COURSE TITLE: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

COURSE CODE: STS101

PRE-REQUISITE/CO-REQUISITE:
COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course deals with interactions between science and
technology and social, cultural, political, and economic
contexts that shape and are shaped by them. (CMO No.20,
series of 2013)
This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront
the realities brought about by science and technology in
society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public,
and the global aspects of our living and are integral to
human development. Scientific knowledge and
technological development happen in the context of society
with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and good life
and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific
and technological advancement.
This course includes mandatory topics on climate change
and environmental awareness.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
After the course, you are expected to:
Knowledge
1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically
Philippine society
2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its
role in nation-building
3. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical
ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society.
4. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and
Philippine society in general.
Values
1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the
environment and the development of the Filipino nation
2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such
that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good
life
3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable
development of society and the environment
 Skills
1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and
technology to society
2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up
with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by
ethical standards
3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and
their understanding of climate change

Science, Technology and Society

General Concepts in Science, Technology, and Society
Module 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science
and Technology
Module 2: Intellectual Revolutions
Module 3: Science, Technology and Nation-building
Science, Technology, Society, and the Human Condition
Module 4: Human Flourishing in Science and Technology
Module 5: Human Flourishing as Reflected in Progress and Development
Module 6: Good Life
Module 7: When Technology and Human Cross
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society
Module 8: Information Society
Module 9: Biodiversity
Module 10: The Nano World
Module 11: Gene Therapy
Module 12: Climate Change
COURSE CONTENTS:

MODULE 1
Module Title: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Overview
Science and technology do play a significant role in daily life. They make challenging
and complex things simpler, and they make it easier for people to do more with too
little effort and time. Developments in this area are not only the result of people's
creativity or a one-time phase of thought; they are often brought about by gradual
improvements to earlier works from various periods of time. The driving force behind
this continuous change is the desire to improve people's quality of life.

Module Objectives
After Module 1, you are expected to:
• explain how science and technology have influenced society and the
environment and vice versa;
• identify the inventions and innovations that have changed the world throughout
history; and
• discuss advances in science and technology in the Philippines.
 Module 1 Topic 1 Asian Times Pre-test
Name:________________________________________________ Score:__________
Section:___________ Instructor: ______________________Date:_______________

I. What do you think are the most possible concerns of people during the ancient
times? Enumerate your answers.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

II. Can you give some of the major technological advancement during the Ancient
time in Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Chinese
Civilization? List your answers.
Sumerian Babylonian Egyptian

Greek Roman Chinese

A. Topic 1: Ancient Times

Introduction:
In ancient times, people were concerned with transport and navigation, communication
and record keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health,
aesthetics and architecture.

Objectives:
After Topic 1, you are expected to:
 trace the historical development of science and technology in the world
during the Ancient Times
 demonstrate appreciation for the developments in science and technology

Topic Contents
People during the ancient times were concerned with:
Transportation was important during the ancient time period
Transportation because people were trying to get to places and explore new
and horizons. They traveled to find food and better places for their
Navigation settlements. They also traveled to trade their surplus goods in
exchange for items they needed. The first form of transport
was of course, Shanks Pony (a human foot!). However,
people eventually learned to use animals for transportation.
Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between
4,000 and 3,000 BC (the exact date is not known).
Approximately 2,700 BC, the Egyptians began using wooden
ships to trade by sea.
Early ships were driven by a long oar, a pole with a flat blade.
The first boats were dug out of canoes. People lit a fire on a
large log, then they put it out and dug out the burnt wood.

Navigation is the art and science of determining the position

of a ship, aircraft or other vehicle and guiding it to a specific
destination. Navigation requires a person to know the relative
location or position of the vehicle compared to other known
locations.

The early navigation methods involved observing the

landmarks or observing the direction of the sun and the stars.
Few ancient sailors ventured into the open sea. Instead, they
sailed in sight of the land to navigate. When this was
impossible, the ancient sailors watched the constellations to
mark their position.

Navigation aided in their travels to new and unusual places

around the world. They were allowed to return home after
they had explored new places or had completed a significant
 trade with another community of people.

The Sumerian cuneiform was the first written language.

Writing consisted mainly of records of the number of sheep ,
goats and cattle, and the quantity of grain. Eventually clay
tablets were used as a writing surface and marked with a
reed stylus to produce the writing. Thousands of such clay
tablets have been found in the Sumerian town of Uruk.
The development of the alphabet was the next major
development in writing in the old world. The alphabet was
derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs containing 24 signs for 24
Egyptian consonants. About 1700 BC Semites who knew
Egyptian hieroglyphs began to make certain changes to their
writing system. They put the letters in a specific sequence
and gave them simple names to help with learning and ease
of memory. They also dropped the logograms and other
Communication
signs used in hieroglyphs and only kept the Egyptian
and Record
consonants and limited the signs to those for individual
Keeping
consonants.
They finally introduced the vowels to their alphabet.
Alphabets soon spread across most of the world as they
provide both flexibility and simplicity to the writing system.
Communication is essential in their efforts to find and occupy
new places. They needed a way to communicate with the
natives of the areas they visited in order to facilitate trade
and prevent possible conflicts.
Record keeping was also important because they needed to
remember the places they had been to and document the
trade they had made with each other. It was also vital to keep
records of their history and culture so that they could
establish their identities as they tried to relate to other
cultures and civilizations.
Increased size and number of nations connoted increased
demand for food and other basic necessities, and this
condition also meant that people must be able to produce
food at a given time and space as resources became scarcer
as more people struggled to share basic necessities. People
Mass Production therefore needed a form of technology that would enable
them to increase food supplies and other survival needs
without them traveling more or working harder. One example
that Sumarian did to solve this problem was they built an
irrigation and dikes to harvest more products from their
crops.
Weapons and armors were also important for the discovery
Security and of new places or for the establishment of new alliances with
Protection other tribes. There was always a risk of conflict at the time
when people met others with a different culture and
 orientation.
Conflicts were common, especially when different groups
were struggling to control vital resources. Stronger nations
tended to invade weaker ones so that they could use much
needed resources. As such, the development of weapons for
security and protection was considered to be a major
achievement.
Health The conservation of life was the primary challenge they
faced. Early people may have been successful in exploiting
the rich resources that the world could provide, but their
survival was a big problem. Different illnesses and diseases,
both natural and man-made, hindered the full potential of a
human being. In view of this predicament, science and
technology have played an important role in the discovery of
cures, if not the prevention of diseases.

The surgery was very painful in the old days. To relieve

patients of pain, physicians use alcohol to give a little comfort
to their patients. Some anesthetic plants, such as mandrake
fruits, cannabis, juniper and aconite, have been used to
numb the patient's sensations so that surgery can take place
easily.

Bloodletting was very famous in ancient Greece and in

ancient Egyptian times. People in that era believed that since
menstruation in women is a natural process of blood
purification, the best way to cure any disease or disease
would be to drain bad blood from the body.

Although some people have a positive effect, luckily, many

have died as a result of excessive blood loss. Bloodletting
practice was abandoned in the 19th century as it was
declared harmful to the body by researchers. Controlled
Bloodletting is still used for some rare diseases.

Bloodletting was thought to be beneficial in the healing of

almost every disease, from acne and asthma to cancer and
smallpox. Even the blood loss from the wound was treated by
removing more blood! Bloodletting the already wounded was
thought to reduce inflammation (which is why it was also
used before surgery).

Other ancient medieval treatments aside from blood letting

are tapeworms for slim figure, trepanation, plants used as an
anesthesia, snails to cure cough, venom for antibiotics,
arsenic for pale skin color, animal dung for ointment,
DDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to kill malaria infections
 and lice attack, taking emetic to induced vomiting,
heliotherapy known as Light therapy, suggested to people
suffering from Vitamin D deficiency, shock therapy to induce
seizures in patients and relieve them from the mental
disorder, this process was banned as it fell out of favor and
has led to several deaths, heroin cough syrup, fever induced
by malaria is helpful in bringing down the symptoms of
Syphilis.
Despite all these terrible, painful and dangerous treatments,
one thing is confirmed that while people haven't changed a
lot from the past, at least they've become enlightened
enough to find a proper cure for any disease. We know that
the outbreak of illness will never end, and human beings will
never stop finding the best methods and strategies for
medical research.
Development in engineering has also led to the introduction
of architecture. Others might see architecture as a mere
style, but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural
designs were signs of technological advancement of a
particular civilization.
In addition, in order to integrate their needs for better
Architecture transport, to set up structures to protect them from human
and Engineering attacks and natural disasters, and to build larger and stronger
infrastructures, people have ventured into what is now known
as the field of engineering. Development in this field has
allowed human beings to build structures that address their
specific needs and wants. Some of the structures that were
built in ancient times still exist today, and continually amazed
people
People were not content to beautify only their infrastructures
and their surroundings. Being able to prolong life with the
mass production of food and the advancement of medical
technology, as well as to improve the quality of life by making
Aesthetic
it easier to perform complex and different tasks, humans later
developed technology to improve how they look. They found
that people looked more visually presentable and attractive
by adding some features and decorations to their body.

It can be concluded that developments in science and technology, apart from affecting
people's lives, have been the result of many previous precedents. Out of necessity,
people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would have an
impact on the lives of modern people.
The following discussions will address the various major technological advancements of
ancient times, including some of the achievements of early civilizations such as the
Sumerians, Babylonians, and Egyptians. It will continue to describe the gradual
application of knowledge to contemporary times.

Major Technological Advancements of Ancient Times

Sumerian Civilization
Sumeria is located on the southern tip of ancient Mesopotamia (part of modern Iraq).
Sumerian is known for their high level of cooperation with one another and their desire
for great things. They are not satisfied with the basic things that life can offer. This
desire has pushed them to develop many things related to science and technology

Sumerian contributions
Cuneiform
First writing system that utilizes word, pictures, triangular
symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments
and then left to dry. It was based on pictographs and other
symbols used to represent trade goods and livestock on clay
tablets. Cuneiform let the Sumarians to communicate and
keep records of with great historical value of their everyday
life.

Uruk City

Another important contribution from the Sumerians is the City of Uruk. It is a great
wonder not only because it is considered to be the first city in the world, but also
because of the way it was built. There were no building stones in the location of
this city, and the lumber was limited, making construction a major challenge. The
Sumerians were able to build the city by using only mud or clay from the river,
which they mixed with reeds, producing sun - baked bricks – a true engineering
feat.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur

Another engineering The Great Zigurat of Ur is another engineering and architectural

feat of the Sumarians. The Ziggurat, also called the mountain of God, was built in the
same way that the City of Uruk was built. Without much building material, the structure
was constructed using sun-baked bricks. The Ziggurat serves as the sacred place of
their god. Where only their priests had been allowed to enter.

Irrigation and Dikes

As the population grew, so did the food demand
The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce
food items, but the environmental elements
seemed uncooperative. It was difficult to get water
from the rivers, so they could not keep the
farmlands. Some groups had scarce water
supplies, while others had problems with the
floods caused by the river. As a solution to this
dilemma, Sumerians have created dikes and
irrigation canals to bring water to farmland and at
the same time control the floods of the rivers. This
method was considered to be one of the most
beneficial engineering works in the world.
Through dikes and canals, the Sumerians were
able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
which increased their food production.
Sailboats
Another challenge for the Sumarians was
transport. At that time, the wheel was not
yet invented, the main mode of transport
was through waterways such as rivers and
seas. Boats have been used to carry large
quantities of products and have been able
to cover long distances. However, they
wanted to discover distant lands to settle
since the population was growing, and the
boats were not enough to accommodate
more people and products. They needed a
mode of transport that didn't require a lot of
human resources. Some sources attribute
the invention of sailboats to the Sumerians Sailboats were essential to transport
and
in order to meet their growing demands.
trade as well as fostering culture,
information and technology.
Wheel
The Sumerians did not invent wheeled
vehicles, but they probably created the first
two-wheeled carriage in which the driver
drove a team of animals. These wheels
was not made for transportation but for
farm work and food processes. With the
use of the wheel and axle, mass production
was made easier. Farmers were able to
mill grains with less effort in less time.
The Plow
The plow was invented to dig the earth in a
faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground,
the farmers would just drop the seeds and
farm work would already be done. With
this tool, farmers could cultivate larger
parcels of land faster, enabling them to
mass produce food without taking so much
effort and time.

Roads
In order to make travel easier, the Sumarians
developed the first roads. With this work, the
flow of transport has become faster and more
organized. They made the roads with the same
technology that they used to make the sun-
baked bricks that they laid down on the ground.
Later, they poured bitumen, a black sticky
substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the
roads. The invention of roads was very useful,
during the rainy season when traveling inespecially during the
soft and muddy rainy
roads season,
proved to be too difficult

Babylonians contributions
Babylonians civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They were
known as great builders, engineers, and architects who contributed a lot in the world.
One of their major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon, one of the seven
wonders of the ancient world.

Hanging Garden of Babylon

Structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, trees, and
vines. According to the legends, the great Babylonians King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his
wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Its exact location is also unknown. Since time immemorial, people have
been debating about the existence of the said mythical place. Many said it was just a product of the
creative imagination of the great King because it lacked documentation or archaeological evidence.

Egyptians contributions
Another early civilization famous for its history is the Egyptian civilization found in North
Africa. There are several stories about the engineering achievements of the Egyptians,
particularly concerning the infrastructures set up by the Pharaohs. Apart from
engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that are
now considered important by the world. It is also safe to say that the pyramid is not the
only contribution of Egyptian civilization to the modern world. Egyptians were known
because of infrastructures and engineering technology which still amaze the people of
today.

Paper or Papyrus
While Egypt was not the first to establish a
writing system, it was able to make writing
simpler for the world. Egyptian paper or papyrus
innovation was a welcome development.
Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along
the river Nile in Egypt. They were able to
process the plant in order to create thin sheets
on which stuff could be written. Since the
papyrus was lighter and smaller than the clay
tablets, it was easy to hold and store it.
In addition, record keeping was no longer a
concern, as records did not take up vast
storage spaces. It was also easier to keep them
away from the raiders, who also destroyed the
archives of the nations they conquered.
Ink

Using papyrus to write on would not have been of much use without the invention of ink.
Ancient Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and bee wax to produce black ink.
Eventually, the soot was replaced by other ingredients, such as red ochre, to produce
different shades of ink.

Hieroglyphics
The Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. The
word hieroglyph literally means "sacred carvings". This form of writing can still be seen
today and remain to be as famous as the pyramids where they were found.
Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of
the ancient Egyptians. Their records were well-preserved since they were carved at the
walls of pyramids and other important Egyptians structures.

Cosmetics
The Egyptians also invented the use of cosmetics. Although cosmetics in the modern
times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, their function in
ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetics reasons. Egyptians wore Kohl around
the eyes to prevent or even cure eye disease. Egyptians also believed that a person
wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness. At
present, the cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion industry.

Wig
Another cosmetic invention of ancient Egyptians is the wig. At present, wigs are used to
enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair
trends. Meanwhile, during the ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and
wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes. The wigs were used to protect the shaved
heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun. Wearing a wig was
better than putting on a scarf or any other head cover since a wig allowed heat to
escape. Moreover, it was considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the
accumulation of head lice.

Water Clock/ Clepsydra

This system uses gravity that influences the flow of water

from one vessel to the other. The amount of water remaining
in the device determines how much time has passed before it
is completed. Time is calculated in the process. The water
clock was commonly used as a timekeeping system in
ancient times.

Greek Civilization
Greek is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of
western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greek include in depth
works on philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the
Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science
and technology.

Greek Contribution:

Alarm Clock
The aim was to tell the person when to stop
or when to start. They used water (or
sometimes small stones or sand) that fell into
the drums that sounded the alarm. The four
vessels lined up vertically was Plato’s alarm
clock, which he uses to mark the beginning
of his lecture. Once the second vessel was
full at a given time the water siphoned off at a
faster rate into the third vessel which would
cause to create a whistling noise. Then this
vessel would empty towards the fourth vessel
for storage and reuse.
Water Mill
Water mill has been an ancient
Greek invention. They were widely
used in agricultural processes, such as
grain milling, which was a required type
of food processing. Milling has been
made possible by the use of watermills,
it is better than mills powered by farm
animals which invented by Sumarian.
Water mills the mass processing of rice,
cereals, flours and the like has become
popular.
required less effort and time to operate since the farmer did not have to raise animals to
operate the mill. They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a
mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it could be
installed.

Roman Civilization
The Roman Empire was regarded as the greatest political and social force in the
West. During that time, it was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance.
Since the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations treated it as their model in
terms of legislation and codified rules.

Roman contributions

Newspaper
The first newspapers, known as gazettes,
were engraved on metal or stone tablets
and then publicly displayed. When a paper
was published, it became easier for the
Romans to "publish" items that needed the
attention of Roman people. With the advent
Bound book or Codex
Record keeping was much easier since paper did not
easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much
space. As a result, civilizations became fond of record
keeping, especially documenting historical events and
newly legislated laws. Literature also changed form from
clay tablets to parchments of paper.
According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition
of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later
on, they were able to provide covers to protect the
papyrus. The earlier cover was made of wax but were
later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be
stronger and longer lasting and so Roman Empire was
able to make the first book or codex.

Roman Architecture
Roman Architecture was considered a continuation of Greek Architecture, hence the
resemblance. However, Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the
Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology on architectural
designs established in the past. In this manner, they were able to preserve great and
elaborate architectural designs because they could produce sturdier and stronger
infrastructures.
Roman numerals
As what we see in the clock with Roman
numerals. These old system could not keep up
with high calculation requirements due to the
increasing rate of communication and trade
among nations. Although the Roman numeral
is no longer widely used today due to its
inherent limitations, quite a number of
enthusiasts would still use it over other more
popular number system, like the Hindu Arabic
system, due to its aesthetic and historical
value.

Chinese Civilization
Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest, if not the world, civilization in Asia.
Often known as the Middle Kingdom, China is situated in the far east of Asia. Among
other ancient civilizations, it was renowned for its trade in silk.

Chinese contributions
Silk
 Chinese were the ones who developed the
technology to harvest the silk and
process it to produce paper and
clothing. Silk production resulted in the
creation of a product for trade. The silk
trade opened China to the outside world,
making way for cultural, economic, and
scientific exchanges. It bridges the gap
between the western world and the middle
kingdom.
Tea Production
It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor. Tea production was
developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to
shred tea leaves into strips. This machine was done using a wheel based mechanism
with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot.

Great Wall of China

Only man made structured that could be seen from outer space, the Great Wall of
China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It
was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders in China. Made
with stone, bricks, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese
engineering technology at that time. Today with some sections already ruins, the Great
Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its historical significance and
architectural grandeur.

Gun powder
Originally, it was developed by Chinese alchemists, who aimed to achieve immortality.
They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of
life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large
amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Ironically instead of prolong life, gunpowder is
widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. On
the other hand gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important occasions in
China.

----------End of Topic 1----------

Module 1: Topic 1 Post-test Asian Times

 (Formative Assessment)

Name:_________________________________________ Score:_______________
Section:___________ Instructor: ___________________ Date:________________

I. Identification:
Read each statement or question below carefully and fill in the blank(s) with the
correct answer. Answers may be more than one word.

___________1. First writing system that utilizes word, pictures, triangular symbols
which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
___________2. It is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first city
in the world, but also because of the way it was built.
_________ 3-4 It is called the mountain of God, was built in the same way that the City
of Uruk was built. It serves as the sacred place of their god. Where
only their 4. _____________ had been allowed to enter.
_________ 5-6 As a solution to food dilemma of Sumarians. They have created
5. ______________ and 6. ________________ canals to bring water
to farmland and at the same time control the floods of the rivers.
___________7. At that time, the wheel was not yet invented, the main mode of
transport was through waterways such as rivers and seas.
____________7. have been used to carry large quantities of products
and have been able to cover long distances.
___________8. The Sumerians did not invent wheeled vehicles, but they probably
created the first __________________ carriage in which the driver
drove a team of animals.
___________9. The Sumerians made the ______________ with the same technology
that they used to make the sun-baked bricks that they laid down on the
ground. Later, they poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to
asphalt, to smoothen it.
__________10. Structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained
several species of plants, trees, and vines. According to the legends,
the great Babylonians King Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his
wife, Queen Amytis. However, no physical evidence has been found to
prove the existence of the ________________________________.

p.2 of 2 Module 1: Topic 1 Asian Times Post-test (Formative Assessment)

II. Modified True or False Direction:

 Write TRUE if the statement tells a true idea but if it's false, underlined the word/s
that made the sentence wrong and write on the blank the word to make the sentence
correct.

_____________1. Egypt was not the first to establish a writing system, it was able to
make writing simpler for the world.
_____________2. Cuneiform was the language that tells the modern world of the
history and culture of the ancient Egyptians.
_____________3. Greek invented the use of cosmetics. Although cosmetics in the
modern times are used to improve and highlight the facial features of
a person, their function was for both health and aesthetics reasons.
_____________4. Water mill has been an ancient Sumarian invention.

_____________5. The Roman Empire was regarded as the greatest political and social
force in the East.
_____________6. Roman architecture was still regarded as pioneering since the
Romans were able to adapt new building and engineering technology
on architectural designs established in the past.
_____________7. China is situated in the far east of Asia. Among other ancient
civilizations, it was renowned for its trade in silk.
_____________8. Great Wall of China, is the only man made structured that could be
seen from outer space, the Great Wall of China is said to be the
largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built.
_____________9. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese emperor.
____________10. Gun powder was developed by Chinese alchemists, who aimed to
achieve immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally
invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts
of heat and gas in an instant.

end Module 1 Topic 1 Post-test

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE 1 TOPIC 1 REFERENCES:

Textbook:
MCNAMARA,SJ D.J, VALVERDE, V.M AND BELENO III,R. 2018. Science, Technology,
and Society, Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology,
Ancient Times, C & E Publishing, Inc. 3-26.

Other Printed Materials:

PRIETO,N.G, VEGA,V.A, FELIPE, E.F., MENESES,J.L. 2019. Science, Technology,
and Society, Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology,
Ancient Times, Lorimar Publishing, 1-2

Online Resources:
https://edoc.pub/syllabus-science-technology-and-society-pdf-free.html Retrieved on
Aug. 26. 2020
http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html Retrieved on Aug.29, 2020
https://codeprojects.org/NmNx70tttwegnbYZt2t9nmOPK7JxrC0xIjZ6U17gKnA/howitsma
de.html Retrieved on Aug.29, 2020
https://sciencing.com/navigational-tools-were-used-year-1400-16808.html Retrieved on
Aug.29, 2020
https://www.rochelleforrester.ac.nz/writing.html Retrieved on Aug.29, 2020
https://www.medlife.com/blog/ancient-medical-treatments/ Retrieved on Aug.29, 2020
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/ancient-near-
east1/the-ancient-near-east-an-introduction/a/cuneiform Retrieved on Aug.30,
2020
https://omniglot.com/writing/sumerian.htm Retrieved on Aug.30, 2020
https://sumerianshakespeare.com/117701/118301.html Retrieved on Aug.30, 2020
https://interestingengineering.com/ancient-egyptian-technology-and-inventions
Retrieved on Aug.30, 2020
https://www.ancient.eu/article/1061/cosmetics-perfume--hygiene-in-ancient-egypt/
Retrieved on Aug.30, 2020

TED Talk / Animation / Sample Simulations / Multimedia Attachments:

https://www.animatedimages.org/img-animated-walking-image-0006-166517.htm
Retrieved from Aug. 31, 2020
https://www.google.com/search?
q=Donkeys+WALKING+.GIF&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiAq4bxsMXrAhW6xIsBHd
2yBZQQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Donkeys+WALKING+.GIF&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQDFCtlARYr5sE
YKGsBGgCcAB4AIABrAGIAawBkgEDMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfA
AQE&sclient=img&ei=y-
RMX8CZHLqJr7wP3eWWoAk&bih=650&biw=1024&client=firefox-b-
d#imgrc=ZmssFhCwjdvWFM&imgdii=dtpREEWAv5Hc2M Retrieved from Aug. 31,
2020
https://www.google.com/search?
q=observing+landmark+on+seas+.GIF&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj3h5WsssXrAhV
CYJQKHR-fBt4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=observing+landmark+on+seas+.GIF&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoC
CAA6BggAEAcQHjoECAAQHlDFqQVYyf0FYPaBBmgAcAB4AYABiwOIAa8mkgEI
MC4yMi4zLjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=U-
ZMX7eSNcLA0QSfvprwDQ&bih=650&biw=1024&client=firefox-b-
d#imgrc=VDpUWDEnM3sDPM&imgdii=omcQ-6iaR09cSM Retrieved from Aug. 31,
2020

Suggested Readings: