ASSIGHNMENT:-4

C OMPUTER PERIPHERALS &

INTERFACES

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED

BY:
Respected ANKUR
SINGH
Sandeep Singh RE3801A29
CAP 212
 PART A

Q1: In what applications might you use a temperature dependent

current device such as the AD590 rather then a temperature dependent
voltage device such as the LM35?

ANS: The Analog Devices AD590/592 is a two terminal IC

temperature transducer which produces an output current proportional to
absolute temperature. The AD590 is rated for use over the temperature range of
ñ55 Deg C to +150 Deg C.

The AD590 is particularly useful for remote temperature sensing applications,

because the sensor delivers an output current which is insensitive to
voltage drops over long cables. Any well insulated twisted pair cable is sufficient
for operation hundreds of feet from the data Taker.

The LM35 temperature sensor measures temperatures in the range of –55 Deg C
to +155 Deg C.

Q2: Describe the operation of a flash type A/D converter. What are its
main advantages and disadvantages?

ANS : Also called the parallel A/D converter, this circuit is the simplest to
understand. It is formed of a series of comparators, each one comparing the
input signal to a unique reference voltage. The comparator outputs connect to
the inputs of a priority encoder circuit, which then produces a binary output. The
following illustration shows a 3-bit flash ADC circuit:
An additional advantage of the flash converter, often overlooked, is the ability for
it to produce a non-linear output. With equal-value resistors in the reference
voltage divider network, each successive binary count represents the same
amount of analog signal increase, providing a proportional response. For special
applications, however, the resistor values in the divider network may be made
non-equal. This gives the ADC a custom, nonlinear response to the analog input
signal. No other ADC design is able to grant this signal-conditioning behavior
with just a few component value changes.

Q3: What problem in a control loop does integral feedback help solve?
Why derivative feedback is sometimes added to a control loop?

ANS: A familiar example of a control loop is the action taken when adjusting hot
and cold faucet valves to maintain the faucet water at the desired temperature.
This typically involves the mixing of two process streams, the hot and cold water.
The person touches the water to sense or measure its temperature. Based on
this feedback they perform a control action to adjust the hot and cold water
valves until the process temperature stabilizes at the desired value.

Sensing water temperature is analogous to taking a measurement of the process

value or process variable (PV). The desired temperature is called the setpoint
(SP). The input to the process (the water valve position) is called the
manipulated variable (MV). The difference between the temperature
measurement and the setpoint is the error (e), that quantifies whether the water
is too hot or too cold and by how much.

The magnitude of the contribution of the integral term to the overall control
action is determined by the integral gain, Ki.

The integral term is given by:

where

Iout: Integral term of output

Ki: Integral gain, a tuning parameter
e: Error = SP − PV
t: Time or instantaneous time (the present)
τ: a dummy integration variable

The integral term (when added to the proportional term) accelerates the
movement of the process towards setpoint and eliminates the residual steady-
state error that occurs with a proportional only controller. However, since the
integral term is responding to accumulated errors from the past, it can cause the
present value to overshoot the setpoint value (cross over the setpoint and then
create a deviation in the other direction)

The rate of change of the process error is calculated by determining the slope of
the error over time (i.e., its first derivative with respect to time) and multiplying
this rate of change by the derivative gain Kd. The magnitude of the contribution
of the derivative term (sometimes called rate) to the overall control action is
termed the derivative gain, Kd.

The derivative term is given by:

where

Dout: Derivative term of output

Kd: Derivative gain, a tuning parameter
e: Error = SP − PV
t: Time or instantaneous time (the present)
PART B

Q4: Explain how a non interlaced raster is produced on a CRT?

ANS: A non-interlaced display is a cathode-ray tube ( CRT ) display in which the

lines are scanned sequentially from the top to the bottom of the screen.

In a CRT display, there are several hundred horizontal lines in a frame (full
screen). These lines are scanned from left to right, and from top to bottom. The
refresh rate (number of frames scanned per second) varies, but it is normally
between 60 and 100 hertz . Refresh rates slower than 60 Hz produce distracting
screen flicker, which can cause headaches and eye fatigue.

Most CRT computer monitors scan each line in turn from top to bottom at the
lowest resolution levels (640 x 480 and 800 x 600 pixel s). However, at the
higher resolutions, such as 1024 x 768 or 1200 x 800, the frame is sometimes
scanned in interlaced fashion: first the odd-numbered lines, and then the even-
numbered lines. This allows for a lower refresh rate without producing flicker.
With text and fixed graphics displays, this scheme can work well. However, with
animated graphics -- especially images that move or change form rapidly --
interlacing can produce a fluttering effect at least as irritating as screen flicker.
For serious animated-graphics work and video editing, a non- interlaced CRT
display is recommended. The refresh rate should be as high as the system will
allow, ideally 70 Hz or more.

Q5: Describe the operation of the print mechanism for each of the
following types of printer. Also give an advantage and disadvantage for
each type.

a) Impact type dot matrix

b) Thermal

c) Laser

d) Ink jet

Ans 5

Impact type dot matrix:-

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a
print head that runs back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page
and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much
like the print mechanism on a typewriter. However, unlike a typewriter or daisy
wheel printer, letters are drawn out of a dot matrix, and thus, varied fonts and
arbitrary graphics can be produced. Because the printing involves mechanical
pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless copies.

Each dot is produced by a tiny metal rod, also called a "wire" or "pin", which is
driven forward by the power of a tiny electromagnet or solenoid, either directly
or through small levers (pawls). Facing the ribbon and the paper is a small guide
plate (often made of an artificial jewel such as sapphire or ruby[1]) pierced with
holes to serve as guides for the pins. The moving portion of the printer is called
the print head, and when running the printer as a generic text device generally
prints one line of text at a time. Most dot matrix printers have a single vertical
line of dot-making equipment on their print heads; others have a few interleaved
rows in order to improve dot density.

Advantages

Dot matrix printers, like any impact printer, can print on multi-part stationery or
make carbon-copies. Impact printers have one of the lowest printing costs per
page. As the ink is running out, the printout gradually fades rather than suddenly
stopping partway through a job. They are able to use continuous paper rather
than requiring individual sheets, making them useful for data logging. They are
good, reliable workhorses ideal for use in situations where printed content is
more important than quality. The ink ribbon also does not easily dry out,
including both the ribbon stored in the casing as well as the portion that is
stretched in front of the print head; this unique property allows the dot-matrix
printer to be used in environments where printer duty can be rare, for instance,
as with a Fire Alarm Control Panel's output.

Disadvantages

Impact printers create noise when the pins or typeface strike the ribbon to the
paper. Sound dampening enclosures may have to be used in quiet environments.
They can only print lower-resolution graphics, with limited color performance,
limited quality, and lower speeds compared to non-impact printers. While they
support fanfold paper with tractor holes well, single-sheet paper may have to be
wound in and aligned by hand, which is relatively time-consuming, or a sheet
feeder may be utilized which can have a lower paper feed reliability. When
printing labels on release paper, they are prone to paper jams when a print wire
snags the leading edge of the label while printing at its very edge. For text-only
labels (e.g., mailing labels), a daisy wheel printer or band printer may offer
better print quality and a lesser chance of damaging the paper.

Thermal

A thermal printer comprises these key components:

• Thermal head — generates heat; prints on paper

• Platen — a rubber roller that feeds paper
• Spring — applies pressure to the thermal head, causing it to contact the
thermo-sensitive paper
• Controller boards — for controlling the mechanism

In order to print, one inserts thermo-sensitive paper between the thermal head
and the platen. The printer sends an electrical current to the heating resistor of
the thermal head, which in turn generates heat in a prescribed pattern. The heat
activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermo-sensitive paper,
which manifests a pattern of color change in response. Such a printing
mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system.

The paper is impregnated with a solid-state mixture of a dye and a suitable

matrix; a combination of a fluoran leuco dye and an octadecylphosphonic acid is
an example. When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts
with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved
in metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough.

Controller boards are embedded with firmware to manage the thermal printer
mechanisms. The Firmware can manage multiple bar code types, graphics and
logos. They enable the user to choose between different resident fonts (also
including Asian fonts) and character sizes.

Controller boards can drive various sensors like paper low, paper out, door open,
top of form etc., and they are available with the most commonly used interfaces,
such as RS-232, parallel, USB or wireless.

Advantages:

Advantage for using thermal printers is that it is more economical. Unlike most
printers where you would need to buy ink cartridges, toners or ribbons, thermal
printers do not need to have cartridges to be replaced with paper supplies. You
will just need to replace the paper that is used for the printer.

Disadvantages:

One disadvantage of using a thermal printer is that it can only work with a
specialized paper, which can be more expensive than ordinary bond paper that is
used by other printers.

Furthermore, texts that are printed on thermal papers are not permanent. Over
time, the printed text fades. Manufacturers of thermal paper have stated that
the average length of time for the printed text to last on a thermal paper is fifty
years. This makes thermal printers not a viable choice if you are printing
business documents.

LASER PRINTERS

Laser printers are a type of electrostatic printer that produce a very high
resolution print on plain paper. Laser printers are classified as page printers; that
is, they print a whole page at a time. Laser printers can print from four to eight
pages per minute with a resolution of 300 to 600 dots per inch (dpi).

The laser printer’s disposable cartridge is the heart of the printer’s system. The
cartridge contains the print drum, primary corona wire, a supply of toner,
cleaning blade, erase lamp, and rollers.
Advantages

• Colour printing is possible

• Print quality is good
• Noiseless
• Printing speed is high
• Most models are relatively light weight and compact so they don't
take up too much space on the desk

Disadvantages

• Not be the printer of choice for everyone, Due to the cost of ink,
running an inkjet printer over time is a more expensive than a laser
printer.
 • Prints emerge from the printer slightly wet and may need time to
dry.
• Printing is slower and therefore inkjets aren't designed for high
volume printing

Inkjet: The software application you are using sends the data to be printed to
the printer driver.

1. The driver translates the data into a format that the printer can understand
and checks to see that the printer is online and available to print.
2. The data is sent by the driver from the computer to the printer via the
connection interface (parallel, USB, etc.).
3. The printer receives the data from the computer. It stores a certain
amount of data in a buffer. The buffer can range from 512 KB random
access memory (RAM) to 16 MB RAM, depending on the model. Buffers are
useful because they allow the computer to finish with the printing process
quickly, instead of having to wait for the actual page to print. A large buffer
can hold a complex document or several basic documents.
4. the sheet without smudging it.

Advantages and Drawbacks:

Inkjet printers when compared to dot matrix and daisywheel printers are
absolutely noiseless and yield excellent print quality for both text and picture
and also do not require any warm-up time. However their drawbacks are
expensive ink cartridges and highly prone to clogging print heads. Though
consumers can overcome cost disadvantage by using compatible/generic
cartridges, remanufactured cartridges or easy-to-use refill kits

Q6: Explain how three electron beams are used to produce all possible
colors on a color CRT screen?

ANS:
Vacuum tube that produces images when its phosphorescent surface is struck by
electron beams. CRTs can be monochrome (using one electron gun) or colour
(typically using three electron guns to produce red, green, and blue images that,
when combined, render a multicolour image). They come in a variety of display
modes, including CGA (Color Graphics Adapter), VGA (Video Graphics Array),
XGA (Extended Graphics Array), and the high-definition SVGA (Super Video
Graphics Array).