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per second range. PMUs can also measure individual funding the Eastern Interconnection Phasor Project (EIPP).
phase voltages and currents, as well as harmonics. In 2008, EIPP was transformed in to North American
Synchrophasor Initiative (NASPI), with NERC co-sharing
the project leadership with DOE. In recent years,
significant advancement has been made around the world
in the development of synchrophasor technology [5].
Figure 2 shows PMU locations in North America as of
March 2009. The recent US Smart Grid Investment Grant
(SGIG) awards will further provide a significant boost to
the synchrophasor technology.
third of the bulk power system locations, the state of the performance of the system changes with various levels of
entire power system can be measured instantaneously. This wind generation penetration. For example, AEP is
will require thousands of PMU installed and the embarking on a small R&D project to see how modal
accompanying infrastructure, including EMS tools. When behavior in ERCOT changes with the integration of wind
this is accomplished, the industry will move from generation. Also, as shown in Figure 3, PMUs installed at
estimating the power system state by using SCADA data to wind generation collector points can provide instantaneous
measuring the power system state directly on a sub-second data to system operator. This can help in acquiring
basis by using PMU data. generation resources that can be ramped up or down, to
C) Event Analysis: To analyze a power system meet the energy balance requirements, taking into
dynamics event, high-resolution data are essential. PMUs consideration the wind variability.
provide such data. An analysis of PMU data captured H) Automated Control Techniques: Since PMU
during the 8/14/03 US/Canada blackout provided an insight measurements are instantaneous, PMU data can be used to
into how the dynamic performance evolved over time activate local or centralized controls. Such application has
during the blackout [6]. NERC has reported that the PMU been explored by some, but further investigation is
data recorded during the 2/28/08 Florida event helped the necessary.
event analysis tremendously.
D) Model Validation: R&D is underway to use the PMU IV. CONCLUSIONS
data to validate power system models used in system Synchrophasor technology holds promise to enhance the
dynamics studies for analyzing power system stability planning, design and operation of transmission grid. The
performance. High resolution data, such as PMU data, are technology can also help in making the grid self-healing, in
required for such validation. facilitating the integration of various generation options,
E) Line Parameter Calculations: PMU data from two and in facilitating the optimization of asset utilization. This
ends of a line can be used to derive accurate line would help in making the transmission grid smarter.
parameters [7]. Such an exercise is useful to validate Significant momentum exists around the world for the
design data based on line geometry. Further research is development, demonstration and deployment of the
needed to see how line parameter calculation on a synchrophasor technology. This is evident from the
continuous basis can help in correlating the changes in line industry participation in NASPI and the recent US DOE
parameters with external factors the line is exposed to such Smart Grid Investment Grant activities. The next important
as corona. step for the industry is to focus on specific applications of
F) System Emergency/Restoration: During the 2008 synchrophasor technology, some of which have been
hurricane Gustav, Entergy used PMU data to identify the identified in this paper.
extent of system blackout, including the outages of specific
facilities [8]. This information was extremely useful in V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
restoring its system.
The author acknowledges the contributions of Mr.
G) Integration of Wind Generation: As US is getting
Sanjoy Sarawgi of AEP towards the preparation of this
ready to integrate a large amount of renewable generation
paper.
resources, the synchrophasor technology can help in
multiple ways. PMU data can assess how the dynamic
4
VI. REFERENCES
[1] US National Energy Technology Lab, "Smart Grid Primer,” 2006.
[2] http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/smart-grid.asp
[3] Phadke A. G., “Synchronized Phasor Measurements - A Historical
Overview,” Transmission and Distribution Conference and
Exhibition 2002, Asia Pacific, IEEE/PES
[4] Schulz, R.P., Van Slyck, L.S., Horowitz, S.H., “Potential
Applications of Fast Phasor Measurements on Utility Systems,”
IEEE PICA, 1989.
[5] California Institute for Energy and Environment (CIEE), “Phasor
Measurement Application Study,” Prepared for California Energy
Commission, 2006.
[6] J.F. Hauer, N.B. Bhatt, K. Shah, S. Kolluri, “Performance of
“WAMS East” in Providing Dynamic Information for the North East
Blackout of August 14, 2003,” Presented at a Panel Session at
IEEE/PES General Meeting, Denver, CO, June 8, 2004.
[7] Jensen K., Hendrickson R., Demeny K., Tuttle J., "Verification of
Transmission Line Impedance," Final Report, 2006-2007 Electrical
Engineering Senior Design Final Report, Michigan Technological
University
[8] Galvan F., Mandal S., Thomas M., "The Role of Phasor Data in
Emergency Operations," Transmission and Distribution World,
December 2008
VII. BIOGRAPHY
Navin Bhatt (F2009) is American Electric Power (AEP)'s Manager of
Advanced Transmission Studies & Technologies. He is responsible for
organizing, managing & coordinating activities related to advanced
analytical studies in support of planning, engineering, design and
operation of the AEP transmission system, and for managing the
Transmission R&D Program. Navin earned his MSEE and PhD degrees
from the West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. Since
joining AEP in 1977, he has been involved in conducting, managing and
coordinating advanced transmission studies in areas such as stability,
generator controls, system restoration and voltage security/collapse.
Navin has authored or co-authored more than 20 technical papers. He is a
member of Eta Kappa Nu and Sigma Xi honor societies and a Registered
Professional Engineer (PE) in the States of Ohio and New York. Since
1990s, Navin has been involved in synchrophasor technology R&D
activities. In 2006, he was also recognized by the North American
SynchroPhasor Initiative (NASPI) for his sustained leadership
contributions in the development, promotion and deployment of
synchrophasor technology.