A) W2Smith’s thoughts on the division of labour constitute the basis for his theory of

international trade. For him, it is the division of labour that leads to “the greatest
improvement in the productive powers of labour” (WN, I.i.1). As a result of a more
advanced division of labour, more output can be produced with the same amount
of labour. He illustrates this point with his famous pin factory example,6 which
shows that the division of labour produces an “increase of the quantity of work
which […] the same number of people are capable of performing” (WN, I.i.5).
Then he identifies three reasons for this development:
B) firstThe phrase 'energy efficiency' is often used as a shorthand to describe any
kind of energy-saving measure, though technically it should be distinguished
from energy conservation, a broader term which can also include forgoing a
service rather than changing the efficiency with which it is provided. It recognises
the interaction of windows, foundations, mechanical equipment and all other
components within the homes in developing countries. Rohr C (2007), the goal is
to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products or services thus it is
a practice of using less energy an economic way of using energy. In developing
nations the dream to achieve such is a often hampered by market, financial,
informational, institutional and technical barriers thus these challenges hinder the
achievement of energy efficiency in less economic developed countries.

To begin with is the financial status of most developing countries; the perceptions
of energy efficiency are too complicated and risky, with high transaction costs.
Roberts S (2007) advanced the thought thus, to initiate such a program in African
countries it is cost to impose The African building sector is fragmented and not
yet able to offer, on broad scale holistic solutions for deep renovation at
acceptable cost and quality. Lack of awareness of financial benefits on the part of
financial institutions, Up-front costs and dispersed benefits discourage investors.
The building process usually involves multiple separated disciplines, which leads
to additional costs and risk of failure. The renovation market is principally supply
driven which can lead to a mismatch between the offered products and the end-
user’s needs. Many consumers see high operating costs and poor environment
as an acceptable alternative to the time-consuming, disruptive and risky
renovation process. This challenge is alive in developing countries.

Schüle, R (2009), insulation has the largest impact on energy efficiency in

buildings, and it also has substantial impact on thermal comfort. At the same
time, the embodied energy of insulation materials is important. Technological
development of insulation products is already mature, although more research is
needed into super insulation materials (SIM) for specific cases and construction
details as well as for application in historic buildings. Internal application of
insulation for example in historic buildings with protected facades is also
problematic and the associated risks of damp penetration, condensation and
mould growth are not always acknowledged, especially for self-installers. This
makes it harder for developing countries because of financial constrains thus the
Lack of affordable energy efficiency technologies suitable to local conditions and
insufficient capacity to identify, develop implement and maintain energy efficiency
investments.

Furthermore the market is a barrier in achieving energy efficiency in less

economic developed countries like Zimbabwe that is the market organization and
price distortions prevent customers from appraising the true value of energy
efficiency hence it is a concern because the split incentive problems created
when investors cannot capture the benefits of improved efficiency (IEA 2007).
Schlegel (2009) advanced that transaction costs thus the project development
costs are high relative to energy savings so for developing countries to venture is
such becomes problematic.

Lack of sufficient information and understanding, on the part of consumers to

make rational consumption and investment decisions. This challenge grows in
developing countries because of the lack know-how. On contrary the technical
level is behind, there is a lack of appropriate standards and studies that would
help foster robust business models and consequently to convince policy makers
and financial institutions of the viability of RES integration proposals. Integration
of PV panels into infrastructure ‘other than roofs’ can be difficult, and roof space
is often at a premium especially in dense urban areas. Integration in general at
different scales raises questions about the system boundaries for storage and
flexibility, and about overall robustness. There is a lack of best practice
demonstration project in some technical fields, for example storage and
integration of RES with low temperature district heating networks.

Also significant challenges also remain in terms of society, consumers and user
behavior. G. Barbose (2003), communication and awareness-raising are
constant requirements at all levels. For example in residential buildings in high
density areas non-technical people are able to access energy controls, while
occupants of transient buildings such as hotels can often be confronted with
unfamiliar systems. There remains a need to support increased participation from
the bottom (local level) up, in order to reach a critical mass of awareness and
engagement. District level solutions can be effective in this regard.

Another challenge of energy efficiency in developing countries is that energy

tariffs that discourage energy investment (such as declining block
prices).Incentive structures encourage energy providers to sell energy rather
 than invest in cost effective energy efficiency Institutional bias towards supply
side investments.

By way of conclusion the dream to achieve such faces many challenges in less
economic developed countries because of the by financial, informational,
institutional and technical barriers thus these challenges hinder the achievement
of energy efficiency in less economic developed countries.

C) As have been mention above energy efficiency is the goal to reduce the amount
of energy required to provide products or services. It is a practice of using less
energy or the economic use of energy. Strategies these are ways or programs
that can be adopted by cities as to use natural resources. These strategies helps
to reduce the negative effects of burning fossil fuels by providing by providing
quality of services with reduced energy inputs and emission.

Placement of windows High level windows in warm weather allow hot air to
escape. Proper placement of windows reflects light into the building. Energy
efficiency windows reduce heat loss. Davey, (2012)Absence of high level
openings traps hot air in a space and interior temperature rises. Building should
have adequate windows to allow natural light in.3mm windows allow more energy
to transmit through. Windows should be placed facing direction of sun’s path.
More windows are required for lighting and cooling. Windows improves natural
ventilation and interior air movement. Hence placement of windows is one of the
stratagems which can be used to achieve energy efficiency.

According to Holger, (1998) Insulation of buildings is another strategy that can be

adopted as to achieve energy efficiency. Insulation of interior building surface
helps to maintain different temperatures between exterior and interior of a
building. Well insulated building with low energy decrease heating needs.
Thermal buffer helps to reduce heat lose. Thermal insulator is a way of avoiding
heat loss from a building Al-Homoud, (2005) .Insulation of homes allows a
building to use less energy for heating and cooling. Insulation keeps a building
warm and limits the need for energy –heating. Thermal insulation of walls
reduces heat loss.

Orientation of buildings is one strategy that can be adopted in order to achieve

energy efficiency. Buildings in rural areas face east so as to use less energy for
cooling, heating and lighting. Moreover create buildings that generate energy into
grid infrastructure. For example Buildings in Harare face north so that every room
has access to natural energy, kitchens oriented to receive morning sun, Living
 rooms should always face the afternoon and early evening sun. There should be
space between blocks to encourage wind breezes for cooling effect Greening
(2000). Good designs of building help to attain energy efficiency. Tall buildings
on their side, orientation lead the wind flow and receive adequate radiation.
Bathrooms and garages should be on non-solar side and require small windows
and low temperatures. Building location plays a key role in regulating
temperatures.

From the diagram above which shows a building which was designed in a way of saving
energy because every room in that building have access to sun energy this means that
in this building electricity lights would only be switched on during the night because
during the day all rooms would be using lights from the sun.
Furthermore Shape and size of building is also a strategy that can be adopted by cities
to achieve energy efficiency energy Ries,(2009).shape and size of building affects
energydemand. An efficient building is that keeps people cool in summer and warm in
winter. U shaped block uses less energy for example offices. U shaped block allows
wind for cooling to channel through it .Cubic shaped uses less energy for cooling,
heating and lighting e.g. Zimre building. openings at the centre of Zimre building allows
natural energy inside .Wide open hallow support wind movement for cooling effect for
example East gate in Harare. L shaped buildings ensures efficient use of energy
Lenzen, (2002). Urban block are L shaped to allow every room access to natural light.
All rooms in L blocks receive adequate daylight. High rise buildings receive more natural
light for heating and lighting.
Moreover Types of floors, walls and roofs is a stratagem used to achieve energy
efficiency. Increase the floor ceiling height, the more height, the more the light will enter
for lighting. Dark roofs in cold areas promote heating and white roofs in hot areas
promote cooling. Timber ground floor release heat in cold areas and cooling in hot
areas .Floor tiles are best for cooling in hot areas. Murray and Patterson, (1996).
Concrete slabs absorb heat and release it in the night hence heating effect. Basement
slab reduces heat lose Thin skinned walls in hot areas allows cooling effect in the
building. Thick walls generate heat in the building. Plastered walls keeps room
temperatures stable as no energy will escape. Pitched timber and tile roofs absorb more
energy. Tile roofs conserve energy for cooling in summer and heating in winter. Roofing
should be insulated well to reduce heat loss. These types of floors and wall can be used
to achieve energy efficiency, so may call this a strategy of achieving energy efficiency.
To add on good choice of Building materials is a strategy of achieving energy efficiency.
Use energy efficient materials, more wood and restrict plastic and metals Yao, (2005).
Materials have different insulation or heat absorption. White materials reflect light. Use
materials that are more energy efficient. Zinc absorbs heat during the day for heating.
Use energy efficiency windows which allow sunlight to penetrate inside the building
hence less energy for lighting.so building materials is a strategy of achieving energy
efficiency. White paints encourages cooling in hot areas and black paints encourages
heating in cold areas Huberman, (2008). Asbestos absorb heat during the day and
reflect it during the night hence less energy for heating in winter. Timber promotes
cooling and makes the inner of building light hence less energy for cooling and lighting.
Concrete bricks keep the interior of the building heat. Roof tiles promote cooling,
heating and lighting in a building. Wooden doors allows wind breeze to pass through
thereby less energy for cooling.
Another strategy is a shift from less sustainable modes like personal cars to public
transport. The strategy is to avoid-shift-improve approach .avoid is to reduce the need
for travel in terms of the number of trips that people makes as well as the length of
these trips for example locating multi-functional shops so as to avoid more trips Wilson,
(2006). Shift this is moving from less sustainable modes for example personal cars to
more sustainable modes like public transport. Kiliccote and David,(2006). Improve this
is done by reducing negative impacts of motorized travel despite shift and avoid. This is
done by increasing the fuel tax and charging people for using personal cars this is to
avoid use of fossil fuels which are greenhouse gas. Moreover is achieved by using
bicycles as a mode of transport.
In a nut shell energy efficiency concept is a aim to reduce the volume of energy required
to provide products and services and it is a way of saving energy by finding substitutes
of electricity energy for example use of sun energy and wind for heating. Building
materials, placement of windows and orientation of buildings and use of public transport
as to avoid using more fossil fuels.
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