CHE 026

Ausan, Florence Mae H. BSMT 1-MT C1n

I. INTRODUCTION
 Chemistry
- Study of properties & transformations of matter
- Also known as “central science” (interconnected to nearly all other sciences)

 Branches & Sub-branches

1. Organic
– Study of the structure, properties, preparation of chemical
compounds

AREA OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOCUS

Medicinal - Overlaps with pharmacology
- Design, development, production
of pharmaceuticals
Organometallic - Study of chemical compounds
between carbon & metal
Polymer - Study of polymers
Physical - Interactions among structure &
reactivity in organic molecules
Stereochemistry - study of the spatial arrangements
of atoms in molecules and their
effects on the chemical & physical
properties of substances.

– Primarily Carbon & Hydrogen

2. Inorganic
– Study of properties & behavior of inorganic compounds
– Covers all chemical compounds (except organic)
– Includes: crystal structures, minerals, metals, catalysts &
elements from the periodic table)
AREA OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOCUS
Bioinorganic - Interactions of metal ions with
living tissue (main: direct effect
on enzyme activity)
Geochemistry - Chemical compositions of:
rocks, minerals, and atmosphere
of earth/celestial body
Nuclear - Radioactive substances
Organometallic - Study of chemical compounds
with bonds among carbon & a
metal
Solid-state - Synthesis, structure & nature of
solids

3. Analytical
– Qualitative & quantitative determination of the chemical
components of substances.

AREA OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY FOCUS

Forensic - Chemical techniques to crime
investigation
Environmental - Bio/chemical phenomena that
occur in an environment
- Includes atmospheric, aquatic,
and soil chemistry.
Bioanalytical - examination of biological
materials such as blood, urine,
hair, saliva, and sweat
- to detect the presence of
specific drugs.

4. Physical
– effect of chemical structure on the physical properties of a
substance.
– Includes the rate of a chemical reaction, the interaction of
molecules with radiation, and the calculation of structures and
properties.
AREA OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY FOCUS
Photochemistry - Chemical changes
caused by light
Surface Chemistry - study of chemical
reactions at surfaces of
substances.
- includes topics like
adsorption,
heterogeneous catalysis,
formation of colloids,
corrosion, electrode
processes, and
chromatography.
Chemical Kinetics - study of the rates of
chemical reactions, the
factors affecting those
rates, and the
mechanism by which the
reactions proceed.
Quantum - mathematical description
of the motion and
interaction of subatomic
particles.
- incorporates quantization
of energy, wave-particle
duality, the uncertainty
principle, and their
relationship to chemical
processes.
Spectroscopy - use of the absorption,
emission, or scattering of
electromagnetic radiation
by matter
- to study the matter or the
chemical processes it
undergoes.

5. Biochemistry
– the study of chemical reactions that take place in living things. It
tries to explain them in chemical terms
– . includes cancer and stem cell biology, infectious disease, and
cell membrane and structural biology.
AREA OF BIOCHEMISTRY FOCUS
Molecular - interactions between the
various systems of a cell,
such as the different types of
DNA, RNA, and protein
biosynthesis.
Genetic - study of genes, heredity, and
variation in living organisms.
Pharmacology a. investigation of
i. Toxicology instruments of medication
activity and the impact of
medications on a creature.
b. effects of poisons on living
organisms.
Clinical - study of the changes that
disease causes in the
chemical composition and
biochemical processes of the
body.
Agricultural - study of the chemistry that
occurs in plants, animals, and
microorganisms.

6. Theoretical
– branch of chemical physics which studies on a theoretical
fundamental level energetics, dynamics and reactivity of
chemical and biological systems, drugs and medicaments.
AREA OF THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY FOCUS
Computational - solving chemical
problems with
computers
Quantum - application of quantum
mechanics in physical
models & experiments
of chemical systems
Molecular Dynamics - analyzing the physical
movements of atoms &
molecules
Molecular Modeling - computer-based
techniques for
manipulating the
structures and reactions
of molecules, and those
properties that are
dependent on these 3D
structures.
Informatics/Cheminformatics - involves using computer
modeling and data
accumulation of the
chemical and reactive
properties of molecules
to develop and
understand new
biological mechanisms
and drug interactions.
 History of Chemistry

1. Pre-17th Century

DATE PERSON/S INVOLVED CONTRIBUTION

3000 BC Egyptians - theory of the
Ogdoad, or the
"primordial forces",
from which all was
formed.
1200 BC Tapputi-Belatikallim - a perfume-maker and
(Perfume Maker) early chemist, was
mentioned in a
cuneiform tablet in
- Mesopotamia.
450 BC Empedocles - that all things are
composed of four
primal elements:
earth, air, fire, and
water,
- whereby two active
and opposing forces,
love and hate, or
affinity and antipathy,
act upon these
elements,
- combining and
separating them into
infinitely varied
forms.
440 BC Leucippus, Democritus - propose the idea of
the atom, an
indivisible particle
that all matter is
made of.
360 BC Plato - coins term ‘elements’
(stoicheia)
- assumes that the
minute particle of
each element had a
special geometric
shape: tetrahedron
(fire), octahedron
(air), icosahedron
(water), and cube
(earth).
350 BC Aristotle - expanding on
Empedocles,
proposes idea of a
substance as a
combination of
matter and form.
- Describes theory of
the Five Elements,
fire, water, earth, air,
and aether.
50 BC Lucretius - publishes De Rerum
Natura, a poetic
description of the
ideas of atomism.
300 Zosimos Of Panopolis - published books on
 alchemy, which he
defines as the study
of the composition of
waters, movement,
growth, embodying
and disembodying,
drawing the spirits
from bodies
and bonding the
spirits within bodies.
770 Abu Musa Jabir Ibn - father of chemistry
Hayyan (Geber) - develops an early
experimental method
for chemistry, and
isolates numerous
acids;
- including
hydrochloric acid,
nitric acid, citric acid,
acetic acid, tartaric
acid, and aqua regia.
1000 Abu Al-Rayhan Al-Biruni, - practice of alchemy
Avicenna and the theory of the
transmutation of
metals.
1167 Magister Salernus - first references to the
(School Of Salerno) distillation of wine.
1220 Robert Grosseteste - publishes several
Aristotelian
commentaries where
he lays out an early
framework
- for the scientific
method.
1250 Tadeo Alderotti - develops fractional
distillation,
1260 St. Albertus Magnus - discovers arsenic
and silver nitrate. He
also made one of the
first references to
sulfuric acid.
1267 Roger Bacon
1310 Pseudo-Geber
1530 Paracelsus
1597 Andreas Libavius
 2. 17th & 18th Centuries

DATE PERSON/S INVOLVED CONTRIBUTION

1605
1605
1615
1637
1648
1661
1662
1735
1754
1757
1758
1766
1773-1774
1778
1787
1787
1789
1797
1800

3. 19th century

DATE PERSON/S INVOLVED CONTRIBUTION

1803
1805
1808
1808
1808
1811
1825
1827
1828
1832
1840
1847
1848
1849
1852
1855
1856
1857
1859-60
1860
1862
1862
1864
1864
1864
1865
1865
1865
1869
1873
1876
1877
1883
1884
1884
1884
1885
1893
1894-98
1897
1898
1898
1900
1903
1904
1905
1905
1907
1909
1909
1911
1911
1911
1912
1912
1913
1913
1913
1913
1916
1921
1923
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1927
1929
1931
1931
1932
1932-34
1935
1937
1937
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1945
1945-46
1951
1952
1952
1953
1957
1958
1962
1962
1964
1965
1966
1970
1971
1975
1985
1991
1994
1995
II. MATTER
III. MEASUREMENTS
IV. PERIODIC TABLE
V. ATOMS & ISOTOPES
VI. IONIC COMPOUNDS