PPB 25403 Strength of Materials

Lecture 1: Stress Analysis

Mechanics of Materials: An Introduction

What?
Why?
Applications?
Introduction

 Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship

between the external loads on a body and the intensity
of the internal loads within the body.
 This subject also involves the deformations and stability
of a body when subjected to external forces.

Applications:
 Complete picture of mechanical behaviour such as
forces, motion
 Safe design in all type of structures i.e building, bridges,
airplanes, ships, motors, machines.
Learning Outcomes

 Stress
Review of Free Body Diagram
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Stress Concept
Normal and Shear Stresses
Factor of Safety
Free Body Diagram
 Pictorial representation often used by physicists and
engineers to analyze the forces acting on a body of
interest
Beam
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces
1.Surface Forces
- caused by direct
contact of other
body’s surface

2.Body Forces
- other body exerts a force
without contact
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Reactions
Surface forces developed at the
supports/points of contact between bodies.
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires a balance
of forces and a balance of moments
F 0 MO 0

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system

with origin O,
Fx 0, Fy 0, Fz 0
Mx 0, My 0, Mz 0

Best way to account for these forces is

to draw the body’s free-body diagram
(FBD).
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings

 Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant
force and moment acting within a body.
 In general, there are 4 different types of
resultant loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M
Stress

 Distribution of internal loading is important in

mechanics of materials.
 We will consider the material to be continuous.
 This intensity of internal force at a point is
called stress.
Stress

Normal Stress σ
Force per unit area acting normal to ΔA
Fz
z lim
A 0 A

Shear Stress τ
Force per unit area acting tangent to ΔA
Fx
zx lim
A 0 A
Fy
zy lim
A 0 A
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

 When a cross-sectional area bar is subjected

to axial force through the centroid, it is only
subjected to normal stress.
 Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution

 When a bar is subjected to a
constant deformation,
dF dA
A
σ = average normal stress
P A P = resultant normal force
P A = cross sectional area of bar
A

Equilibrium
 2 normal stress components
that are equal in magnitude
but opposite in direction.
Example 1
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading
shown.

Solution:
By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.
Solution:
By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC 30 kN

Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is constant,

the largest average normal stress is

PBC 30 103
BC 85.7 MPa (Ans)
A 0.035 0.01
Average Shear Stress

The average shear stress distributed

over each sectioned area that develops a
V
shear force.
A
avg

τ = average shear stress

P = internal resultant shear force
A = area at that section

a) Single Shear b) Double Shear

2 different types of shear:

Allowable Stress

Many unknown factors that influence the

actual stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained
allowable load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the
failure load divided by the allowable load
F fail
F .S
Fallow
fail
F .S
allow

fail
F .S
allow
What we have learned today
Free Body Diagram
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
Stress Concept
Normal and Shear Stresses
Factor of Safety