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2- CuSO4 + Zn → …. + …..
a- CuSO4 + Zn
b- Cu + Zn SO4
c- CuS + Zn O4
3- The activity series has long been used to ……متسلسلة النشاط الكيميائي تستخدم في
a - predict the direction of oxidation-reduction reactions
b – arrange the elements according to its ch. Activity.
C - The electrode at which reduction process occurs in galvanic cells is………….
4 -The standard hydrogen electrode has value of …… قياس قطب الهيدروجين القياسي.
( zero – positive one – negative one ) .
5 - If the standard reduction potentials for zinc and nickel were 0.76 and –0.23 volts ,
respectively - , thus e.m.f for the cell is …………. Volt
فإن القوه الدافعة الكهربية لهذه0.23 – و0.76 إذا كانت قيمه جهد اإلختزال لكل من الزنك والنيكل علي التوالي
الخليه هـو................
( (0.99 ) - ( 0.76) - ( 0.53) ) .
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6- Electrochemicalic cells can obtain electric current as a result of ……………
تنتج تيار كهربي نتيجة الخاليا الكهروكميائية..................
A -spontaneous oxidation – reduction reaction. تفاعل األكسدة واإلختزالـ
B - oxidation reaction. تفاعل األكسدة
C - reduction reaction. تفاعل اإلختزال
2 – Complete :
A - emf of cell = ………….. - ……………………
1 - potential of Cathode - potential of anode
2 - potential of Cathode + potential of anode
3- potential of anode
B-
1 – Complete :اكمل
1 - The copper ion attract to the ……………pole . أيون النحاس ينجدب نحو القطب..
2 - Copper ion carry ……. Charge . …………… أيون النحاس يحمل شحنة.
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Zn(s) + Cu2+→ Zn2+ + Cu(s)
Here zinc is more active because it can displace (precipitate) copper from solution. If
you immerse a piece of metallic zinc in a solution of copper sulfate, the surface of the
zinc quickly becomes covered with a black coating of finely-divided copper, and the blue
color of the hydrated copper(II) ion diminishes.
Similar comparisons of other metals made it possible to arrange them in the order of
their increasing electron-donating (reducing) power. This sequence became known as
the electromotive or activity series of the metals.
can't displace Ag
H2
Pt
The activity series has long been used to predict the direction of oxidation-reduction
reactions; see here for a nicely-done table with explanatory material. Consider, for
example, the oxidation of Cu by metallic zinc that we have mentioned previously. The
fact that zinc is near the top of the activity series means that this metal has a strong
tendency to lose electrons. By the same token, the tendency of Zn to accept electrons is
relatively small. Copper, on the other hand, is a poorer electron donor, and thus its
oxidized form, Cu, is a fairly good electron acceptor. We would therefore expect the
reaction
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to proceed in the direction indicated, rather than in the reverse direction. An old-
fashioned way of expressing this is to say that "zinc will displace copper from solution".
The above table is of limited practical use because it does not take into account the
concentrations of the dissolved species. In order to treat these reactions quantitatively,
it is convenient to consider the oxidation and reduction steps separately.
Reduction potentials
In the cell Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s) the zinc appears on the left side, indicating that it is being
oxidized, not reduced. For this reason, the potential difference contributed by the left half-cell has the opposite
sign to its conventional half-cell potential. More generally, we can define the cell potential or cell EMF as
in which "right" and "left" refer to the cell notation convention ("reduction on the right")
and not, of course, to the physical orientation of a real cell in the laboratory. If we
expand the above expression we see that the cell potential
is just the difference between the two half-cell potentials Eright and Eleft.
Reference half-cells
The fact that individual half-cell potentials are not directly measurable does not prevent
us from defining and working with them. Although we cannot determine the absolute
value of a half-cell potential, we can still measure its value in relation to the potentials of
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other half cells. In particular, if we adopt a reference half-cell whose potential is
arbitrarily defined as zero, and measure the potentials of various other electrode
systems against this reference cell, we are in effect measuring the half-cell potentials on
a scale that is relative to the potential of the reference cell.
The reference cell that has universally been adopted for this purpose is the hydrogen
half-cell
in which hydrogen gas is allowed to bubble over a platinum electrode having a specially
treated surface which catalyzes the reaction
½ H2(g)→ H+ + e–
When this electrode is operated under standard conditions of 1 atm H 2 pressure, 25°C,
and pH = 0, it becomes the standard hydrogen electrode, sometimes abbreviated SHE.
In order to measure the relative potential of some other electrode couple M 2+/M, we can
set up a cell
but since the difference Vsolution – V Pt is by definition zero for the hydrogen half-cell, the
cell potential we measure corresponds to
Ecell = VM – Vsolution
which is just the potential (relative to that of the SHE) of the half-cell whose reaction is
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Standard [reduction] potentials are commonly denoted by the symbol E°. E° values for
hundreds of electrodes have been determined (mostly in the period 1925-45, during
which time they were referred to as "oxidation potentials") and are usually tabulated in order of
increasing tendency to accept electrons (increasing oxidizing power.)
Given the E° values for two half reactions, you can easily predict the potential difference
of the corresponding cell: simply add the reduction potential of the reduction half-cell to
the negative of the reduction potential (that is, to the oxidation potential) of the
oxidation reaction.
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Problem Example 1
and predict the direction of electron flow when the two electrodes are connected.
Since this involves the reverse of the AgCl reduction, we must reverse the corresponding half-
cell potential:
Since this potential is positive, tthe reaction will proceed to the right; electrons will be withdrawn
from the copper electrode and flow through the external circuit into the silver electrode. Note
carefully that in combining these half-cell potentials, we did not multiply E° the for the Cu2+/Cu
couple by two. The reason for this will be explained later.
=======================================================
==================================================
Define standard electrode potentials relative to the standard hydrogen electrode and
describe methods used to measure the standard electrode potentials of metals or non-
metals in contact with their ions in aqueous solution. Calculate a standard cell potential
by combining two standard electrode potentials.
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can be exploited to create an electrochemical cell which is written conventionally as
The cell potential (emf) of this cell under standard conditions is 1.10 V (volt). Further, the electrons
flow in the external circuit from the anode (Zn), where oxidation takes place, to the cathode (Cu),
where reduction occurs.
Now consider the two half-reactions which contribute to the cell, written down as reductions (gain
of electrons):
Since the cell causes electrons to flow in the external circuit from Zn to Cu, it means that reaction
(2) takes place rather than reaction (1). Reaction (2) takes place because the REVERSE of reaction
(1) supplies the 2 electrons required.
The emf of the cell (1.10 V) is the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between the electrodes of the cell,
which is the difference between the abilities of the half-cells to attract electrons.
We could therefore write down the emf of the above cell (under standard conditions) as:
emf of cell = potential of Cu - potential of Zn
or conventionally
and (anode) are the STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS of the cathode and the anode
(cathode)
respectively. Since these represent the ability of the electrode to accept electrons, they are in fact
REDUCTION POTENTIALS.
is the emf of the cell, which can be determined by actually constructing the cell and
(cell)
measuring its potential (in volt).
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In principle, any redox reaction could be utilised to make an electrochemical cell. For example, one
could use the reaction
and this cell could be shown experimentally to have an emf of 1.24 V at a temperature of 25 ؛C.
If one only knew the values of the standard potentials of the half-reactions adding up to the whole
redox process, one could easily calculate the emf of any cell using the formula
It is not possible to determine the absolute values of the electrode potentials. We can however
determine the values of half-reactions relative to a standard electrode whose value is set
arbitrarily at 0.00 V.
The standard hydrogen electrode:
Consider the half-reaction
This cell has an experimentally determined of 0.34 V at 25 ؛C. If we assign a standard electrode
potential of 0.00 V to the hydrogen half-reaction (which is the anode reaction in this case),
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This cell has = -0.76 V at 25 ؛C. (Normally, a negative emf means the anode and cathode have
been wrongly identified. As the cell is written, electrons should flow from H 2 to Zn, but in fact it is
the other way round!)
However, by convention, the standard hydrogen electrode is always written on the left-hand side
of the cell. In other words, we always write such cells as if the standard hydrogen electrode were
the anode. Thus ,
Note that a hydrogen half-cell is constructed by bubbling pure H 2 gas over a piece of platinum foil
connected to the external circuit. This enables contact to be made between the gas and the
solution. For this reason, the standard hydrogen half-cell is normally written
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