Topic:

LED
LIGHTING

Submitted to: Submitted by:

PREET ANJAN SIR
SUMIT ANAND

RM6901A03
10904212
TABLE OF CONTENTS:-
1. INTRODUCTION.
2. PRINCIPLE OF LED.
3. CONSTRUCTION OF LED.
4. HOW LED EMITS A LIGHT.
5. SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF LED LIGHTING.
6. USES OF LED LIGHTING.
7. BASIC ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTING.
8. SOME DISADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHTING.
9. COMPARISION OF LEDs WITH BULB.
10. APPLICATIONS OF LED LIGHTING.
11. LED IS THE FUTURE OF LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION:-

LED – A light emitting diode (LED) is essentially a PN junction semiconductor that emits a
monochromatic (single color) light when operated in a forward biased direction.

LEDs convert electrical energy into light energy. They are frequently used as "pilot" lights in
electronic appliances to indicate whether the circuit is closed or not. LEDs emit no light when
reverse- biased. In fact, operating LEDs in reverse bias mode will quickly destroy them.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps
in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Since the light output of individual light-emitting diodes is small compared to incandescent and
compact fluorescent lamps, multiple diodes are used together. LED lamps can be made
interchangeable with other types. Most LED lamps must also include internal circuits to operate
from standard AC voltage. LED lamps offer long life and high efficiency, but initial costs are
higher than those of fluorescent lamps.

Light-emitting diode

Red, green and blue LEDs of the 5mm type

Type Passive, optoelectronic

 Working principle Electroluminescence

Invented Nick Holonyak Jr. (1962)

Electronic symbol

Pin configuration Anode and Cathode

PRINCIPLE OF LED:-
The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased (switched on),
electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

Inner Working of
LED

CONSTRUCTION OF LED- LIGHTING:-

The most important part of a light emitting diode (LED) is the semi-conductor chip located in the
center of the bulb as shown at the right. The chip has two regions separated by a junction. The p
region is dominated by positive electric charges, and the n region is dominated by negative
electric charges. The junction acts as a barrier to the flow of electrons between the p and the n
regions. Only when sufficient voltage is applied to the semi-conductor chip, can the current flow
and the electrons cross the junction into the p region.

HOW DOES LEDs EMITS A LIGHT:-

When sufficient voltage is applied to the chip across the leads of the LED, electrons can move
easily in only one direction across the junction between the p and n regions.

In the p region there are many more positive than negative charges.

When a voltage is applied and the current starts to flow, electrons in the n region have sufficient
energy to move across the junction into the p region.
Each time an electron recombines with a positive charge, electric potential energy is converted
into electromagnetic energy.

For each recombination of a negative and a positive charge, a quantum of electromagnetic

energy is emitted in the form of a photon of light with a frequency characteristic of the semi-
conductor material (usually a combination of the chemical elements gallium, arsenic and
phosphorus)..

FEATURES OF LED LIGHTING

Features which are unique to LEDs include

• Little power consumption.

• Reduce an electricity bill.

• Reducine existing lighting.

• Ecolgy when disposed.

• Low UV rays.

WHITE COLOUR LEDs:-

When light from all parts of the visible spectrum overlap one another, the additive mixture of
colors appears white. However, the eye does not require a mixture of all the colors of the
spectrum to perceive white light. Primary colors from the upper, middle, and lower parts of the
spectrum (red, green, and blue), when combined, appear white.
COLOUR OF LED DEPENDS ON FACTORS:-
The colour of the LED light depends on following factor:-
• Composition of crystal
• Wavelength of light emitted
• Material used for LED

BASIC ADVANTAGE OF LED LIGHTING:-

• Energy efficiency.
• Long life.
• Lights instantly
• Can be easily dimmed
• Silent operation
• Low-voltage power supply (increased safety)
• Range of colours.

SOME DISADVANTAGE OF LED LIGHTING:-

• Relatively high unit cost

• LEDs must be colour-selected for certain applications

• Colour rendering properties of cool white

COMPARISION OF LEDs WITH BULB:-

• Power consumption of LED light bulb is only 10% of that of the standard light Bulb.
• LED light bulbs withstand great amount of vibration, shock and temperature variations.
LED light bulbs are 10-60 times more energy efficient than incandescent lightbulbs.
 Incandescent lightbulbs produce light that flickers whereas LED light bulbs produce
flicker free light. LED bulbs can produce many rich and vibrant colors when compared to
incandescent lightbulbs.

APPLICATIONS OF LED LIGHTINGS:-

• Sensor Applications

• Mobile Applications

• Sign Applications

• Automative Uses

• LED Signals

• Illuminations

• Indicators

LED IS THE FUTURE OF LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY:-

1. The light is of high quality and tamper proof

2. This model is patented and no one can duplicate it and cheat community

3. We can provide brighter and brighter lights year after year

4. Even better off urban market will be available for regular sale and service

LED Performance
LED performance is based on a few primary characteristics:

• Color

• White light

• Intensity

• Eye safety information

• Visibility
• Operating Life

• Voltage/Design Current