6

INDUCTANCE

6.0 INDUCTION

Induced E.M.F.

Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon in which an e.m.f. is induced in a piece of wire or a coil
of wire with the aid of a changing magnetic field. The e.m.f. developed in the wire is called induced
e.m.f. and the corresponding current is called induced current.

6.1 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

Faraday’s law of induction states that the average e.m.f., ε induced in a coil is given by

∆Φ ⎡ Φ final - Φ initial ⎤
ε = -N = -N ⎢ ⎥
∆t ⎣⎢ t final - t initial ⎦⎥
⎡ (BA cos θ ) final - (BA cos θ )initial ⎤
= -N ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ t final - t initial ⎦⎥

where N = the number of loops in the coil

∆Φ = the change of magnetic flux through one loop
∆t = the time interval during which the change occurs

The negative sign in front of N means that the polarity of the induced e.m.f. is in such a way that the
induced current opposes the change of the magnetic flux. The SI unit of induced e.m.f. is volt (V).

According to Faraday’s law

The induced emf is directly proportional to the change of flux to the time taken.
∆φ
εα
∆t

Since the magnetic flux is given by Φ = BAcos θ , the induced e.m.f. depends on B, A and θ, any of
which may change.

If the change is due to B, the induced e.m.f. is

B final - Binitial
ε = - NA cos θ
t final - tinitial

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Example 6.1

A circular coil consists of 50 turns of wire and has a radius of 30 cm. It is placed in a magnetic field
and is oriented so that the magnetic field lines are parallel to the normal of the area of the coil. Find
the average induced e.m.f. in the coil if the magnetic field increases from 0.20 T to 0.45 T in 300 ms.

Solution:

N = 50 turns
A = πr2 = π(0.30)2 = 0.28 m2
θ = 0o
B final - Binitial = 0.45 – 0.20 = 0.25 T
t final - tinitial = 300×10-3 s = 0.3 s
∆Φ
ε = -N
∆t
B final - Binitial
= - NA cos θ
t final - tinitial
0.25
= -(50)(0.28) cos 0o ( )
0.3
= -11.67 V

If the change is due to A, the induced e.m.f. is

A final - Ainitial
ε = - NB cos θ
t final - tinitial

Example 6.2

A flexible circular loop of radius 25 cm lies in a magnetic field of 400 mT. It is oriented so that its
plane is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines. If the area of the loop suddenly changes to zero in
0.50 s, find the average induced e.m.f. in the loop.

Solution:

N = 1 turn
B = 400×10-3 T = 0.4 T
Ainitial = πr2 = π(0.25)2 = 0.20 m2
A final = 0
θ = 0o
t final - tinitial = 0.50 s

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 ∆Φ
ε = -N
∆t
A final - Ainitial
= - NB cos θ
t final - tinitial
0 - 0.20
= -(1)(0.4) cos 0o ( )
0.50
= 0.16V

If the change is due toθ, the induced e.m.f. is

cos θ final - cos θinitial

ε = - NBA
t final - tinitial

Example 6.3

A square coil of wire 50 cm on each side consists of 10 turns of wire. It is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.6 T with its plane perpendicular to the magnetic field so that maximum flux goes
through it. Later, the coil is rotated through 90o in 0.02 s in such a way that no flux goes through it.
Find the average induced e.m.f. in the coil during the rotation.

Solution:

N = 10 turns
A = 0.50×0.50 = 0.25 m2
B = 0.6 T
θ final = 90 o
θ initial = 0 o
t final - tinitial = 0.02 s
∆Φ
ε = -N
∆t
cos θ final - cos θinitial
= - NBA
t final - tinitial

cos 90o - cos 0o

= -(10)(0.6)(0.25)
0.02
= 75 V

6.2 LENZ’S LAW

Lenz’s law gives us a way to determine the polarity of an induced e.m.f. According to Lenz’s law:

An induced emf give rise to an induced current whose magnetic field opposes the original magnetic
flux change

Lenz’s law is a consequence of the law of conservation of energy.

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The following questions will helps us to find the polarity of the induced e.m.f.:

1. Is the magnetic flux that passes through a coil is increasing or decreasing?

2. How to oppose the change in the magnetic flux (by adding or subtracting)?
3. What is the direction of the induced magnetic field so that it can oppose the change in the
magnetic flux as mentioned in Question 2?
4. By using the Right-hand rule, what is the direction of the induced current?
5. What about the polarity of the induced e.m.f.?

Example 6.4

Determine the directions of the induced current through the resistors in the following instants:
(a) when the magnet is approaching the coil (Figure 6.1)
(b) when the magnet is moving away from the coil (Figure 6.2)

Solution:

(a)

N S

Figure 6.1
X Y

1. Is the magnetic flux that passes through the coil is increasing or decreasing?
Increasing.
2. How to oppose the change in the magnetic flux (by adding or subtracting)?
Subtracting the magnetic flux through the coil.
3. What is the direction of the induced magnetic field so that it can oppose the change in the
magnetic flux as mentioned in Question 2?
To the right.
4. By using the Right-hand rule, what is the direction of the induced current?
From X to Y.

(b)
N S

Figure 6.2

X Y

1. Is the magnetic flux that passes through the coil is increasing or decreasing?
Decreasing.

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2. How to oppose the change in the magnetic flux (by adding or subtracting)?
Adding the magnetic flux through the coil.
3. What is the direction of the induced magnetic field so that it can oppose the change in the
magnetic flux as mentioned in Question 2?
To the left.
4. By using the Right-hand rule, what is the direction of the induced current?
From Y to X.

6.3 MOTIONAL EMF

Induced e.m.f. due to the motion of a conducting rod is called motional emf. If a conducting rod slides
horizontally without friction on a U-shaped wire at right angle to a constant magnetic field, the
induced emf in the conductor is given by

ε = Bvl

where B = the magnetic field

v = the speed of the rod
l = the length of the rod

Example 6.5

A conducting rod of length 26 cm is passing perpendicularly through a magnetic field of 0.05 T. If the
speed of the rod is 10.5 ms-1, calculate the induced emf in the rod.

Solution

B = 0.05 T
v = 10.5 ms-1
l = 26 cm = 0.26 m

ε = Bvl
= (0.05)(10.5)(0.26)
= 0.14 V

6.4 GENERATOR
In an electric generator, a closed coil is rotated in a constant magnetic field. The induced emf
produced by the generator is given by

ε = NBAω sin ωt

where N = the number of turns of the coil

B = the magnetic field
A = the area of the coil
ω = the angular speed of the coil

The induced e.m.f. is maximum (peak e.m.f.) when sin ωt = 1, hence ε = NBAω .

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Example 6.6

A simple electric generator has 150 turns of wire in a circular coil of radius 2.0 cm. The magnetic
field strength in the region of the coil is 0.50 T. If the rotational speed of the generator is 1200 rpm,
what is the maximum emf produced by this generator?

Solution:

N = 150 turns
B = 0.50 T
A = πr2 = π(0.02)2 = 1.26×10-3 m2
2π (1200) rad
ω= = 125.7 rads -1
60 s
sin ωt = 1 (when emf is maximum)

ε = NBAω sin ωt
= (150)(0.50)(1.26 ×10- 3 )(125.7)(1)
= 11.9V

6.5 SELF INDUCTION AND SELF INDUCTANCE

Self induction is an important effect in a single isolated circuit. When a current is present in a circuit,
it sets up a magnetic field that causes a magnetic flux through the same circuit. If the circuit carries a
varying current, the change in magnetic flux in the circuit will produce an induced e.m.f in the circuit.
Such an e.m.f is called self-induced e.m.f.

By Lenz’s law, a self-induced e.m.f always opposes the changes in the current that caused the e.m.f
and so tends to make it more difficult for variations in current to occur.

Self-induced e.m.f can occur in any circuit carrying a varying current. For a circuit with a coil of N
turns and carries a current, I the self inductance, L of the circuit is given by

Nφ
L= (6.1)
I

If the current, I in the circuit changes, so does the flux, ø. By rearranging equation 7.1 and using
Faraday’s law of induction, the self-induced e.m.f is given by

∆φ ∆I
N =L
∆t ∆t

∆I
ε = −L
∆t

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Figure 6.3 shows the symbol for an inductor the direction of induced e.m.f in an inductor when the
current I varies in it.

∆I=0 ∆ I = +ve ∆ I = -ve

∆t ∆t ∆t
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 6.3

The energy stored in an inductor is given by

1 2
U= LI
2

Where L = self inductance

I = current.

Self inductance, L is the property of a circuit or circuit component which can induce an e.m.f in the
circuit or component itself. The unit of self inductance is the Henry, H.

6.6 MUTUAL INDUCTION

Consider two coils which are placed closed to each other. A current flows, I1 through coil 1 and this
current will produce magnetic field. Magnetic lines pass through coil 2 as in Figure 6.4.

This two coil magnetically coupled. A change of current in one coil leads to the production of an
induced e.m.f in a second coil which is magnetically linked to the first coil. This process produced
e.m.f in one circuit or circuit component X due the change of current in another circuit or circuit
component Y which magnetically coupled to X is known as mutual induction.

The mutual inductance between two magnetically coupled circuit components is defined as the
properties of the circuit component which can induced an e.m.f in the neighbouring magnetically
coupled component.

The unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H).

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 Figure 6.4

Refer to coil 1 and 2. The rate of change of current in coil 1 is the same of change of current in coil 2.
Therefore

∆I 2 ∆I
ε1 = − M and ε 2 = − M 1
∆t ∆t

where M is constant

TUTORIAL 6.1
(Magnetic Induction)

1. A rectangular sheet of paper 21.5 cm by 28 cm rests on a flat table-top. Calculate the

magnetic flux through the sheet of paper due to the earth’s magnetic field at a location where
the fields has a magnitude of 5.31 x 10-5 T and is directed downward at an angle of 370 from
horizontal.
(Answer : 1.92 X 10-6 T.m2)

370
B

An

2. A solenoid 0.5 m long has turns 400 on it and is wound of 3.0 cm radius. If the current in the
solenoid is 5A.
(a) Find the magnetic field at the center of solenoid.
(b) Find the magnetic flux through the loop if its area of solenoid is slope 300 with the
center of it axis.
(Answer : 5.03 x 10-3 T , 7.11 x 10-6 Wb )

3. A rectangular coil of wire is situated in a constant magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.5 T.
The coil as an area of 2.0m2. Determine the magnetic flux for the three orientations, shown in
Figure below.
(Answer : 1 Wb , 0.5Wb, 0 Wb)

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 4. Two loops A and B are placed in the same uniform magnetic field. Loop A has an area of
20cm2, and its normal makes an angle of 370 with the field. Loop B is perpendicular to the
field. If the magnetic flux is the same through both loops, find the area of a loop B.
(Answer : 16 cm2 )

5. As shown in figure below, a metal rod makes contact with a partial circuit and completes the
circuit. If the resistance is 3.0Ω ,

a. find the emf induce in the rod

b. current induced in the circuit
c. the direction of current induced.

(Answer : 0.15V , 0.05A , CCW)

6. A circular loop of wire has a radius of 5 cm (5 x 10-2 m). The loop with 50 turns is placed in a
constant magnetic field 2mT. (for each condition sketch the diagram to show the orientation
of magnetic field and loop plane )
(a) Find the total magnetic flux on loop when the magnetic field strength and the plane of
loop makes an angle of
i. 500
ii. 900
iii. 600
(Answer : 6.0 x 10-4 Wb, 7.85 x 10-4 Wb, 6.8 x 10-4 Wb, )
(b) Find average induced EMF over a 0.005 s when the coil change from a(i) to a(ii).
(Answer : -0.037 V)

7. A electric generator has 10 turns of wire, each enclosing an area of 0.050m2 , rotating in a
uniform magnetic field perpendicular to an axis of rotation. It produce an emf in volt
described by an equation ε = -50 sin (60πt).
(a) Find the angular velocity and the frequency of rotation of this generator.
(b) Find the maximum value of the emf.
(c) Find the magnitude of magnetic field.
(Answer : 60π rad/s, 30 Hz , 50V , 0.5.3 T.)

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8. A rectangular coil of 50 turns with dimension of 5 cm x 8 cm is placed in uniform field of a
magnet with B = 100mT. if the coil plane make an angle of 100 with the field,

(a) Find the magnetic flux on the coil.

(b) If the current 5A is flow through the coil, find the torque on coil when the field makes
an angle 400 and 00 with the coil.
(c) The current is cut out from coil and the coil is rotated at the axis at 200 r.p.m . Find
the maximum emf induced and write down the equation with show the relation
between emf induced and time.
(Ans : (a) 6.95 x 10-5 Wb, (b) 0.0766 Nm , 0.1 Nm , (c) 0.419V , 0.419 sin 20π/3 t )

9. When the current in a certain coil is changing at a rate of 3.0 A/s, it found that an
emf of 7 mV is induced in anearby coil. What is the mutual inductance of the
combination?
(Ans: 2.3 mH)

10. Two coils are wound on the same iron rod so that the flux generated by one
passes through the other also. The primary coil has Np loops and when a current
of 2.0 A flows through it, the flux in it is 2.5 x 10-4 Wb. Detemine the mutual
inductance of the two coils if the secondary coil has 100 loops.
(Ans: 0.013 H)

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