1.

The significant causes of the revolt of 1857:

Social and Religious causes: Racism or racial discrimination was accepted as a substantial
reason behind the revolt of 1857, wherein Indians were abused and avoided mixing in with
Europeans. The whites additionally began meddling in the cultural and religious undertakings of
Indians and tormented them also.

Political causes: The British development had prompted the engendering of unreasonable
policies that started the loss of intensity of the Nawabs and Zamindars living at different Indian
places. The policies are- the policy of Trade and Commerce, the policy of indirect subordination,
the policy of war and annexation, the policy of direct subordination, the policy of mis
governance, which were significantly hampered the interests of the leaders of the local states,
and they individually became victims of British expansionism. So, those rulers, who lost their
states to the British, were generally against the British and favored one side against them during
the revolt.

Economic causes: Different tax collection and revenue system changes influenced the peasants'
intensely. British Government had forced and acquainted different administrative policies to
grow their region. One of the main approaches is a permanent settlement, which had made an
overwhelming effect. Accordingly, the peasants were enormously urged to overthrow the British
Government from India and prompted their active support in the revolt of 1857.

Military causes: The Indian soldiers confronted significant discrimination from the British
authorities concerning their salaries, benefits, pensions, promotions. Indians were oppressed in
the military while their European partners encountered no such discrimination. This prompted
discontent and was a significant military factor that brought about the revolt of 1857.

2. Impact of revolt 1857:

 One hundred years of the rule of the East India Company denoted the peak of misuse in
India. Furthermore, this misuse was every which way, for example, social, prudent, and
political existence of Indians.
 The power of the revolt of 1857, albeit restricted in specific pockets, was high to such an
extent that it shook the foundation of British rule in India, and it additionally

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 demonstrated the way that the East India Company which was fundamentally a trading
organization was not effective enough in handling Indian administration.
 The revolt uncovered the void of the organization's rule in India. The British Government
couldn't afford to lose India at any cost. In this manner, the British Government chose to
nullify the rule of the East India Company, and direct Government was introduced,
guided by the British Parliament.

3. Reasons for Partition of Bengal:

The partition of Bengal was the most significant occasion during the rule of Lord Curzon. It was
completed primarily for the accommodation of administration. Bengal was the biggest province
of India stretching out more than 1, 89, 000 square miles with 80 million population. It was
involving Bengal, Behar and Orissa and was under the focal of one lieutenant Governor. After
Lord Curzon assumed responsibility as Governor-General of India, the partition conversation
started because of the accompanying issues:
 Vastness of Province: The Province was 1, 89, 000 square miles with a population of 80
million, which was too immense to even think about being overseen by one lieutenant
Governor. He could not visit the entire province because of its vastness once in his
residency.
 Poor communication: The source of communication in the provinces were limited
because of rivers and forests. The provinces' law and order conditions were additionally
most noticeably awful because of deficient police and in-efficient administration. Along
these lines, the need for a partition of the province was felt severally.
 The distinction of Language: There was likewise the distinction of Languages and
civilization of the locals of West Bengal and East Bengal. The locals of West Bengal
viewed themselves as better in progress than the resident of East Bengal. This critical
situation is considered one of the reasons for partition.
 Need of the time: The Bengal division was the seek for an opportunity to create trade
East Bengal and to advance the Port of Chittagong, which should be possible just by a
division of the Provinces.
 Partition: The Partition of Bengal was consequently determined to reestablish
effectiveness in the Government and administration on the one hand and supported

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 nearby activities for progress and improvement on the other. Lord Curzon partitioned
Bengal and shaped two new provinces of reasonable size – East and West Bengal. East
Bengal comprised of Dacca, Mymensingh, Assam, Kaula, Rangpur, and Bogra region;
the Dacca was the capital of East Bengal established a dominant part Muslim province. In
contrast, the Bihar and Orissa established a different territory called West Bengal with the
capital of Calcutta and became the Hindu majority province. East Bengal contained a
population of eighteen million Muslims and twelve million Hindus. Though West Bengal
had a population 54 million of which 42 million where Hindus and along these lines was
the Hindu majority province.

4. Reaction on Bengal partition:

Muslims' Response: It got a positive reaction from the Muslims. It was felt that it would bring
the liberation of Muslims socially and economically. The Muslims welcomed the Partition of
Bengal for the following reasons:

 In the majority province of East Bengal, the Muslims would be liberated from Hindu
dominance in the economic field. They would get chances of administrations and
progression of agribusiness.
 The city of Dacca, where the Muslims were in a more significant part, was the focal point
of Muslim culture. In Dacca, Muslims had an incredible possibility of achievement for
social and social progression than in Calcutta.
 The Partition could bring about political inspire and making sure about speak to activity
in the Government.
 The Partition of Bengal mitigated the Muslims from rivaling Hindus, who were further
developed in each field of life.

Hindus Response: The Hindus didn't acknowledge it. It managed an advising hit to their
imposing business models and select hang on monetary, social, Political existence of the entire of
Bengal. They called it a deliberate attempt by the British Government. The reactions of Hindus
are given below:

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  The Partition of Bengal had lit up the chance of improvement of Muslims, while the
Hindu landowners, business people, and merchants needed the norm and proceeded with
the Muslims' abuse.
 Hindu legal advisors additionally responded to the Partition of Bengal since they
imagined that the new province would have its different courts, and consequently, their
training would be influenced.
 Hindu press was not the same as that of Hindu advocates. Hindus had their syndication
over practically entire of the province press. They were anxious about the possibility that
new newspapers would be set up, which would generally diminish their income.
 The Hindus launched the Swadeshi Movement, whose sole reason for existing was to
boycott of British products.

5. Factor promoting the Muslim league:

 British Plan: Dividing Indians into communal lines and followed the nonconformist
mentality in Indian policies. For instance, Separate electorate, Played caste politics
between non-Brahmins and Brahmins.

 Absences of Education: Muslims were segregated from western and specialized training.

 Muslims' misfortune Sovereignty: 1857 revolt makes the British imagine that Muslims
are risky for their colonial policy. As they were built up their rule after dethroning the
Mughal rule.

 Articulation of Religious Color: Most historians and radical patriots celebrated India's
one side of our composite culture. They commend one-sided because Shivaji, Rana
Pratap and so forth were praises, yet they stayed quiet on Akbar, Sher Shah Suri,
Allauddin Khalji, Tipu Sultan and so on.

 India's monetary backwardness: Lack of Industrialization causes intense joblessness and

British demeanor towards the cottage industry was unfortunate.

Objectives of the formation of the league:

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  To advance the dedication of Indian Muslims towards the British Government.

 To secure the political and different privileges of the Indian Muslims and put their
necessities and goals before the Government.

 To defeat the sentiment of aggression among Muslims towards different communities.

6. How did the Muslim League impact the national movement in India?
The British followed the policy of 'Divide and Rule' after 1857 to partition the people along
religious, position and local lines. All India Muslim League was set up in 1906, under the Aga
Khan administration, the Nawab of Dacca, and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. The Muslim League
upheld the partition of Bengal and requested excellent protection for the Muslims in government
services. The educated Muslim youngsters were, specifically, attracted by radical patriot
thoughts. Besides, the impacts were:
 The Muslim League gave restrictions to Congress pioneers who were driving the national
movement at that time.
 Britishers upheld the Muslim League since its demands were different from hinds.
 The Muslim League raised first its interest for discrete Pakistan in 1930, which led to
India's division in two nations.
Hence, we can say that the Muslim League, rather than partaking in the nationalist movement of
India to liberate the nation from the British rule., was just inspired by its interest in the making of
the different territories of Pakistan. The nationalist movement in India got an enormous set back
because of communal policies followed by the League.

7.Features of the Act 1919:

1. It loosened up the central authority over the province by dividing and isolating the central and
provincial subjects. The central and provincial governing bodies were approved to make laws on
their separate rundown of issues. However, the structure of the government kept on being
concentrated and unitary.
2. Further, the provincial subjects were divided into two sections. Which were transferred and
reserved.

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3. It was presented just because of bicameralism and direct elections in the nation. In this way,
the Indian Legislative Council was supplanted by a bicameral legislature comprising of a
Council of State and a Legislative Assembly. Which was known as upper class and lower class.
4. It necessitated that the three of the six individuals from the Viceroy's leader Council were
Indian.
5.It expanded public portrayal guidelines by giving separate electorates to Sikhs, Indian
Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
6. It allowed the establishment to a predetermined number of individuals based on property, tax
or education.
7. It made another office of the High Commissioner for India in London. It moved to him a
portion of the capacities until now performed by the Secretary of State for India.
8. It accommodated the foundation of a public service commission. Thus, a Central Public
Service Commission was set up in 1926 for selecting government employees.
9. It separated, just because provincial spending plans from the Central financial plan and
approved the provincial legislatures to establish their spending plans.
10. It accommodated a statutory commission arrangement to ask into and report on its working
following ten years of its coming into force.

8.Features of the Act 1935:

1. It accommodated the foundation of an All-India Federation comprising of provinces and
princely as units. The act divided the powers between the Center and units as far as three records
—Federal List Provincial List and the Concurrent List.
2. It annulled dyarchy in the provinces and presented 'provincial autonomy' in its place. The
provinces were permitted to act as autonomous units of organization in their characterized
spheres.
3. It provided the selection of dyarchy at the Center. Consequently, the government subjects
were partitioned into reserved subjects and transferred subjects.
4. It presented bicameralism in six out of eleven provinces. Thus, the legislatures of Bengal,
Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral comprising of a
legislative council (upper house) and a legislative assembly (lower house).

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5. It further expanded the communal representation principle by giving separate electorates to
discouraged classes, women, and laborers.
6. It nullified the Council of India, built up by the Government of India Act of 1858.
7. It expanded the establishment. Around 10 percent of the total population got the voting right.
8. It provided the foundation of a Reserve Bank of India to control the nation's money and credit.
9. It provided the foundation of a Federal Public Service Commission and a Provincial Public
Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission for at least two areas.
10. It accommodated the foundation of a Federal Court, which was set up in 1937.
The principle objectivity of the act of 1935 was that India's legislature was under the British
Crown. So, the authorities and their functions get from the Crown, to the extent that the Crown
didn't itself hold executive roles. Consequently, the act of 1935 filled some valuable needs by the
analysis of provincial autonomy. In conclusion, we can say that the Government of India Act
1935 imprints a final turning point throughout the entire existence of constitutional development
in India.

9. Importance of Act:
Government of India Act 1935 shortened the power gathered in possession of the Central
Government and distributed it among the decentralized type of government. Although they had
not requested it, separate electorates for women were very useful for the advancement of women
in the decision-making process. Indeed, even the laborers had their different representations,
which helped in the laborers' progress. This Act was the main endeavor to give the provinces an
independent status by liberating them from outer obstruction.
Therefore, if the province is settling on any choice, no one can meddle that decision-making and
nobody could help the provinces what to do and what not to accomplish for its subjects.
Britishers have presented this Act because through this Act they can win the help of current
nationalists and they could lead over the domain of India.
Another explanation was that this Act gives casting voting rights to many people than were
issued under the Government of India Act, 1919. This Act likewise proposed to shape the
government that permitted sovereigns to take an interest in political undertakings of India.

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Even though numerous Indians did not prefer this Act, its significance was that it made ready for
India's independence. This Act gave the premise to an arrangement among Britishers and Indians
to get freedom.

10.What was Lahore Resolution?

The All India Muslim League held meeting at Minto Park, from March 22 to March 24, 1940,
Lahore. This meeting ends up being verifiable.
On the primary day of the meeting, Quaid-I-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah portrayed the
occasions of the most recent couple of months. In an extempore speech, he introduced his answer
to the Muslim issue. He said that India's problem was not inter-communal, yet clearly a
worldwide one and must be treated accordingly. To him, the contrasts among Hindus and the
Muslims were so incredible, thus sharp that their association under one central government was
loaded with genuine dangers. They belonged to two independent countries and accordingly, the
main possibility open was to permit them to have separate regions.
In the speech of Quaid-I-Azam: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions,
philosophies, social traditions and literature.
For sure, they belong to two separate civilizations dependent on clashing ideas and thought.
Their views on life and of life are unique. It is seen that Hindus and Muslims get their motivation
from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and multiple
episodes. The hero of one is often a foe of the other, and likewise, their victories and defeats
overlap."
The Resolution announced: "No constitutional arrangement would be useful or worthy to the
Muslims except if coterminous geographical units are outlined into districts which ought to be so
comprised with such regional rearrangements as might be essential. That the zones wherein the
Muslims are mathematically in dominant part as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India
ought to be gathered to comprise free states in which the constituent units will be self-governing
and sovereign".

11.Importance of Lahore Resolution

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March 1940, the All India Muslim League Resolution of usually known as the Pakistan
Resolution, is undoubtedly the most significant occasion that changed the course of Indian
history and left profound imprints on world history. With the section of this Resolution, the sub-
continent Muslims changed their interest from "Separate Electorates" to a "Separate State." This
Resolution dismissed the possibility of a United India and the creation of an independent Muslim
state was define as their definitive objective. It gave new vitality and mental fortitude to the
Muslims of the area who assembled around Quaid-I-Azam from the Muslim League's foundation
to battle for freedom. The Quaid's dynamic administration and the dedication and commitment of
the adherents made it possible for them to accomplish a free state inside seven years of their
struggle, and that too when the chances were against them.
The British additionally understood that Muslims and Hindus are both separate countries.
Subsequently, any collaboration between them couldn't be developed. The Muslim community
currently looked more decided for their new state and they understood the rights.

12.Impacts of Resolution:
The Resolution was passed on March 24. It set down just the principles, with the details left to be
worked out a future date. It was made a piece of the All India Muslim League's constitution in
1941. The Resolution was about to go for one state for Indian Muslims.
The Indians Muslims changed their definitive objective after having passed the Pakistan
Resolution. Rather than looking for union with the Hindu people group, they put out on a way
whose purpose was a different country for the Muslims of India- - with an extraordinary name of
Pakistan.
The Congress scornfully dismissed the Muslim League's proposal of shaping alliance services.
The Muslims were oppressed not exclusively to physical assaults; however, shamefulness and
prejudicial treatment respect common freedoms, financial measures, employment, and
educational opportunities. The Congress Ministries presented the Wardha plan of education, the
object of which was to de-Muslimise the Muslim youth and kids.
On March 23, Pakistan celebrates every year with extraordinary enthusiasm to honor the most
exceptional achievement of South Asia Muslims and it also a public holiday in Pakistan.

13.Aims and Objectives of Lahore Resolution:

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The Muslim majority areas of India ought to be consolidated with the goal that the Indian
Muslims may have a place where they could set up their independent state.
The Muslims, who are in the minority in the independent units and territories, ought to be talked
with and their interests should be provided with the constitution's protection.
Since the current constitution doesn't protect the Muslims' interests, it isn't acceptable to the
Indian Muslims.
The Muslims of India can't acknowledge the British government's changes in the current
constitution so long the whole constitutional plan isn't amended from the scratches.
The primary usage of the amended constitution, the Muslim leaders, ought to be welcome to
expand their view about the amendments. This constitution ought not to be actualized before the
consent of the Muslims.
The executive committee of the Muslim League ought to be encouraged to set up an activity plan
in the light of the standards referenced above creation courses of action to assume control over
all the issues and authorities in both the wings; proposed East Wing and West Wing of Pakistan

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