WELL LOGGING I

DENSITY LOG
BULK DENSITY LOG
• Provides a continuous measurement of the formation’s bulk density.
• Bulk density is a result of the solid matrix (mineralogy), porosity and
any fluids present. It may be referred to as ρb or RHOB.
• If the effects of porosity and fluid are removed from the bulk density
measurement then the measured density reflect the matrix density.
BULK DENSITY LOG
• Provides an indication of formation lithology if no porosity is
present.
• The sources used are cesium 137 (preferred because of the stability,
decays of 30 years of half life, gamma ray decay of 0.66 MeV) and
cobalt 40.
• Gamma rays detected have energies ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 MeV.
• The lost energy by scattering is dependent on the number of electrons
in the formation and hence is proportional to the density. Higher the
density of the formation lower the response at the detector.
• Density is low in high pressure formation
GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
• Photoelectric absortion
• Low energy photon interacts with the electron in the atom and
removes it from its shell.
• Occur when the energy of the incident photon is equal to or just
greater than the binding energy of the electron in its shell
• It is related to the atomic number of the attenuating medium (Z),
the energy of the incident photon (E) and the physical density of
the attenuating medium (p) by: Z³ p / E³.
GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
• Compton scatteringthe
• Main cause of scattered radiation in a material.
• Partial absorption process
• It occurs due to the interaction of the x-ray or gamma photon with
free electrons
• Proportional to the electron density and physical density of the
material
• Inversely proportional to photon energy
• does not depend on atomic number
GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
Pair production
• results in the complete attenuation of the incident photon
• Pair production can only occur if the incident photon energy is at
least 1.022 MeV
• Nucleus undergoes a change of state and is transformed into two
particles (essentially creating matter from energy): one electron and
one positron
GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
DENSITY MEASUREMENT
DENSITY MEASUREMENT
DENSITY MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
DENSITY TOOLS
Single detector Dual detector-compensated
VOLUMEN OF INVESTIGATION
EXAMPLE 1

• There is always correlation between Δρ and caliper.

• If Δρ>0.20 bulk density is invalid.
• It is caused by poor contact of the pad.
POROSITY ASSESMENT
It is nor measured. It is estimated from:
EFFECT OF LITHOLOGY
EXAMPLE 2
• Estimate porosity in the fully/water saturated zone
• Estimate porosity in a pure shale
• What type of hydrocarbon do we have in this formation?
• Estimate porosity in hydrocarbon bearing zone
EXAMPLE 2
GRAPHICAL ESTIMATION OF
POROSITY
PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION
INDEX
• Taken from the Litho-Density Log
The primary use of the Pe log as an indicator of lithology.
• The Pe log is independent of porosity, and so can be used in
combination with bulk density in interpretation.
PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION
INDEX
The sensitivity of the Pe log to heavy elements (e.g. Barite at 266.8
barns/electron) can be problematic when heavy, barite-rich drilling muds
are used. Even the slightest concentration of barite in the mud
can cause the photoelectric absorption index to be unusable.
LITHOLOGY ASSESMENT