestcqub á pertcr hbs geregtãrcstcqubs hb treg-
tc`o gedgudãbs.
De kãtf`h`d`jcb s–eppucb sur de rãedcsetc`o h–bs-
secs hb hurbtãs bt hb tregtc`o sur uob kékb ãpr`uvbttb.Dbs egcbrs ãtuhcãs s`ot hbs oueogbs k`o`pfe-
sãbs á hcspbrs`àhbs, lcpfesãbs bt trcpfesãbs bkpd`yãbs p`ur de rãedcsetc`o hbs pcægbs hb
dcecs`os eu s`d. Gfequb oueogb p`ssæhb uob strug-
turb evbg hbs pfesbs kãtedd`jrepfcqubs cotrco-
sæqubs. De pr`p`rtc`o bt de hurbtã hb gfequb
pfesb hãtbrkcobot de rãscsteogb kãgeocqub bt h`og de hurbtã hbs oueogbs h–egcbr ãtuhcãbs.
Qrcogcpb pfyscqub hb d–bssec hb hurbtã per pãoãtretc`o
Rob gferjb g`osteotb bst eppdcquãb sur uo
pãoãtretbur cohãn`rkeldb spfãrcqub, g`ocqub
`u pyrekched. D–bnn`rt eppdcquã (N) hãn`rkb
ãdestcqubkbot bt pdestcqubkbot db kãted eu hr`ct hu g`otegt. De hurbtã s–bxprckb
per db repp`rt 9
NbkprbcotbF ;
Hãtbrkcoetc`o hbs geregtãrcstcqubs kãgeocqubs
hbs pr`hucts pdets bo egcbr per kbsurbs hb hurbtã
Nelrcgb Gfesserh
, cojãocbur ketãrceux, del`ret`crbs ketãrceux, QWE Lbdgfekp
Wtbbvb Oezed
, ãdævb cojãocbur á d–BOWKK, Lbseoê`o
Rob kãtf`hb hb geregtãrcsetc`o sckpdb bt repchb lesãb sur d–bssec steoherh hb hurbtã per pãoãtretc`o e ãtã hãvbd`ppãb per QWE. Dbs egcbrs ãtuhcãs s`ot hbs oueogbs k`o`pfesãbs á hcspbrs`àhbs, lcpfesãbs bt trcpfesãbs.
NCJR\B 5 9
 Bxbkpdb hb kcgr`strugturbs p`ur uo egcbr trcpfesã (E) bt uo egcbr lcpfesã (L).
NCJR\B < 9
 Wgfãke hbs z`obs hb hãn`rketc`o s`us uo pãoãtretbur hb typb ^cgmbrs.
EL
 
78
 | Xrectbkbots & Ketãrceux
853
 Hãgbklrb <15<
H`sscbr 9
Qr`gãhãs coo`veots
De kãtf`hb rbtboub cgc bst de hurbtã ^cgmbrs
p`ur dequbddb db pãoãtretbur bst uob pyrekchb
hb hcekeot á lesb gerrã evbg uo eojdb botrb
hbux negbs `pp`sãbs hb 57> hbjrãs. Db hcekeot prãsbotb d–eveotejb hb ob pes sb hãn`rkbr d`rs
hb d–cohbotetc`o hu kãted. D–bkprbcotb decssãb per db hcekeot bst gerrãb bt d–`pãretbur vcbot kbsurbr de k`yboob hbs hbux hcej`oedbs. De hurbtã ^cgmbrs F^ bst gedgudãb per uo repp`rt
hb de gferjb hb d–bssec N sur d–ecrb hb d–bkprbcotb
hb hcej`oedb k`yboob h.
F^ ; 1,5635Nh
<
Qrcogcpb pfyscqub hb d–bssec hb tregtc`o
D–bssec hb tregtc`o g`oscstb á eppdcqubr uo
bnn`rt uoc-exced sur uob ãpr`uvbttb pdetb `u
gydcohrcqub. Hcnnãrbots geptburs kbsurbot
de n`rgb eppdcquãb á d–`libt ecosc qub d–edd`o-jbkbot qu–cd sulct. Gbgc pbrkbt hb tregbr de
g`urlb ãdest`pdestcqub hu ketãrceu. Db tregã hbs hcejrekkbs bnn`rt/edd`ojbkbot
bst bxprckã hb hbux neê`os 9 db hcejrekkb
retc`oobd rbprãsbotb de g`otrecotb vrecb
χ
 bo n`ogtc`o hb de hãn`rketc`o vrecb
β
, ed`rs qub
db hcejrekkb g`ovbotc`oobd rbprãsbotb d–ãv`-
dutc`o hb de g`otrecotb \ bo n`ogtc`o hu teux h–edd`ojbkbot b (v`cr hcejrekkb
ſtjurb 8
). Q`ur db hcejrekkb g`ovbotc`oobd, `o e 9
b ;D - D
1
D
1
evbg D
1
 de d`ojubur coctcedb hb d–ãpr`uvbttb
\ ;N
W
1
evbg W
1
 de sbgtc`o coctcedb hb d–ãpr`uvbttb
O`te
9 W
1
 bt D
1
 s`ot o`rkedcsãbs sucveot d–egcbr
bt d–ãpecssbur.Q`ur db hcejrekkb retc`oobd, `o e 9
χ
 ;NW
evbg W de sbgtc`o vrecbbo utcdcseot de g`osbrvetc`o hu v`dukb, `o e 9
W
1
W
1
(5+
Θ
D/D
1
)(5 + b)W
1
D
1
 ; WD ; W (D
1
+
Θ
D)
 W ;;
@o `ltcbot
χ
 ;NW
1
(5 + b) ; \ (5 + b)
Bt
β
 ;; do; do; do (5 + b)
()
hDD
D
1
 +
Θ
DD
1
D
D
1
D
D
1
 ∭ 
Eu g`urs hb d–bssec hb tregtc`o pduscburs pfesbs s`ot `lsbrvãbs. De prbkcærb hãſtoct db h`kecob ãdestcqub á hãn`rketc`o rãvbrscldb (hb @ á E),
de sbg`ohb pfesb g`rrbsp`oh eux hãn`rke-tc`os pdestcqubs crrãvbrscldbs (hb E á L). Á
pertcr hb de rãscsteogb kexckedb hu ketãrceu
(p`cot L), dbs hãn`rketc`os hbvcboobot d`ge-dcsãbs bt db kãted s–ekcogct d`gedbkbot 9 cd y e
epperctc`o hb de strcgtc`o iusqu–á rupturb hb
d–ãpr`uvbttb (p`cot G).
Qer g`ovbotc`o, de dckctb ãdestcqub hbs egcbrs
(\p
1,<
) bst de g`otrecotb á 1,< % h–edd`ojb-kbot (p`cot E). D–edd`ojbkbot rbdetcn á de
g`otrecotb kexckuk bst o`kkã Ej % (p`cot
L) bt gbduc ettbcjoeot á de rupturb E % evbg \k g`rrbsp`oheot á de rãscsteogb kexckedb á de tregtc`o.
Qrcogcpbs jãoãreux hbs rbdetc`os « hurbtã /\k ½ bt « hurbtã/\p ½
O`trb pr`p`s o–bst pes de hãk`ostretc`o hbs
k`hædbs eoedytcqubs hbs h`kecobs ãdest`pdes-
tcqubs hbs ketãrceux kãteddcqubs (seos `libt p`ur gbttb ãtuhb) kecs hb prãsbotbr dbs gfb-
kcobkbots tfã`rcqubs hbs d`cs bxpãrckbo-
tedbs dbs pdus rãpeohubs
]5[
.
\bdetc`o hurbtã / \k
Eu g`otegt h–uob lcddb sur uo ld`g pdeo, de
rãpertctc`o hbs g`otrecotbs bt hbs hãn`rke-
tc`os, sc de dckctb h–ãdestcgctã o–bst pes hãpes-
sãb, bst h`ooãb per Fbrtz. Wc de lcddb hb hce-kætrb « H ½ bst s`ukcsb á uob gferjb N, db
hcekætrb « h ½ hb d–ecrb hb g`otegt ãqucveut á 9
h ;
(5)
• (7NH)
+
()
5/75/7
5 +
λ
<5
5 -
λ
<<
B
5
B
<
Evbg
λ
5,
λ
<, B
5
 bt B
<
 g`bnſtgcbots hb Q`css`o
bt k`hudbs hb S`uoj hb de lcddb (cohcgb 5) bt
hu ld`g tbstã (cohcgb <) bt d–bnn`rt eppdcquã eu pãoãtretbur.
De g`otrecotb k`yboob sur d–ecrb hb g`otegt veut 9
χ
k`y
 ; -8N/
ρ
h
<
NCJR\B 7 9
 Gertb bxpãrckbotedb hbs hãn`rketc`os pdestcqubs `ltboubs sur uo eddcejb hb gucvrb bt sur uo egcbr epræs bssec hb hurbtã.
NCJR\B 8 9
 Hcejrekkb g`ovbotc`oobd h–uo bssec hb tregtc`o.
 
Xrectbkbots & Ketãrceux
853
 Hãgbklrb <15< |
72
Geregtãrcsetc`o
@o supp`sb
]<[
 qub db g`kp`rtbkbot pdestcqub
`lãct á de d`c bkpcrcqub 9
(<)
χ
 ;
()
bo
\
k
β
o
o
Evbg 9
χ
 bt
β
 rbspbgtcvbkbot g`otrecotb bt hãn`rke-
tc`o retc`oobddbs ãqucvedbotbs (`ltboubs d`rs h–uo bssec hb tregtc`o uoc-excedb).• b 9 lesb hbs d`jerctfkbs oãpãrcbos.• o 9 bxp`seot h–ãgr`ucssejb.• \
k
 9 rãscsteogb kexckuk á de tregtc`o.
Heos db ges hbs ketãrceux á ãgr`ucssejb dcoãecrb (o ; 5), db ketãrceu á uo g`kp`rtb-kbot á tboheogb ãdestcqub, bo oãjdcjbeot
5/B
5
 hb de lcddb hbveot B
<
 hu ld`g tbstã bt bo prb-oeot
λ
< ; » heos d–ãquetc`o (5), o`us `ltbo`os 9
(7)
χ
k`y
 ; stb *\
k
 
h
H
Qdus jãoãredbkbot, `o s–ettboh á gb qub de g`otrecotb ãqucvedbotb s`us db pãoãtretbur s`ct pr`p`rtc`oobddb á
χ
k`y
 bt qub de hãn`r-
ketc`o ãqucvedbotb s`ct pr`p`rtc`oobddb á h/H. Wc de d`c hb g`os`dchetc`o g`rrbsp`oh á de n`rkb (<), d–ãquetc`o (7) sb jãoãredcsb
s`us de n`rkb 9
(8)
χ
k`y
 ; Gtb.\
k
 -
(())
b
h
oH
oo
O`te
 9 rãsudtet bnnbgtcvbkbot tr`uvã bxpãrc-
kbotedbkbot per Xel`r.
\bdetc`o \p /F
Fbrtz e pr`p`sã hb hãſtocr uob hurbtã els`-
dub « Ff ½ p`ur uob hãn`rketc`o á de dckctb
h–ãdestcgctã (cohcgb p) 9
(2)
Ff ; C
χ
k`y
 C
p
;
()
8N
ρ
h
<
p
O`te
 9 Evbg hbs uoctãs erlctrecrbs.
D–ãquetc`o (5) k`otrb qub db hcekætrb h hb
d–bkprbcotb h`ct vercbr g`kkb N
5/7
 teot qub
dbs hãn`rketc`os rbstbot ãdestcqubs.
D–bxpãrcbogb k`otrb qub sur uo hcejrekkb (do (N) /, do(h)), de pbotb gfeojb eu pessejb
hb de dckctb ãdestcqub \p, gb quc pbrkbt hb hãtbrkcobr de hurbtã els`dub hb Fbrtz F
f
. H–epræs de n`rkudb (5), bo g`oschãreot qub
dbs k`hudbs h–ãdestcgctã hb de lcddb bt hu ld`g á tbstbr s`ot ãqucvedbots ecosc qub
λ
5
≆ λ
<
λ
 
≆ λ
1,7 `o `ltcbot 9
F ; Gstb
()
N
p
B
<
H
<
5/7
\bdetc`os ãtuhcãbs
Qrãekludb
Hcnnãrbots typbs hb rbdetc`os s`ot pr`p`sãs
heos de lcldc`jrepfcb p`ur rbdcbr de hurbtã (^cgmbrs, Lrcobdd, \`gmwbdd) eux geregtãrcs-
tcqubs kãgeocqubs stetcqubs hb tregtc`o (rãscs-
teogb kexckedb á de tregtc`o bt rãscsteogb ãdestcqub), kecs dbs g`ohctc`os bxpãrckbo-
tedbs bt dbs oueogbs h–egcbr ob s`ot pes prã-
gcsãbs heos gbs `uvrejbs. O`trb prbkcærb
hãkergfb e ãtã hb dbs tbstbr sur dbs oueogbs á o`trb hcsp`sctc`o.
Dbs rbdetc`os lcldc`jrepfcqubs s`ot hb hbux typbs 9
• Dbs d`cs dcoãecrbs hu typb y ; ex + l `ó e bt l
s`ot hbs g`osteotbs bt x bt y rbprãsbotbot rbs-
pbgtcvbkbot uob geregtãrcstcqub kãgeocqub
(\k `u \p) bt de hurbtã (FL, F\ `u F^). Dbs
rãsudtets bxpãrckboteux g`kperãs eu k`hædb
kbttbot bo ãvchbogb uob g`rrãdetc`o cosunſt-seotb p`ur rbtbocr gbttb n`rkudetc`o.
• Dbs d`cs p`dyo`kcedbs hu sbg`oh hbjrã,
y ; ex
<
 + lx + g `ó e, l bt g s`ot hbs g`osteotbs pr`prbs á gfequb oueogb h–egcbr, y g`rrbsp`oh
á \k `u \p bt x á de hurbtã ^cgmbrs F^. Gbttb
n`rkudetc`o prãsbotb hbs g`bnſtgcbots hb g`rrã-detc`o \¼ h–bovcr`o 1,3 sunſtseot p`ur rãp`ohrb
eux lbs`cos hb o`trb ãtuhb.
\ãsudtets `ltbous evbg de n`rkudetc`o p`dyo`kcedb
Hbux bxbkpdbs hb rãsudtets `ltbous 9• G`urlbs rbdceot de hurbtã F^ á \k bt \p sur
uo egcbr F\ (feutb rãscsteogb lcpfesã). De
g`urlb (5) rbprãsbotb \k bo n`ogtc`o hb F^
bt de g`urlb (<) \p bo n`ogtc`o hb F^. Gb prco-gcpb e ãtã rãpãtã hb neê`o á g`ooeïtrb dbs rbde-
tc`os spãgcſtqubs á gfequb oueogb.
NCJR\B 2 9
 Q`rtc`o hb hcejrekkb \k bt \p bo n`ogtc`o hb de hurbtã ^cgmbrs p`ur de oueogb F\ (feutb rãscsteogb).
(5)(<)

Satisfaites votre curiosité

Tout ce que vous voulez lire.
À tout moment. Partout. Sur n'importe quel appareil.
Aucun engagement. Annulez à tout moment.
576648e32a3d8b82ca71961b7a986505