DERIVE CIRCUITRY FOR LED/LASER

Abstract
A derive circuit comprising of LED/LASER can be made by designing a circuit of Infrared
Transmitter & Receiver. One of the main problems to design such a circuit would be noise. To
overcome this problem we have to make transmitter/receiver immune to noise, for that the
transmitted signal needs ‘Look’ different than the noise. This can be achieved by modulating the
IR LED diode on and off at an appropriate chosen frequency through the use of an Astable 555
Timer IC. Then, a receiver will be build which is much more sensitive to that frequency than any
other frequencies.

EQUIPMENTS
The equipments that are needed to design this circuitry are divided in to transmitter and
receiver section.

Transmitter Section

Ø 555 TIMER IC:

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and
multi-vibrator applications. The IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to
market in 1971by Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the SE555 (metal
can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as "The IC Time Machine". It has been
claimed that the 555 gets its name from the three 5 kΩ resistors used in typical early
implementations,[2] but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was arbitrary. The part is
still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low price and good stability. As of 2003, it is estimated
that 1 billion units are manufactured every year. Depending on the manufacturer, the standard
555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diode sand 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in
an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8).[4] Variants available include the 556 (a 14-pin DIP
combining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-pin DIP combining four slightly modified
555s with DIS & THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead of level
sensitive). Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the 7555 and
TLC555.[5] The 7555 is designed to cause less supply glitching than the classic 555 and the
manufacturer claims that it usually does not require a "control" capacitor and in many cases
does not require a power supply bypass capacitor.

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 The 555 has three operating modes:

MONOSTABLE MODE: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot". Application include
timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) etc

ASTABLE MODE: Astable - free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses
include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation, etc.

BISTABLE MODE: Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce free latched switches, etc.

Ø RESISTORS:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's law (V = IR)
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well
as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). The primary
characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, the maximum working voltage and
the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance.
Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the
maximum permitted current, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is
determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor. Resistors can be integrated
into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or

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 terminals), are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not
to overheat when dissipating their power.

Ø SWITCH:
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,
interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of
switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical
contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts
are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are
separated and non-conducting.
A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a
computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as alight switch.
Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example,
to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a
position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as
pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used
to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch
used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called
a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches
are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be
pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to
prevent electric shock.

Ø CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by
a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a
static electric field develops in the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant
value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor

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 to the potential difference between them. Capacitorss are widely used in electronic circuits for
blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output of power supplies
supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to
particular frequencies and for many other purposes. The effect is greatest when there is a
narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductor
conductorss are often
called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between
the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage
voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance
resistance.

Ø BJT TRANSISTOR:
A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT
BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed
of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching
applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes.
Charge flow in a BJT is due to bidirectional diffusion of charge carriers across a junction between two
regions of different charge concentrations. This mode of operation is contrasted with uni-polar
polar
transistors, such as field-effect
effect transistors, in which only one carrier type is involved in charge flow due
to drift. By design, most of the BJT collector current is due to the flow of charges injected from a high
high-
concentration emitter into the base where they are minority carriers that diffuse toward the collector, and
so BJTs are classified as minority-carrier
carrier devices.

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Ø INFRARED LED:
An infrared light-emitting diode (LED) is a type of electronic device that emits infrared light not
visible to the naked eye. An infrared LED operates like a regular LED, but may use different
materials to produce infrared light. This infrared light may be used for a remote control, to
transfer data between devices, to provide illumination for night vision equipment, or for a variety
of other purposes. An infrared LED is, like all LEDs, a type of diode, or simple semi-conductor.

Diodes are designed so that electric current can only flow in one direction. As the current flows,
electrons fall from one part of the diode into holes on another part. In order to fall into these
holes, the electrons must shed energy in the form of photons, which produce light.
The wavelength and color of the light produced depend on the material used in the diode.
Infrared LEDs use material that produces light in the infrared part of the spectrum, that is, just
below what the human eye can see. Different infrared LEDs may produce infrared light of
differing wavelengths, just like different LEDs produce light of different colors. A very common
place to find an infrared LED is in a remote control for a television or other device. One or more
LEDs inside the remote transmit rapid pulses of infrared light to a receiver on the television. The
receiver then decodes and interprets these pulses as a command and carries out the desired
operation. Infrared light can also be used to transfer data between electronic devices. Mobile
phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and some laptops may have an infrared LED and
receiver designed for short-range data transfer. Some wireless keyboards and computer mice also
use an infrared LED and receiver to replace a cable. Although invisible to human eyes, many
types of cameras and other sensors can see infrared light. This makes infrared LED
technology well-suited to applications like security systems and night vision goggles. Many
security cameras and camcorders use infrared LEDs to provide a night-vision mode. Hunters may
use similar equipment to spot game at night, and some companies sell flashlights with an
infrared LED to provide extra illumination for night-vision cameras or devices.

2 Receiver Section
The other equipments such as resistors, capacitors and transistors used in receiver
are very much same as in transistor. The only new device which is used in receiver is a phoro-
detector, which is described below:

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Ø PHOTODETECTOR:
Photodetectors are devices capable of sensing electromagnetic energy, typically light, which
contains photon particles that are a type of electromagnetic energy. Although there are many
types, the most common are mechanical, biological, chemical. Photodetectors can also be used
as thermometers — to measure radiation, to generate voltage, to amplify an existing current,
and to record images. Plants even use a form of photodetection to guide their growth, as their
cells react to the light and grow towards it. Whether natural or artificial, all photodetectors
share a common principle: a reaction triggered by the presence of light. An example of a
mechanical sensor of this sort would be a lasersecurity system that detects the presence of laser
light, and its interruption, to determine intrusions and trigger an alarm. The most commonly
known biological sensor is the eye, which detects and reacts to light to interpret optical signals,
which it then sends to the brain as an image. Photographic film is one of the simplest forms of
chemical sensors — it uses light to imprint an image onto its surface. Photographers develop
their film in darkrooms to avoid ruining it, should the film have a chemical reaction to the light.
With a wide range of uses, photodetectors appear everywhere from particle-detecting
telescopes to the Large Hadron Collider to UV-sensitive sunglasses. The majority of
photodetectors are calibrated to detect light and radiation on a very specific spectrum, ranging
from ultra-violet to infrared. Infrared devices, such as heat sensors and television remote
controls, use light on the infrared spectrum to transmit a signal, which is captured and
interpreted by a detector. When a button is pressed on a television remote control, the remote
control emits an infrared signal on a wavelength invisible to the human eye. The television
intercepts and interprets the signal as a command to turn the volume down, change the
channel, or turn power on or off.
Depending on their purpose, photodetectors can have a variety of other functions. For
example, semiconductors and semiconducting circuits use photodetectors to conduct an
electrical current by changing light into electricity. When the semiconductor is exposed to light
in its target spectrum, the semiconductor material absorbs photons that act on electrons to
separate electron-hole pairs and create electrons in an excited state. This outcome allows the
electrons to travel freely as a conductive medium, which creates a photo-current. This
conductive action makes semiconductors a key base component of virtually all modern
electronics.

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WORKING
To explain its working we have explained both the Transmitter & Receiver section
separately, which are being discussed below:

TRANSMITTER

Above circuit diagram shows the transmitter section, here we see when the button is
pushed , the astable 555 timer oscillates and causes the IR LEDto emit a modulated or pulsed ,
infrared signal. Further the signal is transferred to the receiver. The 555 timer integrated circuit
to to modulate the transmitted slight, the timing of which is controlled by externally connected
resistors and capacitors. For IR LED we want a resistance R that will limit the current to 50-
100mA. Pin 3 on the 555IC derives the transistor and the indicator LED, and the transistor
derives the IR LED. This is necessary, as the 555 cannot supply the necessary current to activate
the IR LED. It is necessary that appropriate resistors are selected, in order to ensure that neither
the IR LED nor the 555 chip are damaged.

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RECEIVER

The above circuit diagram shows the receiver section, here the transmitted
signal is received via our receiver circuit phototransistor. The high pass amplifier allows us to
preserve only the high frequency component of our received signal. The bandpass filter is tuned
to our modulation frequency, thus removing more noise at higher and lower frequencies. The
signal at this point is a high frequency AC signal, the rectifier and the lowpass filter convert the
signal from AC to DC and the comparator allows us to adjust the sensitivity threshold so that we
do not detect spurious noise signals.

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