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INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic has rapidly become one of the most
successful of today's technologies for developing
sophisticated control systems.
The reason for which is very simple. Fuzzy logic
addresses such applications perfectly as it resembles
human decision making with an ability to generate
precise solutions from certain or approximate
information.
It fills an important gap in engineering design methods
left vacant by purely mathematical approaches (e.g.
linear control design), and purely logic-based approaches
(e.g. expert systems) in system design.
While other approaches require accurate equations to
model real-world behaviors, fuzzy design can
accommodate the ambiguities of real-world human
language and logic. It provides both an intuitive method
for describing systems in human terms and automates the
conversion of those system specifications into effective
models
The first applications of fuzzy theory were primaly
industrial, such as process control for cement kilns.
However, as the technology was further embraced,
fuzzy logic was used in more useful applications. In
1987, the first fuzzy logic-controlled subway was
opened in Sendai in northern Japan. Here, fuzzy-logic
controllers make subway journeys more comfortable
with smooth braking and acceleration. Best of all, all
the driver has to do is push the start button!
Fuzzy logic was also put to work in elevators to
reduce waiting time. Since then, the applications of
Fuzzy Logic technology have virtually exploded,
affecting things we use everyday.
Take for example, the fuzzy washing machine . A load
of clothes in it and press start, and the machine begins
to churn, automatically choosing the best cycle. The
fuzzy microwave, Place chili, potatoes, or etc in a
fuzzy microwave and push single button, and it cooks
for the right time at the proper temperature. The fuzzy
car, manuvers itself by following simple verbal
instructions from its driver. It can even stop itself
when there is an obstacle immedeately ahead using
sensors. But, practically the most exciting thing about
it, is the simplicity involved in operating it.
BACKGROUND
The success of modern mathematics is largely due to the
efforts of Aristotle and the philosophers who preceded him.
In their efforts to devise a concise theory of logic, and later
mathematics, the so-called "Laws of Thought" were invented.
One of these, the "Law of the Excluded Middle," stated that
every proposition must either be True or False, A or not-A,
either this or not this.
For example, a typical rose is either red or not red. It cannot
be red and not red. Every statement or sentence is true or false
or has the truth value 1 or 0. Even then, there already were
strong and immediate objections to this proposal.
ENTER THE WORLD OF FUZZY
LOGIC…
It was not until relatively recently that the theory of
fuzzy logic was discovered. Lotfi A. Zadeh, a professor
of UC Berkeley in California , the founder of fuzzy logic
observed that conventional computer logic was incapable
of manipulating data representing subjective or vague
human ideas such as "an attractive person" or "pretty
hot".
Fuzzy logic, hence was designed to allow computers to
determine the distinctions among data with shades of
gray, similar to the process of human reasoning. In 1965,
Zadeh published his seminal work "Fuzzy Sets" which
described the mathematics of fuzzy set theory, and by
extension fuzzy logic.
This theory proposed making the membership function
(or the values False and True) operate over the range of
real numbers [0.0, 1.0]. Fuzzy logic was now introduced
to the world.
Although, the technology was introduced in the United
States, the scientist and researchers there, ignored it
mainly because of its unconventional name. They
refused to take something which sounded so child-like
seriously. Some mathematicians argued that fuzzy logic
was merely probability in disguise. Only stubborn
scientists or ones who worked in discrete continued
researching it.
While the US and certain parts of Europe ignored it,
fuzzy logic was excepted with open arms in Japan, China
and most Oriental countries. It may be suprising to
some that the world's largest number of fuzzy researchers
are in China with over 10,000 scientists. Japan, though
currently positioned at the leading edge of fuzzy studies
falls second in manpower, followed by Europe and the
USA.
Hence, it can be said that the popularity of fuzzy logic in
the Orient reflects the fact that Oriental thinking more
easily accepts the concept of "fuzziness". And because of
this, the US, by some estimates, trail Japan by at least ten
years in this forefront of modern technology.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN,FUZZY??
FUZZY LOGIC is a superset of the Boolean
Logic that has been extended to handle the
concept of partial truth- truth values between
"completely true" and "completely false". As its
name suggests, it is the logic underlying modes
of reasoning which are approximate rather than
exact. The importance of fuzzy logic derives
from the fact that most modes of human
reasoning and especially common sense
reasoning are approximate in nature.
The essential characteristics of fuzzy logic as founded
by Zadeh Lotfi are as follows.
In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting
case of approximate reasoning.
In fuzzy logic everything is a matter of degree.
Any logical system can be fuzzified
In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted as a
collection of elastic or, equivalently , fuzzy constraint
on a collection of variables
Inference is viewed as a process of propagation of
elastic constraints.
The third statement hence, define Boolean logic as a
subset of Fuzzy logic.
FUZZY SET
Before we move on to understanding the Fuzzy Set
Theory, we should first brush up our concept of
the CRISP THEORY
CRISP THEORY is the name given to the
traditional boolean set theory, which has its
concepts limited to 0 and 1. That is,
mathematically it dealt with only two values,
TRUE or FALSE.
The Crisp Theory or the Bivalent Theory has its
limitations when we wish to describe the
„Humanistic” problems…
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRISP AND
FUZZY
AN EXAMPLE
The whole concept can be illustrated with this example Let's
talk about people and "youthness". In this case the set S (the
universe of discourse) is the set of people. A fuzzy subset
YOUNG is also defined, which answers the question "to
what degree is a person “x” is young?" To each person in the
universe of discourse, we have to assign a degree of
membership in the fuzzy subset YOUNG. The easiest way to
do this is with a membership function based on the person's
age.
young(x) = { 1, if age(x) <= 20,
0, if age(x) > 30 }
THE GRAPH OF THIS EXAMPLE :
Given this definition, here are some example values:
Srejan 10 1.00
Shreya 21 0.90
Pratibha 25 0.50
Ashish 26 0.40
Mohit 28 0.20
Amrita 83 0.00
Associativity
Commutativity
Distributivity
GLOSSARY
Universe of Discourse
The Universe of Discourse is the range of all possible values for
an input to a fuzzy system.
Fuzzy Set
A Fuzzy Set is any set that allows its members to have different
grades of membership (membership function) in the interval [0,1].
Support
The Support of a fuzzy set F is the crisp set of all points in the
Universe of Discourse U such that the membership function of F
is non-zero.
Crossover point
The Crossover point of a fuzzy set is the element in U at which its
membership function is 0.5.
Fuzzy Singleton
A Fuzzy singleton is a fuzzy set whose support is a single point in
U with a membership function of one.
FUZZY CONTROL
Fuzzy control, which directly uses fuzzy rules is the most important
application in fuzzy theory. Using a procedure originated by
Ebrahim Mamdani in the late 70s, three steps are taken to create a
fuzzy controlled machine:
1) Fuzzification (Using membership functions to graphically
describe a situation)
Fuzzy logic models employ fuzzy sets to handle and describe im-
precise and complex phenomena and uses logic operations to arrive to
conclusion.
CONTD..
Fuzzy sets (in particular fuzzy numbers) and fuzzy logic applied to
control problems form a field of knowledge called fuzzy logic control
(FLC).1 It deals with control problems in an environment of uncer-
tainty and imprecision; it is very effective when high precision is not
required and the control object has variables available for measurement
or estimation.
Imitating human judgment in common sense reasoning FLC uses
linguistic values framed in if : : : then rules. For instance: if client's
annual income is low and total networth is high, then client's risk toler-
ance is moderate. Here the linguistic variables annual income and total
networth are inputs; the linguistic variable risk tolerance is output; low,
high, and moderate are values (terms or labels) of linguistic variables.
The implementation of FLC requires the development of a knowledge
base which would make possible the stipulation of if : : : then rules by
using fuzzy sets. Important role here plays the experience and knowl-
edge of human experts. They should be able to state the objective of
the system to be controlled.
CASE STUDY : FUZZY TRAFFIC LIGHT
CONTROLLER
Let us now describe the design procedures of a real life
application of fuzzy logic: A Smart Traffic Light Controller.
The controller is suppose to change the cycle time depending
upon the densities of cars behind green and red lights and the
current cycle time.
Background
In a conventional traffic light controller, the lights change at
constant cycle time, which is clearly not the optimal solution. It
would be more feasible to pass more cars at the green interval
if there are fewer cars waiting behind the red lights. Obviously,
a mathematical model for this decision is enormously difficult
to find. However, with fuzzy logic, it is relatively much easier.
Fuzzy Design
First, eight incremental sensors are put in specific
positions as seen in the diagram below.
The first sensor behind each traffic light counts the number
cars coming to the intersection and the second counts the cars
passing the traffic lights. The amount of cars between the
traffic lights is determined by the difference of the reading of
the two sensors. For example, the number of cars behind traffic
light North is s7-s8.
The distance D, chosen to be 200ft., is used to determine the
maximum density of cars allowed to wait in a very crowded
situation. This is done by adding the number of cars between to
paths and dividing it by the total distance. For instance, the
number of cars between the East and West street is (s1-s2)+(s5-
s6)/400.