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Lab 1
Intro to Anatomical
Terminology and Organ Systems
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Surface Anatomy
Regional terms used to designate specific
Cephalic Cephalic
Otic Frontal
Occipital (back Orbital
of head) Nasal
Upper limb Oral Upper limb
Acromial Cervical Mental Acromial
Brachial (arm) Cervical Brachial (arm)
Thoracic Antecubital
Olecranal Back (dorsal) Sternal
Antebrachial Antebrachial
(forearm) Scapular Axillary
(forearm)
Mammary
Carpal (wrist)
Vertebral
body areas.
Abdominal
Lumbar Umbilical
Manus (hand) Manus (hand)
Metacarpal Sacral Pelvic
Inguinal Palmar
Gluteal (groin) Pollex
Digital Digital
Perineal (between
Lower limb anus and external Lower limb
genitalia) Coxal (hip)
Femoral (thigh) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
Fibular or peroneal Fibular or peroneal
Pedal (foot) Pedal (foot)
Thorax Tarsal (ankle)
Calcaneal Abdomen
Back (Dorsum) Metatarsal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux
Posterior/Dorsal Anterior/Ventral
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Body orientation & Direction
Terms are used to describe the location of body structures
• Superior/inferior
• Cephalad/Caudal
• Anterior/posterior
• Dorsal/ventral
• Medial/lateral
• Proximal/distal
• Superficial/deep
Superior/Cephalad Superior/Cephalad
Proximal
• Superior/inferior
Posterior Anterior
• Anterior/posterior
Lateral Medial Dorsal Ventral • Medial/lateral
• Cephalad
Distal Proximal
• Ventral/dorsal
• Proximal/distal
• Superficial/deep
Distal
Inferior/Caudal Inferior/Caudal
Body planes & Sections
Sagittal plane Cuts or sections made
◦ Divides body vertically into right and left parts along a body plane
◦ Midsagittal (median) plane
Named after plane, so a
◦ Cut was made perfectly on midline
BODY PLANES
SECTIONS
Frontal (coronal) plane sagittal section
◦ Divides body vertically into anterior and
posterior parts (front and back)
◦ Produces a frontal or coronal section
Transverse (horizontal) plane
◦ Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane)
into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
◦ Produces a cross section
Frontal or coronal plane
Body cavities
(contains
brain)
DORSAL Dorsal
body Thoracic
Superior
mediastinum
cavity cavity Pleural
Protects fragile nervous system (contains cavity
heart and
◦ Cranial cavity lungs) Pericardial
cavity within
◦ Encases brain Vertebral
the mediastinum
Diaphragm
◦ Vertebral cavity cavity
(contains
◦ Encases spinal cord spinal
cord)
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Pelvic cavity
Dorsal body (contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
cavity organs, and rectum)
Ventral body
cavity Lateral view
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
VENTRAL Superior
Thoracic mediastinum
◦ Thoracic cavity Pleural
◦ Superior Mediastinum (contains cavity
heart and
◦ Pleural Pericardial
lungs)
cavity within
◦ Pericardial the mediastinum
Heart
Parietal
pericardium
Pericardial
space with
serous fluid
Visceral
pericardium
q ORGANS
• Skin
q FUNCTIONS
• Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper
tissue
• Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure
• Regulates body temp; synthesize vitamin D
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, and
protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)
receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
Bones
q FUNCTIONS
• Protects & supports body organs Joint
Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,
and provides a framework the muscles
use to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones store
minerals.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
MUSCULAR Skeletal
muscles
SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Skeletal muscle (attached to bone)
q FUNCTIONS
• Contraction & mobility (locomotion)
• Facial expression, posture
• Produce body heat
Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the
environment, locomotion, and facial
expression. Maintains posture, and
produces heat.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Brain
NERVOUS SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory
receptors
q FUNCTIONS
• Fast-acting central control system
Nerves
Spinal
• Responds to external/internal stimuli via cord
nerve impulses (electrical messages)
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Pineal gland
ENDOCRINE Thyroid
gland Pituitary
SYSTEM Thymus
gland
Adrenal
q ORGANS
gland
• Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids … etc.
Pancreas
q FUNCTIONS
Testis
• Slow -acting control system
• Glands produce hormones that regulate Ovary
growth, reproduction, metabolism,….
etc.
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that
regulate processes such as growth,
reproduction, and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM Heart
q ORGANS
• Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood
q FUNCTIONS
• Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other
substances to and from tissue cells
Blood
• White blood cells protect against vessels
bacteria, toxins, tumors
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Red bone
LYMPHATIC marrow
Thymus
SYSTEM Lymphatic
vessels
q ORGANS Thoracic
duct
• Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils,
spleen.
Spleen
q FUNCTIONS
• Complements circulatory system by
returning leaked fluid back to blood Lymph
vessels nodes
SYSTEM Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
q ORGANS
Lung
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, & lungs
q FUNCTIONS
• Keeps blood supplied with O2 &
removes CO2
• Carries out gas exchanges through air
sacs in lungs
Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen
and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous
exchanges occur through the walls of the air
sacs of the lungs.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Oral cavity
Esophagus
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
q ORGANS
• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small Liver
intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus Stomach
(liver & pancreas) Small
intestine
q FUNCTIONS Large
intestine
• Breaks food down into absorbable units Rectum
that enter the blood; indigestible food Anus
eliminated as feces
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units
that enter the blood for distribution to
body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions. eliminated as feces.
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
URINARY SISTEM
q ORGANS Kidney
q FUNCTIONS
Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the bladder
body (urea & uric acid) Urethra
• Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-
base balance of the blood
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
q ORGANS Prostate
SYSTEM breasts)
q ORGANS
• Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus,
Ovary
vagina, uterine tube
Uterus Uterine
q FUNCTIONS tube
Vagina
• Primary function is to produce offspring
• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex
hormones; mammary glands for Female Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
nourishment sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands
aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract.
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining
female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development
of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to
nourish the newborn. © 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
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