BIO

124
Lab 1
Intro to Anatomical
Terminology and Organ Systems

Instructor.- Fiorella A. Briceno

 Useful resources
1. CRASH COURSE: https://www.youtube.com/user/crashcourse/featured
2. Mastering A&P: https://www.masteringaandp.com/
3. The science of life is killing me: http://i-heart-anatomy-and-
physiology.tumblr.com/
4. Bone practical, muscle practical 1 &2:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCk1tKVnD6bTaLy9zg8ti3_w
5. Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/62167842/identifying-body-orientation-and-
direction-body-planes-and-sections-and-body-cavities-flash-cards/
6. Apps.- Speed anatomy, speed bones MD, and muscle and bones 3D.
7. Open labs in 2504 on Friday 12-2 PM (not the first week of class).
8. OFFICE HOURS: Wednesday's 4:20 - 5:20 at GTA office 1101.
 Body
Anatomical Surface Orientation Body Planes
Position Anatomy and and Sections
Direction
 Anatomical position

Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Surface Anatomy
Regional terms used to designate specific
Cephalic Cephalic
Otic Frontal
Occipital (back Orbital
of head) Nasal
Upper limb Oral Upper limb
Acromial Cervical Mental Acromial
Brachial (arm) Cervical Brachial (arm)
Thoracic Antecubital
Olecranal Back (dorsal) Sternal
Antebrachial Antebrachial
(forearm) Scapular Axillary
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)
Vertebral
body areas.

Abdominal
Lumbar Umbilical
Manus (hand) Manus (hand)
Metacarpal Sacral Pelvic
Inguinal Palmar
Gluteal (groin) Pollex
Digital Digital
Perineal (between
Lower limb anus and external Lower limb
genitalia) Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot) Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Calcaneal Abdomen
Back (Dorsum) Metatarsal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux
Posterior/Dorsal Anterior/Ventral
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Body orientation & Direction
Terms are used to describe the location of body structures

• Superior/inferior
• Cephalad/Caudal
• Anterior/posterior
• Dorsal/ventral
• Medial/lateral
• Proximal/distal
• Superficial/deep
Superior/Cephalad Superior/Cephalad

Proximal
• Superior/inferior

Posterior Anterior
• Anterior/posterior
Lateral Medial Dorsal Ventral • Medial/lateral
• Cephalad
Distal Proximal
• Ventral/dorsal
• Proximal/distal
• Superficial/deep

Distal
Inferior/Caudal Inferior/Caudal
 Body planes & Sections
Sagittal plane Cuts or sections made
◦ Divides body vertically into right and left parts along a body plane
◦ Midsagittal (median) plane
Named after plane, so a
◦ Cut was made perfectly on midline
BODY PLANES

sagittal cut results in a

SECTIONS
Frontal (coronal) plane sagittal section
◦ Divides body vertically into anterior and
posterior parts (front and back)
◦ Produces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse (horizontal) plane
◦ Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane)
into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
◦ Produces a cross section
 Frontal or coronal plane

Transverse or horizontal Median or midsagittal

plane plane

Body planes & Sections

 Body
Body Surface Orientation Body Planes
cavities Anatomy and and Sections
Direction
 Cranial
cavity

Body cavities
(contains
brain)

DORSAL Dorsal
body Thoracic
Superior
mediastinum
cavity cavity Pleural
Protects fragile nervous system (contains cavity
heart and
◦ Cranial cavity lungs) Pericardial
cavity within
◦ Encases brain Vertebral
the mediastinum

Diaphragm
◦ Vertebral cavity cavity
(contains
◦ Encases spinal cord spinal
cord)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)

Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body (contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
cavity organs, and rectum)
Ventral body
cavity Lateral view
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cranial
cavity

Body cavities Vertebral

cavity

VENTRAL Superior
Thoracic mediastinum
◦ Thoracic cavity Pleural
◦ Superior Mediastinum (contains cavity
heart and
◦ Pleural Pericardial
lungs)
cavity within
◦ Pericardial the mediastinum

◦ Abdominopelvic Ventral body

Diaphragm cavity
◦ Abdominal (thoracic and
Abdominal cavity abdomino-
◦ Pelvic (contains digestive Abdomino-
pelvic
viscera) pelvic
cavities)
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body
cavity
Ventral body
Anterior view cavity
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
• Membranes in ventral body cavity
– Serosa (also called serous membrane)
• Thin, double-layered membranes that
cover surfaces in ventral body cavity
– Parietal serosa lines internal body
cavity walls
– Visceral serosa covers internal
organs (viscera)
• Named for specific cavity and organs that they
are associated with
– Pericardium
• Heart
– Pleurae
• Lungs
– Peritoneum
• Abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.

Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)
A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates
the relationship between the parietal and visceral
serous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietal
pericardium

Pericardial
space with
serous fluid

Visceral
pericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other Body Cavities
In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed
to environment
◦ Oral and digestive cavities
◦ Nasal cavity
◦ Orbital cavities
◦ Middle ear cavities

Not exposed to environment

◦ Synovial cavities: joint cavities
 Structural Organization
•Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
•Cell – the basic unit or building
block of all living things
•Tissue – a group of cells that are
similar in structure and function
•Organ – structure composed of two
or more tissue types that performs
a specific function for the body
•Organ System – a group of organs
that act together to perform a
particular body function

© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.

 Organ Systems
1. Integument
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
 INTEGUMENTARY Hair

SYSTEM Skin Nails

q ORGANS
• Skin

q FUNCTIONS
• Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper
tissue
• Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure
• Regulates body temp; synthesize vitamin D
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 SKELETAL SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
Bones

q FUNCTIONS
• Protects & supports body organs Joint

• Framework for muscles & movement

• Hematopoiesis; store minerals

Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
 MUSCULAR Skeletal
muscles

SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Skeletal muscle (attached to bone)

q FUNCTIONS
• Contraction & mobility (locomotion)
• Facial expression, posture
• Produce body heat

Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion, and facial
expression. Maintains posture, and
produces heat.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 Brain

NERVOUS SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory
receptors

q FUNCTIONS
• Fast-acting central control system
Nerves
Spinal
• Responds to external/internal stimuli via cord
nerve impulses (electrical messages)

Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 Pineal gland

ENDOCRINE Thyroid
gland Pituitary

SYSTEM Thymus
gland

Adrenal
q ORGANS
gland
• Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids … etc.
Pancreas

q FUNCTIONS
Testis
• Slow -acting control system
• Glands produce hormones that regulate Ovary
growth, reproduction, metabolism,….
etc.

Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that
regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM Heart

q ORGANS
• Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood

q FUNCTIONS
• Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other
substances to and from tissue cells
Blood
• White blood cells protect against vessels
bacteria, toxins, tumors

Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 Red bone
LYMPHATIC marrow
Thymus

SYSTEM Lymphatic
vessels
q ORGANS Thoracic
duct
• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils,
spleen.
Spleen
q FUNCTIONS
• Complements circulatory system by
returning leaked fluid back to blood Lymph
vessels nodes

• Cleanses the blood; involved in

immunity
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
The immune response mounts the attack
against foreign substances within the body.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 Nasal
RESPIRATORY cavity
Pharynx

SYSTEM Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus

q ORGANS
Lung
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, & lungs

q FUNCTIONS
• Keeps blood supplied with O2 &
removes CO2
• Carries out gas exchanges through air
sacs in lungs
Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
 Oral cavity

Esophagus
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small Liver
intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Stomach
(liver & pancreas) Small
intestine

q FUNCTIONS Large
intestine
• Breaks food down into absorbable units Rectum
that enter the blood; indigestible food Anus
eliminated as feces

Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units
that enter the blood for distribution to
body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 URINARY SISTEM
q ORGANS Kidney

• Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra Ureter

q FUNCTIONS
Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the bladder
body (urea & uric acid) Urethra
• Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-
base balance of the blood

Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
 REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
q ORGANS Prostate

• Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas

deferens, testis, scrotum
Penis
Testis Ductus
deferens
q FUNCTIONS Scrotum

• Primary function is to produce offspring.

• Testes produce sperm & male sex
hormones
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Male Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands
aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development
of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to
nourish the newborn. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
 REPRODUCTIVE Mammary
glands (in

SYSTEM breasts)

q ORGANS
• Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus,
Ovary
vagina, uterine tube

q FUNCTIONS
• Primary function is to produce offspring
• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex
hormones; mammary glands for Female Reproductive System
nourishment
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Uterus Uterine
tube
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands
aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development
of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to
nourish the newborn. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
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