The activity of exchanging speak, or in other terms having a conversation, takes turns between two or

more people. In such activity, the speaker talks unconsciously after realizing the other speaker finished
talking (in his turn). There are specific signals via which the speaker can realize it is his turn in speaking,
these signals are known as completion points, for example; asking a question will give the idea that " I'm
done speaking, it is your turn now " so the listener will go through an unconscious process that made
him understand it is his part of the conversation now. There are other examples that can indicate this
idea, pausing at the end of a sentence is an example of that. there is another situation in which the
speaker can unconsciously know it is his turn to talk because he has to say something. So the speaker
produces short sounds or repeat after the other talker, and shifts his body and his facial expression in
order to let the other person know he has something to say.

There are several methods that learners can follow in order to master a language. The oldest and the
most traditional method is the "Grammar- translation method", it is more of an academic approach, it
gives lists of vocabulary and grammar rules for the learner to memorize, it considers emphasizing
Reading and writing skills. therefore, it focuses on the written language. this method proved to be
inefficient because it ignores the spoken language and how to use language in everyday conversation. As
a reaction to this method, a very different approach appeared known as "the audiolingual method" that
aims to focus on the spoken language only. it employs drills which include the structures of the language
from the simple to the complex ones. it is a boring procedure that makes the learner focus on repeating
the language patterns instead of using the language in interaction situations. As for the last method that
contradicts the patterns repeating drills, it is called "communicative approaches". This method teaches
both speaking in an appropriate manner and using the right vocabulary and grammar rules. it helps the
learner to learn the functions of the language instead of its forms. it puts the learner in a position in
which he has to speak according to the social context in order to learn.

Languages are subject to constant change, but these changes are gradual and it is the result of many
different factors, Cultural transmission and wars are the major reasons for language change. other
changes happened maybe because of diversion; which is the act of changing words, it results from a
mistake but it sticks because people got used to it and it became a familiar word. Diversion can happen
also when the speakers change the pronunciation of a word a little so it can be easier to pronounce.
Those changes are divided into two different variations; the diachronic and the synchronic variations.
The first one studies the variation in a language viewed from a historical perspective of change through
time, for example, the variation in the English language through centuries and changing from Old English
to Middle English to eventually the Modern English, which we are using today. As for the synchronic
variation, it studies the differences within one language in different places and between different groups
at the same time and at a particular time, such as the differences between two dialects concerning the
same language.