TYPES OF COMMUNICATION USED IN PSPCL

There are 4 types of communication used in PSPCL. Each type of

communication has different area of usage & application .The most commonly
used communication is power line communicaton .This communication
connects each station of PSPCL with other by power lines & the four types of
communication used are:

 MICRO WAVE COMMUNICATION

 VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL COMMUNICATION
 WIRE LESS COMMUNICATION
 LAND LINE COMMUNICATION

DETAILS OF COMMUNICATION

 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION:

This type of communication is much advanced & used preferably in whole of

PSPCL . This type of communication not only connects the whole state but also
the whole of north india with the offices of the board . The communication
dependent upon anteena , receievers & transmitters . the microwave
communication is very much faster than others & provide more facilities like no.
of channels etc.

 VSAT ( VERY SMALL APERTURE TERMINAL ) :

This communication is not used so much in the organization because this type
of communication is not so efficient as like microwave communication . In this
type of communication there are small dish anteenas used to transmit the
signals .
  WIRELESS COMMUNICATION :

This communication is used to connect those places where land line

communication is not possible . The area where land line communication can
not reach & also at those places which are far from sub stations , then wireless
communication is used .

 LAND LINE COMMUNICATION :

This communication is very versatile in PSPCL . In this stations are connected

using power lines . The speech signal is sent in power lines therefore , it is called
POWER LINE COMMUNICATION.

o GENERAL:
The power system of an organization like PSPCL comprising of power
houses, high tension lins & su ststion is so complex & extensive thet to control
the same an equal large & complex telecommunication system of high rliability
is required . The telecommunication system should provide the following
facilities :

 TELEPHONE
 TELEPHONE SWITCHING
 TELE PROTECTION
 REMOTE CONTROL & INDICATION OF LOAD
 POWER FREQUENCY SYSTEM
 REMOTE ALARM INDICATIONS
 TELE METERING
 TELE PRINTING
 DATA TRANSMISSION

For PSPCL , its own power line carrier (PLC) channels provide the tele
communication syatem , about 300 houses & 220kva , 132 kv ,66 kv sub stations
rae served bythe PLC system . A PLC channel consist of two PLC terminal at two
stations A & B connected together with the help of high tension transmission
lines & coupling devices like coupling capacitor , coupling devices , wave trape &
high freq cable .
Information for the above listed facilities is accepted by the PLC
terminal & passed on to its counter part at remote station in the form of high
frequency signals . The remote PLC terminal delievers the same in original
form to local users or passes on the same to adjoining PLC
Terminal to next station over the next line selector.
Thus two PLC terminal at two station communicate with each
other . PLC terminal use amplitude modulation with single side band (SSB)
transmission . If F1/F2 are the frequencies of high frequency carrier used by the
one PLC terminal for transmitting / receiver carrier signal then F2/F1 are used
by opposite end PLC terminal for transmitting /receiving the same. In a PLC
system F2 or F2 has to lie between the range from 30khz to 500 khz , the hiogh
frequency of the station B . If F2 is the transmitting frequency of the station B
then F2 the receiving frequency of the station & vice versa .
 BASIC SIGNALS :

 TELEPHONE SIGNALS :

The telephone transmitter (mouth piece ) of a telephone get convert the spoken
audio speech into corresponding electric speech signals .These are random
changing signals , characteristics of each individual signal changing electric
signal can be said to be alternating current signals. Telephony signals in PLC
channels cover a speech frequency band of 300 hz ti 2400 hz .This mouth piece
of PLC ckt design to handle sine wave ac signals of frequencies between 300 hz
to 2400 hz , will give equally good response to human speech signals . In other
words the electronic ckt to handle speech signal are designed & tested with the
help of signal generator of sine wave ac outputs of frequencies 300 hz to 2400
hz . This is speech fixed in PLC terminals . All speech characteristics are covered
with in this band & person heard on PLC telephones is equally recognised .

 TELEPHONE SIGNALING :

This is the information available from switching equipments for the purpose of
establishment interconnections between telephone sets in the PLC systems . a
telephone subscriber or a station has to contact remote subscriber or ststions .
This is done by dialing the no. of desired stations .The no. of information from
the dial is converted in the form of “earth “ & “no earth” pulses by the switching
equipment.
This “earth” & “no earth ” information is fed to PLC terminals A
digit dialed form the telephone set causes “earth” pulses of the same no. on the s
wire connecting equipment & the PLC terminal.
The “earth ” & :”no earth” conditiuon go to a signal oscillatpor ckt
in the PLC terminal . The “earth “condition forces the signal oscillator to give a
sine wave signal of frequency in our PLC terminal are 2700hz & 2580hz .The
two frequencies produced differ by 60hz to give uf signal representing “earth “ &
“no earth” dial pulse from switching equipments.
The response of PLC receiver & the dial pulse is just the opposite .
each PLC terminal is equipped with a dial receiver ckt .
 The UF signals from remote station of this relay gives the “earth ”
&”no earth ” pulses to local switching equipment. From the dial signal oscillator
to the dial signal receiver is formed what is known as the dial channel between
the two stations .Telephony signaling information received from switching
equipment by the PLC terminal at station A as passed on to the
switchingequipment by the PLC terminal at station B & vice versa.
TELEGRAPHY (TELEPRINTER ) SIGNAL :

Our teleprinter machine receives signal in the form of DC pulses . For each
character of type writer , a unique set (or train) of DC pulses is generated . A DC
pulse has two states i.e high or low.
 BAND WIDTH OF PLC SIGNAL :

We have seen that a PLC terminal is required to transmit & receive signal which
lie in the UF band as follows :

 TELEPHONY : 300HZ TO 2400 HZ

 TELEPHONE SWITCHING : 2580 + 30 HZ
 VFT CHANNELS : 2880 + 60HZ TO 3600 + 60HZ

As per ISO 9482-1980 adopted in india for ssb PLC terminals , a nominal carrier
frequency of 4 khz is provided in the PLC terminals whenever PLC terminals
are required to transmit a telephony speech only (i.e no UFT signal the nominal
carrier frequency band of 2.5khz)
The idea about band width will become more clear in the following discussion
on amplitude modulation.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

The modern system of transmitting basic signal is with the help of a carrier
signal of much higher frequency. The necessity of using a carrier signal can be
easily understood I case of PLC .The UF freq of basic signal discussed above are
very close topower freq 50hz exsisting on high terminal lines . It is not possible
design filter ( combination of wave traps , coupling capacitor , tunning
componenets etc) which will withstand high terminal power voltage & current&
at the same time separate power current 50hz to4000hz . Basic signal must be
transmitted to a much higher freq quite away from 50hz . I n communication ,
microwave , radar etc make use of carrier freq of hundered 7 thousand of mhz.
In communication theory vital reason are also explained for the necessity of
acrrier freq to transmit basic signal.
For eg radio communication , tv communication ,
microwave , radar , etc, make use of of freq of thousands& hundreds of mhz .At
carrier fe=req the requirement of send power , size of anteena . Power lines
associated with many types of noises are not designed or ideal for
communication purpose . However fully satisfactory PLC channels , using
carrier freq in the range of 30 khz to 500 khz are now used.
Basic signals are translated with carrier freq signals to
obtain efficient & satisfactory transmission over the power line . The problem is
how to add the basic audio (UF)signalto the carrier freq saignal or wave . Some
characteristics of carrier wave is to be changed in accordance with the basic
signal.

BANDWIDTH OF A.M WAVE

The carrier freq Fe is many time greater than the signal freq Fs. Hence the side
band freq are close to the carrier freq.

It is known that the bandwidth of amplitude modulated wave is twice the signal
freq . The basic contained in the side band freq or rather fully in each of the side
band .Therefore the PLC terminal design now is such that one side band & the
carrier freq signalare suppressed & only the remaining side band is transmitted .
This reduces the band with each requirement of each plc terminal & at the same
time enable the entire transit power to be allotted to useful side band. This
means more of carrier channels can be put on the adjoining line sections with in
the allocated carrier band (30 -500 khz).Without expecting interference
between any two carrier freq.
 Diagram shows the basic arrangement to produce amplitude & the
resultant side band. A high pass filter will eliminate the carrier &lower side band
freq signals from composite AM freq.

TWO STAGE MODULATION

Supposing an audio tone of 1 khz is to modulate a carrier wave of freq 300khz.

Then the resultant AM wave will contain high freq tone of freq 299 khz ,300 khz
&301 khz . the resultant freq are so close to each other that it is impossible to
design cheap filter to eliminate a pure sideband freq (299 or 301 khz)from the
composite wave. Unwanted carrier & the other sideband will unnecessarily leak
through the load to send the signal power available . Then there will be problem
to the 1 khz audio signal from the side band in the process of demodulation
which will have to provide a 100% original freq for demodulation .To overcome
these difficulties . the modern PLC terminal design make use of two stage
modulation (& of course demodulation )
In two stage modulation , the audio tone first modulation & intermodulation
carrier freq signal of freq 12khz,16.45khz,20khz etc depending on the
modulation .
From this AM signal , one side band is selected for modulation ,
which is final HF carrier wave , the two side band in the HF stage only one side
band of transmission.
POWER SUPPLY TO PLC TERMINALS
It is now standard sized that all PLC terminals should be suitable for connection
to 48v dc supply .Each PLC station is provided with a 48 v dc battery& the
battery charger of required capacity . The battery & PLC load are connected to
the charger .On the failure of ac mains , the load comes over to battery , which
has capacituy to bear rated load for atleast 10 hours .
But some of the transistorized ITI/SIEMENS & BPL/SIEMENS PLC
terminal received in 1970-1972 where suitable for connection to 220 volt ac
mains. These PLC were used at stations , where emergency power supply
equipment comprising rotary converters were available . The rotary convertors
are suitable for supplying 220 v ac from sub station 220v dc batteries .Thus in
the event of ac mains failure , rotary convertors take over.

INPUT / OUTPUT TERMINALS OF PLC

PLC terminals are required to be connected to power supply . HF cable ,

switching equipments , telephone sets etc. For these purpose suitable terminal
connections are provided in each PLC terminals.
For connection to HF cable , HF connector terminal are provided
at the base of terminals . For connections of ac or dc supply separate connector
block is provided at the base .For all other connections a terminal block is
provided with easy access . In modern PLC terminals (IC version ) the earth is
available immediately on initiating a call at the valling station & on the maturity
of a call at the called station.

STUDY OF BATTERY & BATTERY CHARGER

Batteries are used to provide alternate power supply in the absence of ac supply
for atleast 10 hours & the batteries ad=re charged with the help of battery
charger . . The batteries are connected to rectifier (dc power supply). The
batteries are placed in a dry , ventilated room in a lead case.
Depending on the type of battery , their level is checked in
terms of specific gravity.B \atteries are maintained by the input of distilled
water regularly .
 BATTERY CHARGER

 MANUFACTURERS NAME :STATIC POWER &

CONTROL
 RATED CHARGE OUTPUT : 40 AMP
 RATED BATTERY LOAD :0 TO 45 AMP
 RATED LOAD ACROSS LOAD TERMINALS :0 TO 22.5AMP
 LOAD CURRENT LIMIT :22.5AMP
 MAIN INPUT :SINGLE PHASE
 MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY :70%
 MAXIMUM POWER DRAWN :4.8KVA AT .88PF
 QUICK CHARGE VOLTAGE :57.6V
 TYPE OF PRIMARY PROTECTION :BY USING HRC FUSE ,
AC CONTRACTOR

INSTALLATION & CHARGE INSTRUCTIONS

 UNPACKING : Care should be taken in the unpacking & subsequent

handling of cells & other componenets of the battery as rhey can be damaged
due torough handling . Store the cells with the vent plugs .Power & vent cum
float guide screwed on firmly & other acvessiories in a dry & dut free covered
area.

 BATTERY ROOM : The battery room should be well ventilated , clean &
dry .A damp room is dangerous due to possible earth leakage from the battery.
The battery will give the best results when working at room temperatures of
20 degree celcius to 35 degree celcius . I t will function satisfactory when
operating at temp between 20 deg cel to 50 deg cel . High temp inc the capacity
but dec the life of the cells . Low temp reduce the capacity available but do no
injury to the battery.

 STANDS & SUPPORTS:

 Suitable stands should be provided for the support of the cell should be
rranged so that each cell should be arranged so that each cell will be easily
accessible for inspection .
When special drawings have been made available showing the layout of
the battery , they should be followed very carefully to ensure that connections fit
properly.

 POWER REQUIREMENTS:
A DC source capable of delivering the current as specified on the
inside front cover will be required . The voltage neede will be 2 times the no. of
cells in the battery. The initial charging of the battery will take approximately 55
of 90 hours.

 POLARITY OF CHARGING HEADS:

It is of atmost important that the +ve terminal of the battery is
connected to the +ve lead of the charging source.

ACID
The acid to be used in the battery for initial filling in battery garde sulphuric
acid of specific gravity (290+.05) at 27 deg cel.
If the acid is obtained in concentrated form , it is necessary
to dilute it to 190 specific grade . The acid as well as the distilled water to be
used for diluting the acid should confirm to standard institution specification IS
266-1977 & is 1069 -1964 respectively .

CAUTIONS :
 VESSELS:

When vessels of hard rubber, plastic , porecelain or lead lined MS

tanks /wooden boxes should be used. Donot use metal vessels other than lead.

 PROTECTIVE WEAR:

When working with acid or electrolyte always use protective goggles ,

rubber gloves & rubber apron.

 ACID SPLASHES:

1. ON GARMENTS :Remove garment immediately , neutralize,spot with 5 to 10

% ammonia or soda solution & wash in water.
2. On skin / eyes : Flush with large quantities of water.
A 5 to 10 %solution of ammonia or soda should always be kept ready
prior to operations .

 NEVER ADD WATER TO ACID:

Add the acid in the thin stream , slowly , stirring the acid solution with a
long glass rod or tube.

TEMPERATURE CORRECTION :

The specific gravity of the electrolyte varies with temp .Any reading
observed on the hydrometer should therefore be corrected to27 deg cel as all the
specific gravity value indicated by us are at 27 deg cel.
The correction should therefore be made as follows . For every 1
deg cel above 27 deg cel add 0 .00007 to the specific gravity as read on the
hydrometer . Similarly, for every1 deg cel below 27 deg cel . Subtract 0.0007
from specific gravity as read from the hydrometer.
INSTALLATION :
The cell should stand on porecelain / plastic insulator which will
be supplied with the cells of these insulators each with a lead disc on top should
be inserted between the feet of the container & the satnd level the cell , if
necessary by placing one or more of the lead disc between the insulators & the
satnd.
Arrange the cells to the +ve terminal of one cell adjoins the –ve terminal plug
of the next throughout the battery. Use a wooden spacer to ensure even spacing
ot of cell.

CONNECT CELLS TOGETHER

When the cells are in position on the stands connect them together smear a little
petroleum jelly on the threads , bolting faces & the bolt holes before bolting up.
After bolting up the cells smear petroleum jelly over the nut bolt head &
washers.

INITIAL FILLING OF ELECTROLYTE

Sufficient quantity of of battery grade sulphuric acid & a littly to spare must be
availableat the site for the initial filling of each cells . The sulphuric acid should
be 1.190+.005 specific grade at 27 deg cel.
The approximate quantity of the acid required per cell is given in the data
sheet . The total quantity of acid required is obtained by multiplying the
quantity per cell by the number of cells adding 10% to compensate for spillings.
The cool pure sulphuric acid of 1.190specific grade should be carefully
poured into the cells till the level of indicator in each cell rises to the maximum
recommended level as indicator by lower white band of the float indicator ,
 being just visible above the black fload guide . Replace the vent plugs on the cell
but do not tighten level them loose.

PORTION OF CHARGING

 FIRST PORTION : The first portion of the charge should be given at any
rate betweenthe starting / finishing currents given on the depending upon the
output of the charge .

 SECOND PORTION: The second portion of the charge must be given at the
finishing rate for a period of not less than 300 hours , till the sign of completion
of charge are observed.

 PILOT CELLS: As pilot cells select vany one cell ( except the end cell or
regulated cell if any ) out of every 60 cells or part of them .
Voltage & specific gravity readings from the pilot cells will indicate
the state of charge of the whole readings.

DURING CHARGE TAKE HOURLY READING

 SPECIFIC GRAVITY: For some hours after filling in the cells the
specific gravity will fall in spite of the fact that cells have already been on charge
for some time . After the charging has been in progress for some time the
specific gravity of the electrolyte will cease to fall & will commence rising
slowly , finally reaching a steady value . It doesnot matter what the
final specific gravity reading of the electrolyte is what is important in that it
should reach the maximum value & reading must remain constant for 3 hours
before the battery can be deemed fully charged.
 VOLTAGE: As the charging continues the voltage like the specific gravity
of the elaectrolyte will steadily increase to a final value of approx 2.75v per cell .
The voltage must remain constant over 3 hours before the charging of the
battery.

 TEMPERATURE: During charging of the electrolyte temp of the cells

should not exceed 50 deg cel . Suspend charging if it exceeds & commence
charging after battery has colled to about 45 deg cel . If necessary , slightly lower
the recommended charging rate . Where ambient temp are normally high , it is
recommended that charging be carried at during the night & suspend during the
day . If necessary use the finishing rate for first portion of the charge.

OPERATION OF BATTERY CHARGER

1. It is important that the battery should be operated in accordance with the

instruction given on the instruction card supplied .
Make sure that the instruction card is hanged in a prominent &
accessible location in the battery room.

2. It is strongly recommended that the batteries which are to be operated on the

trikle . Charge be subjected to 2-3 cycles of charge & discharge the battery
should that be put on trikle charge when in a fully charged condition .
Adjust trikle charge to the required value indicated in the data on
page next . After several years the trikly charge current may have to be raised ti
the higher value to compensate the effect of ageing.
The trikle value charge should be adjusted to give an
optimum battery voltageof 2.25 -2.30v per cells.
COMPLITION OF CHARGE
When all the cells have been gassing freely & when the voltage & specific
gravity of the pilot cell has been constant over 3 siccessive hourly readings , the
cells can be deemed fully charged & the charging terminated.

ADJUST SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF EACH CELL

If at the end of the first charge the specific gravity of the

electrolyte exceeds 1.205 withdraws some electrolyte & add pure water ,
continue the charge so that the water & acid mix thoroughly.
If at the end of the of first charge the specific gravity of
electrolyte below 1.195 after both vaoltage & specific gravity have remained
constant over 3 consecutive hours withdraws some electrolyte & add acid of
1.350 to 1.400 specific gravity continuing the charge in the meantime.
FINAL READING/ RECORD BOOK

After correcting specific gravity & electrolyte levels , start a record book for the
whole life of the battery . The first page should record the specific gravity
readings of each cell & note thet levels & temperature of the pilot cells & not that
levels were correct in each cell . Records details of periodical charges &
discharges etc.
A record book is supplied with each battery of 60 v & above , for
smaller batteries than can be obtained at nominal charge . If one copy of the
record sheet is sent periodically to the nearest office of the company free
technical advice will be given so that the battery is maintained in optimum
condition.
The first charge sheet supplied with the battery should be filled up with
the reading during initial charge & returned tpo the company for comments.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATIUON

 INITIAL INSPECTION

Inspect the package for external evidence of damage & inform company
handling to transit . Notify the damage & inform company immediately if any.
Donot destroy or remove any of packing material used in damaged shipment.
After unpacking unit inspect through visual check to detect any transit damage
to any componenet on the front panel or inside the cubicle . If any lose or
broken connection are noticed set them right.

MECHANICAL INSTALLATION:

The panels are free standing steel structure & should be installed in dust free
well ventilated place.
Clean the equipment properly to remove dust particles settled on the
components & equipment.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION:

1. Connect single phase ac input supply through terminal / strip .

2. Connect the firm earth to the panel .
3. Push all the fuses , they might have become loose in transit.
4. Check that all the PCB connections are properly connected in their correct
position.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

1.NOMINAL INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE 230V

2. PHASE : SINGLE
3. FREQUENCY :50H-2 HZ
4. INPUT SUPPLY VOLTAGE RANGE :170-270V AC
5. OUTP[UT VOLTAGE :48 V DC
6.FLOAT MODE : 52.8 V DC
7. BOOST MODE : 57.6V DC
8. OUTPUT CURRENT LIMIT :20 A
9. BATTERY CURRENT LIMIT :10% OF AH CAPACITY BATTERY
10 . RIPPLE : LESS THAN 5 MV
11. POWER FACTOR : 0.7 LAG
12 EFFICIENCY :BETTER THAN 75 %
 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
1. Connect incoming supply on incoming terminal provided at the near of the
unit accessible after opening the near door.
2. Connect battery on battery terminals . Connect +ve on red marked terminal
bus &-ve on black terminal bus accessible after opening the near door.
3. Connect load in correct polarity at load feeder terminals .
4. Switch on the incoming switch provided on the front of the unit.
5. The initially charge the batteries keep mode selector switch to extend
position.
6. To adjust voltage in float mode open the front door adjust voltage by
potentiometer marked “FLOAT”by rotating .
7. To adjust voltage in boost mode use pot marked “BOOST”.
8. To limit the current drawn by the batteriesfrom the charger , the
potentiometere marked battery current can be adjusted.

ACKNOWLEDGE

Engineering is an ocean & an engineer dives in the ocean in search of the

pleasure.
I avail this opportunity of expressing my sincere thanks & personal
gratitude to all those who helped me successful completion of my training. I also
take this opportunity to express my deep sence of gratitude to the staff of PSPCL
as without teir co operation & able grateful training of this standard & expertise
would not have possible for me. I am also grateful for the ever willing
cooperation & help from the incharge S. VIRSA SINGH (J.E).
PREFACE

The industrial training is mainly aimed at enabling students to their theoretical

knowledge to practice as “THEORY IS TO KNOW HOW & PRACTICAL IS TO
DO HOW” & to appreciate the limitations of knowledge gained in the class
roomto practical situations & to appreciate the importance of discipline ,
punctuality with the sence of responsibility ,money , value of time & dignity of
labour.
In order to develop awareness of industrial approaches to
problem solving based on broad understanding tools & machinery process ,
models of operations of industrial organization training enable us to various
material process , products & their application s along with the relevant quality
control.
My training was undertaken at PSPCL PATIALA. It is pioneer
organization supplying electricity to almost whole of the state having ultra
modern facilities & great scope for learning .Many types pof communication are
used here & the trainee is exposed to vast experience of teaching learning
process.
BRIEF ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

The PSPCL is well known private organization . The organization is providing

electricity to whole of the state from last 43 years . Each substation has a
 connection with each power line communication . So they by PLC i.e can
transfer their signals to each stations ,
The organization is regulating & maintaining electric power produced at
major power stations. Daily thousands of megawatt electricity is produced at
these power stations & then supplied to sub stations from where it is supplied to
customers .In sub station this power is stepped up or down as per user
requirements . The main power stations running in the state are as follows:

1. BHAKRA NANGAL
2. LEHRA MOHABBAT THERMAL PLANT
3. GURU NANAK DEV THERMAL PLANT
4. ROPAR THERMAL PLANT
5. RANJIT SAGAR DAM
The power generated at these power stations is supplied to the whole of the
state . The main flow of power is controlled at Patiala sub station . The flow of
electric power is through POWER LINE COMMUNICATION.

PSPCL AT A GLANCE

YEAR OF COMMENCEMENT :1967

COMMENCEMENT OF COMMERCIAL :1967
PRODUCTION RANGE :TELECOM THERMAL EQUIPMENT
LOCATION OF SUBSTATION : 220KV ABLOWAL PATIALA
LAND AREA : 40ACRES

CAPITAL INVESTMENT (IN MILLIONS)

LAND & BUILDING : RS 15.73

PLANT MACHINERY : RS 86.46
MAN POWER : RS 200
PILOT SIGNALS

In order to monitor healthiness of PLC channels each terminals seeds a pilot

signal to the opposite end of terminal . Failure of pilot signal is visually
indicated as an alarm signal for the staff .
In F-F terminals , pilot signal is transmitted at all times .
PLC terminals is transmitted during telephony conversation only.
In ITI / SIEMENS transistorized terminals 12khz IF signal is also sent
along with the VF signals . This signal is act as a pilot signal . In other PLC
terminals the telephony switching signal act as the pilot signal.
Each PLC terminal contain a pilot fail alarm ckt containing relay. Under
healthy working condition the presence of pilot signal is indicated by the
operated condition of the relay . Failure of pilot signal will charge the state of the
relay whose contacts are used to give the audio / video indicators.
Therefore before the healthiness of speech signaling channels etc. is checked the
healthiness of the pilot signal has to be checked first . The strength of pilot
signal is receipt also indicate the transmission loss. The level of all other signal
is measured relative to level of pilot signal.
This automatic compresation is done by introducing variable gain . The
metering unit onh PLC terminal measures dc voltage in volts & ac signal In db.
This serves very good purpose in absence of standard level meter.
A daily or weekly record of built in meter reading is kept in the PLC rooms for
monitoring the healthiness of PLC terminal.