This is a proposal to introduce A Community Policing Model for Arizona.

I'm going to show other

places in the past that have used the same type of policing . We can learn a lot from History. That
is why I'm going to use many items I've researched .

As for the first look here : History

The first local modern police department established in the United States was the Boston
Police Department in 1838 (In 1631 the Town of Boston started its first "Night Watch" ), followed
by the New York City Police Department in 1844 (.The New York City Police Department (NYPD),
which was established in 1844, is currently the largest police force in North America, with primary
responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation within the five boroughs of New York City.
The NYPD is considered to be one of the first "modern" style police departments in the United
States along with the Boston Police Department.) Early on, police were not respected by the
community, as corruption was rampant. In the late 19th and early 20th century, there were few
specialized units in police departments.[2]

The advent of the police car, two-way radio, and telephone in the early 20th century
transformed policing into a reactive strategy that focused on responding to calls for service.[2] In
the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer, police began to
professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training.[3] With this
transformation, police command and control became more centralized. O.W. Wilson, a student of
Vollmer, helped reduce corruption and introduce professionalism in Wichita, Kansas, and later in
the Chicago Police Department.[4] Strategies employed by O.W. Wilson included rotating officers
from community to community to reduce their vulnerability to corruption, establishing of a non-
partisan police board to help govern the police force, a strict merit system for promotions within
the department, and an aggressive, recruiting drive with higher police salaries to attract
professionally qualified officers.[5] Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly
autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and minority
communities. During the professionalism era of policing, law enforcement agencies concentrated
on dealing with felonies and other serious crime.[6]

Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, and
enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol study in
the 1970s found the reactive approach to policing to be ineffective.[7] In the 1990s, many law
enforcement agencies began to adopt community policing strategies, and others adopted
problem-oriented policing. In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police
Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends,
and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat, and other forms of
information-led policing, have since been replicated in police departments across the United
States and around the world.

In 1905, the Pennsylvania State Police became the first state police agency established, as
recommended by Theodore Roosevelt's Anthracite Strike Commission and Governor Samuel
Pennypacker.[8]. See also Coal Strike of 1902.

California municipalities were among the first to hire women as officers. The first female police
officer was Alice Stebbins Wells, who was hired by the Los Angeles Police Department in 1910.
The LAPD also hired the first African-American police officer, Georgia Ann Robinson, in 1916. The
first female deputy sheriff, Margaret Q. Adams, was hired by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's
Department in 1912
 Policing in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice system,
along with courts and corrections. Although there exists an inherent interrelatedness between the
different groups that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence
purpose, each component operates independently from one another. Nevertheless, it should be
noted that the judiciary is vested with the power to make legal determinations regarding the
conduct of the other two components. Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the
purpose of policing is the investigation of suspected criminal activity and the referral of the results
of investigations and of suspected criminals to the courts. Law enforcement, to varying degrees at
different levels of government and in different agencies, is also commonly charged with the
responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and of preventing the successful commission of
crimes in progress; the service and enforcement of warrants, writs and other orders of the courts;
providing first response to emergencies and other threats to public safety; the protection of
certain public facilities and infrastructure; the maintenance of public order; the protection of public
officials; and the operation of some correctional facilities (usually at the local level).

In the United States, there are an estimated 17,784 law enforcement agencies, spread out across
the federal, state, and local levels of government. Policing and law enforcement services are
mainly the jurisdiction of local government, with an estimated 12,666 local police agencies and
3,070 sheriff's departments.[1] Local police include county police, metropolitan police, city, and
town police departments. In addition, there are 1,376 special-purpose district police agencies,
with jurisdiction over parks, schools, housing, transit, etc

Local policing

Local policing is usually conducted by the police departments at the county, township or municipal
(city or village) level and ranges in size from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town
marshal) to the 40,000 men and women of the New York City Police Department. Many individual
cities and towns will have their own police department, with larger communities typically having
larger departments with greater budgets, resources, and responsibilities. County sheriffs, county
police, state police, and highway patrols enforce laws in their particular jurisdictions and are
usually the only police in unincorporated areas beyond the jurisdiction of the cities. They also
assist local police within their jurisdictions with investigations, can provide certain specialized
services within their jurisdiction such as criminalistics laboratories or a coroner, and may operate
jails. Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have
jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically
coterminous with one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually have
been formed by a merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and
often the local sheriff's department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing
command and resources and to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities
experiencing rapid population growth and urban sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small
to afford individual police departments. Some county sheriff's departments, such as the Los
Angeles County Sheriff's Department, are contracted to provide full police services to local cities
within their counties. Special district police vary in their levels of authority. In some states, they
serve as little more than security police, but in states such as California, special district forces are
composed of fully-sworn peace officers with statewide authority. These include the Los Angeles
School Police Department, which, with a deployment of 525 sworn and non-sworn personnel,
covers 708 square miles from five police divisions and the Minneapolis Park Police Department, a
much smaller unit with a deployment of 38 sworn police officers and 27 non-sworn Park Patrol
agents.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policing_in_the_United_States

Police History In the beginning, there was kin policing, with its penchant for blood feuding and
traditions of tribal justice. Many pre-civilized villages or communities are believed to have had a
rudimentary form of law enforcement (morals enforcement) derived from the power and authority
of kinship systems, rule by elders, or perhaps some form of totemism or naturism. Under kin
policing, the family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibility for justice by
capturing, branding,

or mutilating the offender. To be sure, there were also theocratic institutions (religious temples,
magic rituals, grand viziers), but these were probably used as a system of appeals (sanctuary,
refuge) and for purposes not associated with justice. Since war has existed, the police function
has been

somewhat inseparable from the military function as ancient rulers almost always kept elite, select
units (bodyguards) close at hand to protect them from threats and assassination attempts, and
although it was more theocratic than militaristic, the argument could be made that the first known
civilization (Egypt) was a police state.

In Mesopotamia, the rise of cities like Uruk, Umma, Eridu, Lagash, and Ur is widely regarded as
the "birth of civilization". However, these cities were in a state of constant warfare, and in terms of
looking at which residents bore the closest resemblance to police officers, the argument could be
made that captured Nubian slaves were the first police force. This group was often put to work as
marketplace guards, Praetorian guards, or in other mercenary-like positions. As a police force,
their different color, stature, and manner of dress made them quite visible among the
Mesopotamians. The idea of visibility could then be regarded as the first principle of crime control.

With the rise of the city-states came forms of criminal justice that could be considered as king's
policing. It's conventional to note that things like the Code of Hammurabi marked the first known
system of criminal law as well as the start of other practices. The Hebrews developed the Mosaic
Law and a rudimentary adversverdana system. The Greeks experimented with highway patrol
and jury trials (Athens) as well as secret police and mercenary systems (Sparta). Across Africa,
trials were being conducted while sitting down (three-legged stools of justice). Violators were
brought before thrones of justice in the name of the crown, and to keep the peace meant, for the
most part, keeping the king's peace of mind. Greek philosophy (Aristotle, Plato) was largely
responsible for popularizing the majesty of justice by associating good law and order with virtue.

It's widely recognized that the first organized police force were the Roman vigiles, the first group
of nonmilitary and nonmercenary police. They were created by Gaius Octavius, the grand
nephew of Julius Caesar, around 27 B.C. After his uncle was assassinated, little Octavius swore
revenge and rose to power with a desire to reform Roman society. Once he became ruler, he took
the name Augustus Caesar, or more simply Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. Let's take a
close look at the steps involved in establishment of the world's first organized police force:

the first thing Augustus did was create a special unit, called the Praetorian Guard, to protect
him from assassination. 9000 men were selected and divided into 9 cohorts of 1000 each. 3 of
these cohorts operated as undercover operatives housed among the civilian residents. The
Praetorian Guard eventually became involved in assassination plots themselves, and were
disbanded or reabsorbed by the military.
*

the second thing Augustus did was create a daytime city fire brigade of 600 slaves and
spread them among 14 separate precincts. The slaves proved inadequate and were disbanded,
but the prefect (precinct) system proved workable.
*

the slave fire brigade was replaced by urban cohorts, headed by a prefect of the urban
cohorts. These were a less select military unit of men who weren't good enough to get into the
Praetorian Guard. They were several thousand of them. They were primarily responsible for fire
safety during daytime hours, and they were fairly inadequate at it.
*

the urban cohorts were supplemented by nighttime cohorts, and there were several thousand
of them, recruited and selected from among freedmen only. They were known as the vigiles
(watchmen) of Rome, and were empowered not only to fight fires but to arrest law breakers. The
prefect of the vigiles eventually became a powerful man, passing judgment on most lawbreakers,
except for serious lawbreakers who had to be turned over to the prefect of the urban cohorts. The
vigiles were armed with clubs as well as short swords. They eventually took over the duties of the
urban cohorts.

MIDDLE AGES (400 A.D. - 1600 A.D.)

The middle ages either had no system of law enforcement or one of two systems, depending
upon what part of the world you were in. Where law enforcement existed, it was most likely a
variety of the watch system -- a system premised on the importance of voluntarily patrolling the
streets and guarding cities from sunset to sunrise ("2 A.M. and all's well"). The predominant
function of policing became class control (keeping watch on vagrants, vagabonds, immigrants,
gypsies, tramps, thieves, and outsiders in general). Despite some innovations during this time
period (the Magna Carta of 1215 being a notable example), most of this era was characterized by
lawlessness and corruption. By the 1500s, there was no country in the world with more robbers,
thieves, and prostitutes than England. Other countries, too, experienced lawlessness to such a
degree that citizen groups, known as vigilantes, sprang up to combat crime.

Gendarme System:

Pledge System:

The gendarme system was created by Charlemagne and is associated with centralized policing
found in French speaking and Romantic language countries. The closest word in English to
"gendarme" is "marshal", although "inspector" might be a close second.

All gendarmes are considered agents of the crown, and can travel anywhere to bring anyone to
justice. Gendarmes charge fees based on performance. Gendarmes were feared and respected
professionals.

The pledge system was created by Alfred the Great (England) and is associated with
decentralized policing by constables or deputies. The comes from the word frankpledge, a
Norman version of the old Saxon tithing or hue and cry system.

Each citizen is pledged to perform some kind of police work unless excused by a "shire-reeve"
who appoints "constables" from among the watchmen. Constables were beloved amateurs.

Prior to 1066 (the Norman Invasion), the little villages of England operated under mutual
assistance pacts known as the tithing system. All men over the age of 12 were required to be in a
tithing, which was responsible for the behavior of its membership. If the tithing failed to apprehend
an errant member, the entire tithing was required to pay restitution to any injured party. The chief
tithingman was responsible for raising the hue and cry, or call to arms, whenever someone
needed to be apprehended.

Under the frankpledge system (1066-1300), ten tithings were organized into a "hundred",
supervised by a constable whom the local nobility appointed. The primary duty of the constable
was to quartermaster the equipment of the hundred and raise forces quickly. Ten hundreds were
further organized into a "shire", supervised by a "shire-reeve". Shire-reeves were considered the
local representatives of Norman royalty, and also had judicial powers along with judges who
traveled the realm to hear cases and also correctional powers along with town bailiffs. Over time,
the position of constable also came to represent the power of the crown, but it was a position that
mixed Norman authority with Saxon tradition. When the English countryside was eventually
divided up into parishes with aldermans and wards, it was the constables who emerged as the
most important parish officials because the shire-reeves were mostly brutal, corrupt, and run out
of town.

PROGRESSIVE ERA (1900 A.D. - 1920 A.D.)

The first couple of decades in the 20th Century saw a number of innovations, most notably the
shift in policing from brawn to brain, and the end of miscellaneous duties like dog catching,
inspecting, and licensing. The spoils system was gradually replaced by a civil service system with
the first anti-corruption measure, the Pendleton Act, which focused on eliminating nepotism (the
hiring of relatives) while increasing job security (for others). Originally passed in 1883, it wasn't
enforced until 1900, and generally marks the end of spoils.

Professionalism took place at the top with formation of the International Association of Chiefs of
Police (IACP) in 1902. It's first president, Richard Sylvester, chief of the Washington D.C. P.D.,
was widely regarded as the father of police professionalism. He advocated a citizen-soldier
model, and was responsible for development of the many paramilitary aspects of policing. August
Vollmer, chief of the Berkeley P.D., would become the patriarch of police professionalism by 1918.
He advocated a scientific crime fighter model, and was responsible for introducing America to
crime labs, fingerprint repositories, and uniform crime reporting. Across America, bigger police
stations were being built as job titles changed (from town marshal to chief of police, commissioner
if elected, superintendent if appointed).

Professionalism took place at the bottom with police unions. The Fraternal Order of Police (FOP)
were created in 1915, and followed soon by American Federation of State County Municipal
Employees (AFSCME), Teamsters, and the umbrella group, International Conference of Police
Associations (ICPA). Police unions are unique (some would say non-union) because they cannot
strike.

Citizen groups became involved in police reform. One group that served as a model for the rest of
the nation was the Chicago Crime Commission. Not an investigative commission, but a civilian
oversight or review board, groups such as this helped bring intellectual ideas about the causes of
crime to policing. For the first time, policewomen were given a chance to do real police work, not
just work as juvenile matrons or undercover decoys. Interest developed in the idea of higher
education being important for police officers as well as the idea of enforcing the law in neutral
fashion (the neutral function - to serve and protect).

GANGSTER ERA (1920 A.D. - 1950 A.D.)

This era started out with the Volstead Act (more commonly called the 18th Amendment or
Prohibition) of 1919. A decade followed of trying to enforce an unenforceable law, and then that
decade was followed by one of widespread unemployment (the Great Depression). Both events
produced "big-time" gangsters, such as Al Capone, John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, Machine
Gun Kelly, Bonnie and Clyde, who became heroes to the American people. It was inevitable that
crime fighting would become the main function of policing in this era as police struggled hard to
become as effective as the criminals seemed to be at becoming organized.

Prohibition changed everything. The Volstead Act placed police officers in an adversverdana role
for the first time. Previously, they allowed public opinion to influence much of law enforcement
policy, but now, they found themselves in the forefront of something called - vice control. The
public had no intention of giving up alcohol, and the police had to resort to brute force and dirty
tricks. To make matters worse, every time the police seemed to be successful at enforcing the
alcohol ban, the power of organized crime increased. A lot of petty criminals (bootleggers)
became organized criminals (gangsters) during Prohibition. Police had their hands full. A whole
bunch of new crimes were emerging: joyriding, drive-by shooting, ransom kidnapping (Lindbergh
baby), daylight bank robberies.

There was a need for leaders who could restore a perception of police as effective crime fighters.
Two personalities emerged: J. Edgar Hoover and Elliot Ness. Hoover rose from the ranks of the
FBI (the G-men) to become its Director (the Boss) from 1924 to 1964. In 1929, Elliot Ness, who
headed the Prohibition Bureau (later the ATF) also made a name for himself and his T-men. Both
men were masters of public relations, and the image they instilled would keep organized criminals
wondering who was gonna get 'em - the G-men or the T-men. Hoover denied the existence of
organized crime on definitional grounds, and concentrated on depression-era folk heroes (and
political subversives). He personally arrested the last of the Ma Barker gang in 1959. Both Hoover
and Ness regularly used wiretapping, spy techniques, and the latest technology to ply their trade.
They believed in their agents being above reproach (untouchable), and one of Hoover's most
important contributions turned out to be the FBI National Academy which largely became a citadel
of expertise in law enforcement.

Behind the scenes, there were other, perhaps more significant, contributors to police
effectiveness - people who were not particularly good image makers, but simply innovative
municipal police chiefs. They started movements, established legacies, and made real reforms.
They included: August Vollmer (Chief - Berkeley); O.W. Wilson (Chief - Wichita & Chicago); and
William Parker (Chief - Los Angeles). Parker went on to become a consultant for the TV show
Dragnet which he believed accurately portrayed his ideal for policing - an impersonal, "Just the
Facts, Ma'am" approach to professionalism. Let's look at two of these figures in some detail:

August Vollmer

Vollmer was the police chief for Berkeley, California from 1905 to 1932. He is perhaps best known
as the founder of the "college cop" movement and the author of the Wickersham Commission
Report of 1931. If Richard Sylvester is to be regarded as the "father of police professionalism",
Vollmer is to be regarded as no less than the "patriarch of police professionalism". He
successfully implemented a vision of police as scientific crime fighters, and introduced America to
such things as stop lights, police car radios, crime laboratories, and lie detectors, just to name a
few of his many contributions.

Let's zero in on the "college cop" movement Vollmer started. The idea was that every police
officer should have at least a bachelor's degree. It was a short-lived movement, lasting from
about 1921 to 1943, cut short by the demand of returning World War II veterans to obtain hiring
preferences, regardless of educational qualifications. Debates since then have focused on
whether college education is a bona fide occupational qualification. Vollmer was really more
interested in "high IQ" and you have to remember that many police jobs across the country back
then were regularly filled by people who were rather dull and feebleminded (leatherheads). For
example, on the IQ tests available at the time, policemen in the city of Detroit scored an average
of 55 while Vollmer's force scored an average of 147. Vollmer supported the policewoman
movement precisely because he believed women had higher IQs than men. He also hired the first
black person to work in law enforcement. He promoted his people often and equally.

Colleges and universities back then didn't offer the kind of curriculum Vollmer thought "college
cops" needed. What passed for criminology, for example, was either sociology or Lombrosian
ideas about stigmata. Vollmer had earlier established a police training academy on the campus of
UC-Berkeley, and it was widely renowned for courses in bicycling, photography, law, biology, and
chemistry. It was only natural, then, for UC-Berkeley to house the first department of criminology
in the nation, and Vollmer helped create it, eventually becoming Dean of the School, supervising
a curriculum based on public speaking, sociology, psychology, abnormal psychology, and
statistics.

At various speeches during IACP meetings, Vollmer advocated a number of reforms, most related
to the need for standardized training or modernization of law enforcement. One of the reforms he
proposed was the establishment of a Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR). After all, part of the
success Berkeley PD enjoyed in reducing the crime rate to zero (some say it was displaced) was
due to its exceptional record-keeping system (ID and MO files). J. Edgar Hoover, of course,
ended up getting the credit for the idea of a national crime reporting system (UCR).

The Wickersham Report was written almost entirely by Vollmer. It represented the first set of
baseline standards for comparison and reform of police departments. Most of these eventually
became CALEA standards for accreditation, but the Report contained a number of other
recommendations needed and put into effect, such as:

Personnel standards -- removal of employees, even the chief, "for cause"

*

Communications & records -- modern systems based on Berkeley model

*

Salary & benefits schedule -- fair schedules of pay and promotion by grade
*

Separate units -- for crimes involving juveniles and vice

*

State information bureaus -- crime data collection and analysis centers

*

Training academies -- creation of regional ones, such as the Northwestern Traffic Institute,
Southern Police Institute, Wichita, San Jose, Michigan State
http://www.realpolice.net/police-history.shtml

There are different types of community policing programs and initiatives.

ACAR

ACCREDITATION PROGRAMS

ADOPT-A-COP

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS

ARE YOU OK? PROGRAM

ART PROGRAMS

ASAP--After School Activities Programs

AWARDS PROGRAMS--Special awards given to Good Citizens who perform honorary deeds or
assisted with law enforcement, or were just simply observed displaying good manners while
driving.

http://www.apsu.edu/oconnort/comlist.htm
and many more.

I am sumitting this proposal .