1.http://www.knowledgerush.

com/kr/encyclopedia/Multimedia/

1. MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia is the use of several different media to convey information (text, audio, graphics, animation, video, and
interactivity). Multimedia also refers to computer media.

As the information is presented in various formats, multimedia enhances user experience and helps grasping information
better and faster.

Presenting information in various formats is nothing new to human beings, but multimedia generally implies presenting
information in various digital formats. Although it is also used in visual arts to describe works created using more than one
medium.

Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, Education , Entertainment, Engineering,
Medicine, Mathematical and Scientific Research.

In education, multimedia is used to produce Computer Based Training courses (popularly called CBTs), reference books
like encyclopedias and alamanacs.

A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentation, text about a particular topic and associated illustrations in various
information formats.

An electronic multimedia encyclopedia can present information in better ways than a traditional encyclopedia can. So the
user has more fun and learns fast. For instance, an article on World War II can include hyperlinks of countries involved in
the war. When a user clicks on a hyperlink, he/she is redirected to an detailed article about that country. In addition, it can
include a video on Pacific Campaign. It can also present images which are maps pertinent to World War II.

Hyperlinks let a user access information in a non-linear fashion as opposed to print materials which are essentially linear
(It is said that our brain thinks in a non-linear way). This, when added to multiple elements such as pictures, photos, audio
and video can speed-up learning and improve user experience (It is also said that some people learn better by seeing
than reading and some others by rather listening).

Multimedia is heavily used in entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animiation for
cartoon characters. Multimedia games, which are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online are a popular
pastime. Some video games also use multimedia features.

A multimedia application, in which an user actively participates, instead of just sitting as a passive recipient of information
is called, Interactive Multimedia. An example is an interactive multimedia game.

For instance, a user can play a simulated multimedia soccer match without actually being in the ground. The simulation is
just an illusion, but it makes the user think that he or she plays a real match. The environment is created by using many
equipments of control like headset, goggles, joystick, sensors and by coordinating various multimedia components with a
technique called virtual reality. They provide an environment which is experienced by users as similar to reality. This
technique is used in some arcade games and also in flight simulators, to impart training to pilots, without having to go for a
real flight.

In Engineering, especially in Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, multimedia is primarily used for designing a
machinery or automobile. This lets an Engineer view a product from various perspectives, zoom critical parts and do other
manipulations, before actually producing it. This is known as Computer Aided Design (CAD).

In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery (without it actually being performed) or they can
simulate how human body is affected by diseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent
the same.

In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia is mainly used for modelling and simulation. For example, a scientist
can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.

In the Arts you can talk about a multimedia artists, when you come across those minds able to blend techniques using
different media that in some way incorporates interaction with the viewer. One of the most relevant could be Peter
Greenaway who is melting Cinema with Opera and all sorts of digital media.

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Related topics:

streaming media, video, graphics, animation, Internet, Computer graphics, advertising, marketing, and virtual reality.

http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Multimedia/node10.html#SECTION0122100000000000000

What is Multimedia?

Multimedia can have a many definitions these include:

Multimedia means that computer information can be represented through audio, video, and animation in addition to
traditional media (i.e., text, graphics drawings, images).

A good general definition is:

Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving
images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored,
transmitted and processed digitally.

A Multimedia Application is an Application which uses a collection of multiple media sources e.g. text, graphics, images,
sound/audio, animation and/or video.

Hypermedia can be considered as one of the multimedia applications.

A Multimedia system has four basic characteristics:

• Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.

• Multimedia systems are integrated.
• The information they handle must be represented digitally.
• The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive.

Examples of Multimedia Applications include:

• World Wide Web

• Hypermedia courseware
• Video conferencing
• Video-on-demand
• Interactive TV
• Groupware
• Home shopping
• Games
• Virtual reality
• Digital video editing and production systems
• Multimedia Database systems

http://www.techterms.com/definition/multimedia

As the name implies, multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media. This includes text, graphics, audio, video,
etc. For example, a presentation involving audio and video clips would be considered a "multimedia presentation."
Educational software that involves animations, sound, and text is called "multimedia software." CDs and DVDs are often
considered to be "multimedia formats" since they can store a lot of data and most forms of multimedia require a lot of disk
space.

Due to the advancements in computer speeds and storage space, multimedia is commonplace today. Therefore, the term
doesn't produce the same excitement is once did. This also means it is not as overused as it was back in the late '90s.
Thank goodness.
http://www.definitions.net/definition/Multimedia

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1. (noun) multimedia, multimedia system
transmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.)

Definitions of 'Multimedia' U.S. National Library of Medicine

1. Multimedia
Materials, frequently computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, andvideo into
integrated packages. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)

Advantages of Multimedia http://www.usu.edu/sanderso/multinet/multiadv.html

The use of multimedia offers many advantages:

1. Enhancement of Text Only Messages: Multimedia enhances text only presentations by adding interesting sounds
and compelling visuals.

2. Improves over Traditional Audio-Video Presentations: Audiences are more attentive to multimedia messages than
traditional presentations done with slides or overhead transparencies.

3. Gains and Holds Attention: People are more interested in multimedia messages which combine the elements of text,
audio, graphics and video. Communication research has shown that the combination of communication modes (aural and
visual) offers greater understanding and retention of information.

4. Good for "computer-phobics": Those who are intimidated by computer keyboards and complex instructions are more
comfortable with pressing buttons with a mouse or on a screen.

5. Multimedia is Entertaining as Well as Educational: (Enough said).

http://www.multimedia-advantage.com/

Multimedia Advantage is your one-stop marketing solution! From logo, brochure and website design, to online video, radio
ads and so much more - Multimedia Advantage can help provide the tools your company needs to be successfull in
today's ever changing world. Multimedia Advantage capabilities include: Graphic Design, Website Design and
Development, E-Commerce integration, WebCasting, Multimedia applications, Video editing, CD/DVD duplication services
and Marketing Consultation services.

http://www.nectac.org/~wbtdemo/session_3/pages3/S3_Page6.html

1. Advantages of Multimedia

The power of multimedia is in engaging a variety of learning modalities (visual, auditory and possibly
kinesthetic) which can appeal to various learner styles simultaneously. Because of the interactivity afforded by
multimedia, "learning by doing" becomes feasible in WBT.

Multimedia allows development of more engaging, persuasive presentations. Multimedia used in

simulations or to enhance practice of skills can support transfer of learning. Read the abstracts of
two studies ( Study 1, Study 2) which demonstrate the effectiveness of multimedia for enhancing
perfo
http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/engramja/gradcourse/multimedia/benefits_of_multimedia.htm

Benefits of Using Multimedia in Education

Educational Benefits of Multimedia tools

(from an Educator's Perspective) :

• Provide students with opportunities to represent and express their prior knowledge.
• "Allow students to function as designers, using tools for analyzing the world, accessing and interpreting
information, organizing their personal knowledge, and representing what they know to others."

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 • Multimedia applications engage students and provide valuable learning opportunities.
• Empower students to create and design rather than "absorbing representations created by others."
• "Encourages deep reflective thinking.
• Create personally meaningful learning opportunities. tech4learning.com

Educational Benefits of Multimedia tools

(from the Student's Perspective) :

Giving students an opportunity to produce documents of their own provides several educational advantages.

• Students that experience the technical steps needed to produce effective multimedia documents become better
consumers of multimedia documents produced by others.
• Students indicate they learn the material included in their presentation at a much greater depth than in
traditional writing projects.
• Students work with the same information from four perspectives: 1) as researcher, they must locate and select
the information needed to understand the chosen topic; 2) as authors, they must consider their intended
audience and decide what amount of information is needed to give their readers an understanding of the topic;
3) as designers, they must select the appropriate media to share the concepts selected; and 4) as writers, they
must find a way to fit the information to the container including the manner of linking the information for others to
retrieve (Smith, 1993). All of these contribute to student learning and help to explain the improved student
learning that is often associated with IT-assisted PBL.

There is another aspect to developing multimedia documents that empowers students. Students quickly recognize that
their electronic documents can be easily shared. Because of this, students place a greater value on producing a product
that is of high standard. An audience of one–the teacher–is less demanding than an audience of many–particularly one’s
peers. Students quickly recognize that publishing a multimedia document that communicates effectively requires attention
to both the content and the design of the document. http://www.iste.org/research/reports/tlcu/multimedia.cfm

Studies to Support Multimedia use in Education:

R. Lehrer -
Studies support distinctive differences in ways students retain information gathered and applied using multimedia versus
traditional modes of instruction. In a study conducted with eighth graders, R. Lehrer, found that students who learned
about the civil war using multimedia had made long lasting connections with the materials while students who learned
traditionally had little to no retention of the material on year later. It was also noted that the level of student engagement
was significantly higher amongst students with both high and low abilities.

http://www.elawexchange.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=211&Itemid=524With the advances in

digital information, the latest buzzword is multimedia. Multimedia is the integration of data, text, image, audio, or video in a
single application. We are living through a digital revolution where information is presented to us in a multimedia context.

Multimedia is both a technology and communications concept. As a technology concept, multimedia is explained in the
sense of using text, sound, graphics, video, and animations to persuade. Multimedia is taking the various forms of media -
sound, text, graphics, video and animations - and presenting various combinations of the above to communicate and
persuade a trier of fact as to your client’s position.

As a communications concept, which is more important then multimedia as a technology concept, the digitization of
information for use in multimedia provides a new and dynamic method of presenting your case to the trier of fact. It adds
immediacy and realism to dry exhibits. Only in the last 15 years have we been able to digitize and present our case
information in this new and persuasive way. Digital multimedia for legal applications means being able to display your
case documents as computer images, enlarge the relevant document sections, draw on the documents in various colors,
or put them side by side on a monitor to focus the jury’s attention on the points that are important to your client. It means
having a witness’s deposition on CD-ROM for immediate access and stopping the video and bringing up a document
pertaining to the witness alongside the video for the factfinder. It means using charting and presentation programs for
bullet slides, organizational charts, or a timeline of your case. See also, Chapter 6, Multimedia - Text, Graphics, Sound,
Photographs and Video.

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Multimedia presentations should be the norm in our cases. The rest of the world expects presentations that provide multi-
sensory stimulus to learn and decide the merits of products and services, why not disputes? There are many important
benefits to using computer technology in your case during legal proceedings:

• Increases juror understanding and the trier of fact remains focused on the case - The trier of fact wants to learn
and be involved in the presentation of the case. The trier of fact wants a visual presentation. It brings a case to
life. It provides variety, keeps them interested, and increases their understanding of the factual and legal issues
in a case.
• Controlling the flow of your case - Presenting digitally allows you to control the pace and flow of your case. You
have the capability to rapidly present successive documents to a witness during examination and not be
interrupted by paper shuffling with the witness or jury. For example, it is much easier to present a direct
examination of your witnesses, since they can see beforehand on the computer monitor highlighted portions of
documents that they will be testifying about.
• Simplifying complex issues - Demonstrative evidence can simplify voluminous and confusing facts for the
benefit of a jury. The old adage “a picture is worth a thousand words” definitely applies in all of your legal
proceedings. Properly used, technology with graphics and other multimedia can simplify the issues and provide
the tool for jurors to understand your case.
• Instant Access and Control over the Law and Facts of Your Case . Literally at your fingertips is access to the
law and facts of your case. If you convert your case materials to a digital format, you can instantly gain access
to interrogatory answers, deposition testimony, or images of your documents. If you are surprised in trial, then a
quick search will produce answers or disclosure of material to counter the new issue.
• Timesavings - One of the constant complaints by juries and judges is the wasted time in the courtroom as
lawyers try to present their case. They are upset that exhibits are misplaced, the time it takes to publish and
read documents, and any other delay that keeps them away from their family and jobs. The judge and jurors
want an efficient and fair trial. One little known fact is that the use of technology in the courtroom can save a
significant amount of time in trial. Using a paperless approach to present a case to a jury saves 20% to 50% of
the time in trial.
•
Cost savings - The monetary savings by presenting your case using technology in the courtroom is immense.
The costs of the attorneys, judges, clerks, and etc. can easily amount to $5,000 a day. To save 1 day a week
for a year would save $260,000 a year - more then enough to buy 5 courtroom presentation systems.
• Changing demonstrative evidence - You can change your presentation on the fly. As the facts are presented,
charts and other graphics can be changed in the courtroom to reflect actual testimony.
• http://www.clearning.com/mmedia.benefits.htm
• BENEFITS OF MULTIMEDIA TRAINING
o Take it anytime and anywhere:
By using computer based training your employees can receive training at times that are convenient
for your company. For example, when training production line workers on OSHA compliance training,
you can manage the line productivity by training individuals verses shutting down a line for a typical
classroom training session. Employees can take the training at their location eliminating the expenses
associated with travel. If we develop or deploy a web based solution, people can even take the
training at home.
o Always available:
Because the training remains available on-site, new employees can be immediately trained instead of
waiting for the next available class. In instances where annual training is required, currently trained
employees can review materials as needed or specific sections as a refresher.
o Reduction in learning time:
Computer based training is 2 to 4 times as efficient as most traditional training sessions. Since the
largest cost in providing training to your employees is their time away from the job, the savings can be
enormous.
o Consistency of training:
The same quality content consistently delivered to all employees, across multiple departments or
locations. We can deliver the same content using multiple languages.
o Quality of training, retention:
Training your employees to do the job right will cut costs, increase productivity and reduce accidents.
The nature of interactive multimedia training provides for a highly engaging experience and evidence
of learning is accomplished through practice and testing.

With our solutions - Learning Management System included!

Convenience Learning provides a training management system with every course that enables your company to
automate records and reporting functions.
Multimedia gives life to any presentation. What is multimedia anyway? This is a combination of different content forms
such as text, animation, video, sounds, graphics and other multiple multimedia forms. This is very useful in creating
websites and presentation (movie-making, recording, etc.)

5
 Multimedia

Look up Multimedia in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Multimedia is media that utilizes a combination of different content forms. The term can be used as a noun (a
medium with multiple content forms) or as an adjective describing a medium as having multiple content forms. The
term is used in contrast to media which only utilize traditional forms of printed or hand-produced text and still
graphics. In general, multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video,
and interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed or accessed by information content processing devices, such as

Multimedia contains a combination of

content forms:

Text Audio Still Images

Animation Video Interactivity

computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia (as an adjective) also
describeselectronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to
traditional mixed media infine art, but with a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive
multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

Contents

• 1 Categorization of multimedia
• 2 Major characteristics of multimedia
• 3 Terminology
o 3.1 History of the term
o 3.2 Word usage and context
• 4 Usage
o 4.1 Creative industries
 4.1.1 Commercial
 4.1.2 Entertainment and fine arts
o 4.2 Education
o 4.3 Engineering
o 4.4 Industry
o 4.5 Mathematical and Scientific Research
o 4.6 Medicine
o 4.7 Miscellaneous
• 5 Structuring information in a multimedia form
• 6 Conferences
• 7 References, Sources, and Notes
• 8 See also

• 9 External links

Categorization of multimedia

Multimedia may be broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories. Linear active
content progresses without any navigation control for the viewer such as a cinema
Linear Non-linear
presentation. Non-linear content offers user interactivity to control progress as used with
PresentationInteractive
a computer game or used in self-paced computer based training. Non-linear content is also
known as hypermedia content.

Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded. A recorded presentation may allow interactivity via a navigation
system. A live multimedia presentation may allow interactivity via an interaction with the presenter or performer.

6
 Major characteristics of multimedia

Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or played

locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation.
Local Online
Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digital electronic media technology.
RecordedStreaming
Digital online multimedia may be downloaded orstreamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or
on-demand.

Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users
in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator.

The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the users experience, for
example to make it easier and faster to convey information. Or in entertainment or art, to transcend everyday
experience.

Enhanced levels of interactivity are made possible by combining multiple forms of media content. Online multimedia is
increasingly becoming object-oriented and data-driven, enabling applications with collaborative end-user
innovation andpersonalization on multiple forms of content over time. Examples of these range from multiple forms of
content on web sites like photo galleries with both images (pictures) and title (text) user-updated, to simulations
whose co-efficients, events, illustrations, animations or videos are modifiable, allowing the multimedia "experience" to
be altered without reprogramming. In addition to seeing and hearing, Haptic technology enables virtual objects to be
felt. Emerging technology involving illusions of taste and smell may also enhance the multimedia experience.

Terminology

History of the term

In 1965 the term Multi-media was used to describe the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a performance that combined
live rock music, cinema, experimental lighting and performance art.

In the intervening forty years the word has taken on different meanings. In the late 1970s the term was used to
describe presentations consisting of multi-projector slide shows timed to an audio track. In the 1990s it took on its
current meaning. In common usage the term multimedia refers to an electronically delivered combination of media
including video, still images, audio, text in such a way that can be accessed interactively.[1] Much of the content on the
web today falls within this definition as understood by millions.

Some computers which were marketed in the 1990s were called "multimedia" computers because they incorporated a
CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data.

Word usage and context

Since media is the plural of medium, the term "multimedia" is a pleonasm if "multi" is used to describe multiple
occurrences of only one form of media such as a collection of audio CDs. This is why it's important that the word
"multimedia" is used exclusively to describe multiple forms of media.

The term "multimedia" is also ambiguous. Static content (such as a paper book) may be considered multimedia if it
contains both pictures and text or may be considered interactive if the user interacts by turning pages at will. Books
may also be considered non-linear if the pages are accessed non-sequentially. The term "video", if not used
exclusively to describe motion photography, is ambiguous in multimedia terminology. Video is often used to describe
the file format, delivery format, or presentation format instead of "footage" which is used to distinguish motion
photography from "animation", motion illustrations. Multiple forms of information content are often not considered
multimedia if they don't contain modern forms of presentation such as audio or video. Likewise, single forms of
information content with single methods of information processing (e.g. non-interactive audio) are often called
multimedia, perhaps to distinguish static media from active media.

Usage

Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited
to, advertisements, art, education, entertainment,engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific
research and spatial temporal applications. Several examples are as follows:

Creative industries

Creative industries use multimedia for a variety of purposes ranging from fine arts, to entertainment, to commercial
art, tojournalism, to media and software services provided for any of the industries listed below. An individual
multimedia designer may cover the spectrum throughout their career. Request for their skills range from technical, to
analytical, to creative.

Commercial

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 Much of the electronic old and new media utilized by commercial artists is multimedia. Exciting presentations are
used to grab and keep attention in advertising. Industrial, business to business, and interoffice communications are
often developed bycreative services firms for advanced multimedia presentations beyond simple slide shows to sell
ideas or liven-up training. Commercial multimedia developers may be hired to design for governmental
services and nonprofit services applications as well.

Entertainment and fine arts

In addition, multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies
and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software programs available either as CD-ROMs or
online. Somevideo games also use multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively
participate instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive Multimedia. In
the Arts there are multimedia artists, whose minds are able to blend techniques using different media that in some
way incorporates interaction with the viewer. One of the most relevant could be Peter Greenaway who is
melding Cinema with Opera and all sorts of digital media. Another approach entails the creation of multimedia that
can be displayed in a traditional fine arts arena, such as an art gallery. Although multimedia display material may be
volatile, the survivability of the content is as strong as any traditional media. Digital recording material may be just as
durable and infinitely reproducible with perfect copies every time.

Education

In Education, multimedia is used to produce computer-based training courses (popularly called CBTs) and reference
books like encyclopedia and almanacs. A CBT lets the user go through a series of presentations, text about a
particular topic, and associated illustrations in various information formats. Edutainment is an informal term used to
describe combining education with entertainment, especially multimedia entertainment.

Learning theory in the past decade has expanded dramatically because of the introduction of multimedia. Several
lines of research have evolved (e.g. Cognitive load, Multimedia learning, and the list goes on). The possibilities for
learning and instruction are nearly endless.

Engineering

Software engineers may use multimedia in Computer Simulations for anything from entertainment to training such as
military or industrial training. Multimedia for software interfaces are often done as a collaboration between creative
professionals and software engineers.

Industry

In the Industrial sector, multimedia is used as a way to help present information to shareholders, superiors and
coworkers. Multimedia is also helpful for providing employee training, advertising and selling products all over the
world via virtually unlimited web-based technologies.

Mathematical and Scientific Research

In Mathematical and Scientific Research, multimedia are mainly used for modelling and simulation. For example,
a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance.
Representative research can be found in journals such as the Journal of Multimedia.

Medicine

In Medicine, doctors can get trained by looking at a virtual surgery or they can simulate how the human body is
affected bydiseases spread by viruses and bacteria and then develop techniques to prevent it.

Miscellaneous

In Europe, the reference organization for Multimedia industry is the European Multimedia Associations
Convention (EMMAC).

An observatory for jobs in the multimedia industry provides surveys and analysis about multimedia and ITC jobs.[1]

Structuring information in a multimedia form

Multimedia represents the convergence of text, pictures, video and sound into a single form. The power of multimedia
and the Internet lies in the way in which information is linked.

Multimedia and the Internet require a completely new approach to writing. The style of writing that is appropriate for
the 'on-line world' is highly optimized and designed to be able to be quickly scanned by readers. [2]

8
 A good site must be made with a specific purpose in mind and a site with good interactivity and new technology can
also be useful for attracting visitors. The site must be attractive and innovative in its design, function in terms of its
purpose, easy to navigate, frequently updated and fast to download. [3]

When users view a page, they can only view one page at a time. As a result, multimedia users must create a ‘mental
model of information structure’.[4]

Patrick Lynch, author of the Yale University Web Style Manual, states that users need predictability and structure,
with clear functional and graphical continuity between the various components and subsections of the multimedia
production. In this way, the home page of any multimedia production should always be a landmark, able to be
accessed from anywhere within a multimedia piece.

Conferences

There are a large number of multimedia conferences, the two main scholarly scientific conferences being:

• ACM Multimedia;
• IEEE ICME, International Conference on Multimedia & Expo.

References, Sources, and Notes

1. ^ Tay Vaughan
2. ^ Stewart, C and Kowaltzke, A. 1997, Media: New Ways and Meanings (second edition), JACARANDa, Milton,
Sydney. pp.102.
3. ^ Jennifer Story, from Next Online,2002.
4. ^ Lynch P., Yale University Web Style Manual, Http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/manual/sites/site_structure.heml.

Multimedia Making it Work, by Tay Vaughan. Osborne McGraw Hill, 1993. ISBN 0-07-881869.

This paper describes the design and implementation of multimedia data processing elements for a home server platform.
Generally, a home server can be considered as an integrated form of a multimedia data server, home control server, and
home information server. As a multimedia data server, the proposed scheme has a digital TV receiver module and a
multimedia codec module. Thus, watching digital TV and remote multimedia services are available in this platform. In
addition, an error resilient scheme using digital watermarking is implemented to correct transmission errors in a noisy
channel.

Multimedia Elements
Sound, Animation, and Video : Multimedia Elements Sound, Animation, and Video
Sound : Sound Analog wave patterns – these wave patterns have two attributes Volume – the height of each peak in the
sound wave Frequency – (sometimes referred to as pitch) the distance between the peaks. The greater the distance, the
lower the sound. Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman
Sampling : Sampling To include sound in a multimedia application, the sound waves must be converted from analog to
digital form This conversion is called sampling – every fraction of a second a sample the of sound is recorded in digital
bits
Sampling : Sampling Two factors affect the quality of digitized sound Sample rate – the number of times the sample is
taken Most common sampling rates are: 11.025, 22.05, and 44.1 kHz Sample size – the amount of information stored
about the sample Most common sampling sizes are: 8 and 16 bit
Sampling : Sampling Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman
Sound File Formats : Sound File Formats WAV format – filename.wav AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) AIFFC
(compressed) RealAudio – filename.ra MP3 (mpeg layer 3)
Sound on the Internet : Sound on the Internet Your first consideration when using sound on the Internet is file size
Uncompressed files can be very large A 10 second recording of an audio CD can be as large as 2MB
Sound Tips for the Internet : Sound Tips for the Internet
Sound Tips for the Internet : Sound Tips for the Internet

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Animation on the Internet : Animation on the Internet Animation is an excellent way to provide appeal on a web site,
choose from the following Animated text Animated GIF’s Marcomedia Director applications 3-D environments
2-D Animation : 2-D Animation Two types of animation exist Cel animation – based on changes that occur form one
frame to the next Path animation – moves an object along a predetermined path on the screen
3-D Animation : 3-D Animation 3-D Animation involves three steps Modeling – creating the broad contours and structure
of 3-D objects and scenes Animation – defining the object’s motion Rendering – giving objects attributes such as color,
surface textures, and amounts of transparency
3-D Animation : 3-D Animation Image: scanned from Multimedia Concepts – James Schuman
3-D Animation Special Effects : 3-D Animation Special Effects Morphing – blending together two images into a series of
images Warping – distorts a single image Virtual Reality – creates an environment that surrounds the user so that he or
she becomes part of the experience
Slide15 : Animation Animated text – using the HTML command causes text to flash on and off Animated gif – using a
software program to create a series of gif files such as GIF Builder Director movie – animation played using Shockwave
plug-in 3-D environments – a computer language used to create 3-D images
Slide16 : Design Considerations Give the user control over whether or not to display or enlarge graphic images Allow the
user to be active while graphic images are being displayed Provide feedback to the user by displaying the amount of time
a file will take to download
Video : Video Video, like sound, is recorded and played an as analog signal Analog video must be digitized in order for it
to put into a multimedia file Digital video has many advantages, but file size is important
Video : Video Several elements determine file size: Frame rate Image size Color depth To determine file size use the
following formula: Frames per second X image size X color depth / 8 = file size
Video Compression and Editing : Video Compression and Editing There are two types of video compression Lossless –
preserves the exact image throughout the compression Lossy – eliminates some of the data in the image (provides
greater compression ratios than lossless) Remember – there is always a trade off, file size versus image quality
Video on the Internet : Video on the Internet There are two types of video transfer over the Internet HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) – downloads the entire video to the hard drive on the user’s computer RTSP (Real-Time Streaming
Protocol) – is a continuous-playing, streaming technology in which the user’s computer is in constant contact with the
server playing the video
Video Tips : Video Tips
DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA ( 4.1.1 )
Define Multimedia ( 4.1.1.1 )
Multimedia refers to any application that combined several elements of multimedia such as text, graphics, animation, audio and video.
MULTIMEDIA IN VARIOUS FIELDS ( 4.1.2 )
Identify The Use Of Multimedia In Various Fields ( 4.1.2.1 )

Field Contribution to society

Multimedia application is used in advertising products. Many companies nowadays develop and
Commercial
distribute catalogues in the form of the CD-ROM as it is more interesting to the consumer
Arts Artist used multimedia elements by combining drawing and animation.
Medicine Doctor can practice or be trained in performing high risk surgery by using virtual surgery.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is used to view the design from many aspects and improve on it
Engineering
before production.
Entertainment These industries produce computer games, develop animation for cartoons and movies.
Learning has become more interesting and effective with educational programs such as ‘edutainment’
Education that is a combination of education and entertainment. It also used to produce computer-based training
(self-access-learning) and reference books like encyclopedias and almanacs.
In mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modeling and simulation. For
Mathematical and
example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to
scientific research
arrive at a new substance.

INTERACTIVITY OF MULTIMEDIA ( 4.1.3 )

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Interactivity refers to the way users interact with a multimedia application or program. User can used input devices such as keyboard,
joystick, mouse and touch screen to interact with multimedia application. There are two types of interactivity; linear and non-linear.
Differentiate Between the Characteristics of Linear and Non-Linear Multimedia ( 4.1.3.1 )
Linear Interactivity ASPECT Non-Linear Interactivity
Linear interactivity does not allow the user to
Non-Linear interactivity lets the user control the
control the sequence of the multimedia Controlling the sequence
sequence of the multimedia content.
content
Interactive – two-way communication by using
Not interactive – user is the passive receiver Interactivity
buttons or links ( hypertext or hypermedia )
- Documentary - electronic books
- Movie Examples - edutainment software
- Video Clip - Electronic encyclopedias

MEDIUM OF DELIVERY (4.1.4)

There are two medium of multimedia delivery; web-based and CD based.
• Web-Based Multimedia

o Web based multimedia delivered media through web pages. Web based multimedia is the combination of multimedia
technology and internet technology.

• CD Based Multimedia

o CD-based multimedia delivered media through compact discs.

Compare and Contrast the Mediums of Delivery for Multimedia Applications. (4.1.4.1)
Web-based ASPECTS CD-based
Limited in picture size and low resolution Can store high end multimedia elements such
Resolution
video as video
Can be changed or deleted by irresponsible Can be permanently stored and are not
Contents
individuals. changeable
Information for multimedia can be updated Information on a multimedia can be quickly
Update
easily and is cheaper outdated

MULTIMEDIA ELEMENTS (4.1.5)

There are five elements of multimedia; text, graphics, audio, video and animation.
Identify the Multimedia Elements (4.1.5.1)
Elements Explanation
Text is the basic element of multimedia. It is a series of string that can be display using a user interface
Text
component. It involved the use of text type, size, colour and background colour.
Graphics make the multimedia application attractive. They help illustrate ideas through still picture such as
Graphics photograph, illustration, icon, ruled line or any other non-text elements. There are two type of graphics used
bitmaps or vector.
Audio is the sound portion which content sound effect, speech, music or narration. There two type of audio:
Audio
analog and digital audio.
Video consists of full motion images that played back at various speeds. Most video also has accompanying
Video
audio.
Animation Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying of series of still images in sequence.

HARDWARE ( 4.2.1 )
Among multimedia hardware that commonly used are scanner, video camera, camera, audio device and video capture device.

Identify Hardware That Can Be Used to Produce Multimedia Products (4.2.1.1)

Scanner – Convert conventional images, texts, drawings and photos into

digital form that can be understood by the computer.

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 Video camera - A digital video camera records video in digital signals.

Camera - A digital camera, capture still images and store in a media card.

Audio device- devices are needed to record analog sound. The sounds are
then changed into digital sound. Examples of devices used for recording
sounds or audio are microphone, sound card, voice synthesizer.

Video capture device - help to convert analog video to digital video.

EDITING SOFTWARE (4.2.2)

There are five editing software that can be used to produce multimedia elements; text editor, graphics &
image editor, audio editor, video editor and animation editor.

Identify Editing Software That Can Be Used to Produce Multimedia Elements: (4.2.2.1)

Text editor – to insert text into multimedia application.

E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source

1. Notepad 1. Sun OpenOffice.Write
2. Microsoft Office Word 2. AbiWord
Graphics and image editor – to create and modify graphical images.
E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source
1. Adobe Photoshop 1. GIMP
2. Adobe Illustration 2. Inkscape
3. Corel Draw 3. Picasa
Audio editor – to edit audio such cut and paste audio file.

E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source

1. Sound Forge 7.0 1. Audacity
2. Sound Recorder 2. Ardour
3. Adobe Audition
Video editor – to edit video clips.
E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source
1. Pinnacle Studio 1. JahShaka
2. Adobe Premier 2. Cinelerra
3. Sony Vegas
4. Windows Movie Maker
5. Apple iMovie

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Animation editor – to create and edit animation.
E.g : Proprietary E.g : Open Source
1. Macromedia Flash 1. Blender
2. 3D Studio Max
3. Ulead 3D Studio

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