EXPT-9

AIM OF THE EXPT:-To establish a direct communication link between satellite transmitter &
receiver with audio & video signal transmission.

Equipments required:

1.satellite transmitter trainer kit(st2271)

2.satellite receiver trainer kit(st2271)

3.video camera

4.A tv monitor

5.transponder(st2271)

6.Connecting cables

7.microphone

THEORY:-

When used for communications, a satellite acts as a repeater. Its height above the Earth means that
signals can be transmitted over distances that are very much greater than the line of sight. An earth
station transmits the signal up to the satellite. This is called the up-link and is transmitted on one
frequency. The satellite receives the signal and retransmits it on what is termed the down link which
is on another frequency.

The circuitry in the satellite that acts as the receiver, frequency changer, and transmitter is called a
transponder. This basically consists of a low noise amplifier, a frequency changer consisting a mixer
and local oscillator, and then a high power amplifier. The filter on the input is used to make sure that
any out of band signals such as the transponder output are reduced to acceptable levels so that the
amplifier is not overloaded. The signal is received and amplified to a suitable level. It is then applied
to the mixer to change the frequency in the same way that occurs in a superheterodyne radio
receiver. As a result the communications satellite receives in one band of frequencies and transmits
in another.

In view of the fact that the receiver and transmitter are operating at the same time and in close
proximity, care has to be taken in the design of the satellite that the transmitter does not interfere
with the receiver. This might result from spurious signals arising from the transmitter, or the receiver
may become de-sensitised by the strong signal being received from the transmitter. The filters
already mentioned are used to reduce these effects
[Block diagram of a basic satellite transponder]

Satellite communications links need to be designed to enable the inherent link characteristics to be
accommodated:

 Propagation delay - latency:   In view of the altitude of many satellites - those in

geostationary orbit - there are significant propagation delays. This can affect signalling and
extended timeout windows may be required to accommodate the latency of the system.

 Limited bandwidth:   Bandwidth is an issue for all users of the radio spectrum. Some
satellites are affected more than others. Accordingly many systems will require to use the
available bandwidth very effectively. Data compression schemes are normally used.

 Noise:   The path length and the fact that power levels are limited, especially on the satellite
means that signals do not operate with a large margins. To overcome this, directive
antennas are normally employed. However in addition to this robust error correction
techniques are normally required for data transmission.

 Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of
frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to passband
bandwidth, sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context. Passband
bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example,
a bandpass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. In the case of a low-pass
filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency.
DISH ANTENNA:

The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic
dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to
a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio
waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is,
they can produce the narrowest beamwidths,

PROCEDURE:

SAME AS EXPT NO-8

OBSEVATIONS:

1. AUDIO & VIDEO signals are transmitted through satellite transponder & it is received in
same frequency by satellite receiver.
2. Thus , the signals are observed at receiver through TV monitor( AS WELL AS VIDEO &
AUDIO SIGNAL).

SATELLITE
VIDEO CAMERA TRANSMITTER TRANSMITTER DISH ANTENNA
ST 2271

RECEIVING ANTENNA
TRANSPONDER
DISH ANTENNA DISH ANTENNA
ST 2271

SATELLITE TV
RECEIVING ANTENNA RECEIVER MONITOR
ST2271

[ BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUDIO & VIDEO SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH SATELLITE

LINK]