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Lecture 3
Seismic Rays and Earth Structure
Secondary tremor
T
Large
Milne realised the significance and
used travel time difference to locate
Preliminary earthquakes → global earthquakes
∆
GNH7/GG09/GEOL4002 EARTHQUAKE SEISMOLOGY AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARD
History of Seismology 3
1900 Oldham – P & S tremors travelled through the interior of the Earth while
large waves propagated close of the surface
1906 Oldham – made the big leap forward and supplied the seismological
evidence that the Earth has a central core
1909 Mohorovicic use the same argument of a discontinuity in the travel time
curve to identify the crust
To do better required a method of calculating wave velocity from travel time
curve more accurately:
1907 & 1910 Herglotz, Wiechert Bateman inversion
Solid mantle
103 Liquid outer core
103
Found P wave reflected
143 from inner core in P
wave “shadow zone”
Surface wave plots of T vs ∆ are straight lines due to constant velocity along
path. Body wave plots of T vs ∆ are curves because velocity changes with
depth.
dif P PcP
PcS
PP
pP
Reflected off surface
Benioff zones
α ((λ + 2µ ) / ρ )1/ 2
=
β (µ / ρ )1/ 2
i.e., α / β = √3 = 1.73 for Poisson solid
P waves are just over 1½ times as fast as S waves
a useful guide
Bullen shells